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Butt J, Jenab M, Werner J, Fedirko V, Weiderpass E, Dahm CC, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rothwell JA, Severi G, Kaaks R, Turzanski-Fortner R, Aleksandrova K, Schulze M, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Van Gils CH, Gram IT, Lukic M, Sala N, Sánchez Pérez MJ, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque MD, Palmquist R, Löwenmark T, Travis RC, Heath A, Cross AJ, Freisling H, Zouiouich S, Aglago E, Waterboer T, Hughes DJ. Association of Pre-diagnostic Antibody Responses to Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Proteins with Colorectal Cancer in a European Cohort. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-14. [PMID: 33874856 PMCID: PMC8078709 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1903825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence has implicated genotoxic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, evidence from epidemiological studies is sparse. We therefore assessed the association of serological markers of E. coli and ETBF exposure with odds of developing CRC in the European Prospective Investigation into Nutrition and Cancer (EPIC) study.Serum samples of incident CRC cases and matched controls (n = 442 pairs) were analyzed for immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G antibody responses to seven E. coli proteins and two isoforms of the ETBF toxin via multiplex serology. Multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of sero-positivity to E. coli and ETBF with CRC.The IgA-positivity of any of the tested E. coli antigens was associated with higher odds of developing CRC (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.05-1.91). Dual-positivity for both IgA and IgG to E. coli and ETBF was associated with >1.7-fold higher odds of developing CRC, with a significant association only for IgG (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.94). This association was more pronounced when restricted to the proximal colon cancers (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.09, 6.29) compared to those of the distal colon (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.51, 3.00) (pheterogeneity = 0.095). Sero-positivity to E. coli and ETBF was associated with CRC development, suggesting that co-infection of these bacterial species may contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis. These findings warrant further exploration in larger prospective studies and within different population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Jill Werner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Christina C. Dahm
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Exposome and Heredity Team, CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidemiologie et Santé des Populations), Diet, Genes and Environment, Nutrition and Biomarkers (NAB), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Exposome and Heredity Team, CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidemiologie et Santé des Populations), Diet, Genes and Environment, Nutrition and Biomarkers (NAB), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joseph A. Rothwell
- Cesp (Umr1018), Médecine Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cesp (Umr1018), Médecine Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Domenico Palli
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7), Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città Della Salute E Della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Former Senior Scientist, Dept. For Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Former Associate Professor, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Former Visiting Professor, Dept. Of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Former Academic Icon/visiting Professor, Dept. Of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Carla H. Van Gils
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inger Torhild Gram
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marko Lukic
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez Pérez
- Escuela Andaluza De Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto De Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Palmquist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Ireland
| | - Thyra Löwenmark
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Ireland
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alicia Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heinz Freisling
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Semi Zouiouich
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Elom Aglago
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David J. Hughes
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Group, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Escamilla-Rivera V, Liu J, Gibb DR, Santhanakrishnan M, Liu D, Forsmo JE, Eisenbarth SC, Foxman EF, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE, Hendrickson JE. Poly(I:C) causes failure of immunoprophylaxis to red blood cells expressing the KEL glycoprotein in mice. Blood 2020; 135:1983-1993. [PMID: 32266378 PMCID: PMC7256361 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal anti-D (Rh immune globulin [RhIg]) therapy has mitigated hemolytic disease of the newborn over the past half century, although breakthrough anti-D alloimmunization still occurs in some treated females. We hypothesized that antiviral responses may impact the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis therapy in a type 1 interferon (IFN)-dependent manner and tested this hypothesis in a murine model of KEL alloimmunization. Polyclonal anti-KEL immunoprophylaxis (KELIg) was administered to wild-type or knockout mice in the presence or absence of polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly[I:C]), followed by the transfusion of murine red blood cells (RBCs) expressing the human KEL glycoprotein. Anti-KEL alloimmunization, serum cytokines, and consumption of the transfused RBCs were evaluated longitudinally. In some experiments, recipients were treated with type 1 IFN (IFN-α/β). Recipient treatment with poly(I:C) led to breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization despite KELIg administration. Recipient CD4+ T cells were not required for immunoprophylaxis efficacy at baseline, and modulation of the KEL glycoprotein antigen occurred to the same extent in the presence or absence of recipient inflammation. Under conditions where breakthrough anti-KEL alloimmunization occurred, KEL RBC consumption by inflammatory monocytes and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were significantly increased. Poly(I:C) or type I IFN administration was sufficient to cause breakthrough alloimmunization, with poly(I:C) inducing alloimmunization even in the absence of recipient type I IFN receptors. A better understanding of how recipient antiviral responses lead to breakthrough alloimmunization despite immunoprophylaxis may have translational relevance to instances of RhIg failure that occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David R Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - James E Forsmo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Ko SH, Jeon JI, Woo HA, Kim JM. Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin upregulates heme oxygenase-1 in dendritic cells via reactive oxygen species-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and Nrf2-dependent pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:291-306. [PMID: 31988590 PMCID: PMC6969884 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) causes colitis and diarrhea, and is considered a candidate pathogen in inflammatory bowel diseases as well as colorectal cancers. These diseases are dependent on ETBF-secreted toxin (BFT). Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in directing the nature of adaptive immune responses to bacterial infection and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is involved in the regulation of DC function.
AIM To investigate the role of BFT in HO-1 expression in DCs.
METHODS Murine DCs were generated from specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 and Nrf2−/− knockout mice. DCs were exposed to BFT, after which HO-1 expression and the related signaling factor activation were measured by quantitative RT-PCR, EMSA, fluorescent microscopy, immunoblot, and ELISA.
RESULTS HO-1 expression was upregulated in DCs stimulated with BFT. Although BFT activated transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, and Nrf2, activation of NF-κB and AP-1 was not involved in the induction of HO-1 expression in BFT-exposed DCs. Instead, upregulation of HO-1 expression was dependent on Nrf2 activation in DCs. Moreover, HO-1 expression via Nrf2 in DCs was regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK and p38. Furthermore, BFT enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of ROS production resulted in a significant decrease of phospho-ERK, phospho-p38, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression.
CONCLUSION These results suggest that signaling pathways involving ROS-mediated ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases-Nrf2 activation in DCs are required for HO-1 induction during exposure to ETBF-produced BFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyuk Ko
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jong Ik Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Shende R, Wong SSW, Rapole S, Beau R, Ibrahim-Granet O, Monod M, Gührs KH, Pal JK, Latgé JP, Madan T, Aimanianda V, Sahu A. Aspergillus fumigatus conidial metalloprotease Mep1p cleaves host complement proteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15538-15555. [PMID: 30139746 PMCID: PMC6177592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity in animals including humans encompasses the complement system, which is considered an important host defense mechanism against Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the most ubiquitous opportunistic human fungal pathogens. Previously, it has been shown that the alkaline protease Alp1p secreted from A. fumigatus mycelia degrades the complement components C3, C4, and C5. However, it remains unclear how the fungal spores (i.e. conidia) defend themselves against the activities of the complement system immediately after inhalation into the lung. Here, we show that A. fumigatus conidia contain a metalloprotease Mep1p, which is released upon conidial contact with collagen and inactivates all three complement pathways. In particular, Mep1p efficiently inactivated the major complement components C3, C4, and C5 and their activation products (C3a, C4a, and C5a) as well as the pattern-recognition molecules MBL and ficolin-1, either by directly cleaving them or by cleaving them to a form that is further broken down by other proteases of the complement system. Moreover, incubation of Mep1p with human serum significantly inhibited the complement hemolytic activity and conidial opsonization by C3b and their subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages. Together, these results indicate that Mep1p associated with and released from A. fumigatus conidia likely facilitates early immune evasion by disarming the complement defense in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Shende
- From the Complement Biology Laboratory and
- the Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune-411033, India
| | | | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007, India
| | | | | | - Michel Monod
- the Service de Dermatologie, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Gührs
- the Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena-07745, Germany, and
| | - Jayanta Kumar Pal
- the Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune-411033, India
| | | | - Taruna Madan
- the ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai-400012, India
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Chung L, Thiele Orberg E, Geis AL, Chan JL, Fu K, DeStefano Shields CE, Dejea CM, Fathi P, Chen J, Finard BB, Tam AJ, McAllister F, Fan H, Wu X, Ganguly S, Lebid A, Metz P, Van Meerbeke SW, Huso DL, Wick EC, Pardoll DM, Wan F, Wu S, Sears CL, Housseau F. Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Coordinates a Pro-carcinogenic Inflammatory Cascade via Targeting of Colonic Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:203-214.e5. [PMID: 29398651 PMCID: PMC5954996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pro-carcinogenic bacteria have the potential to initiate and/or promote colon cancer, in part via immune mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Using ApcMin mice colonized with the human pathobiont enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) as a model of microbe-induced colon tumorigenesis, we show that the Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) triggers a pro-carcinogenic, multi-step inflammatory cascade requiring IL-17R, NF-κB, and Stat3 signaling in colonic epithelial cells (CECs). Although necessary, Stat3 activation in CECs is not sufficient to trigger ETBF colon tumorigenesis. Notably, IL-17-dependent NF-κB activation in CECs induces a proximal to distal mucosal gradient of C-X-C chemokines, including CXCL1, that mediates the recruitment of CXCR2-expressing polymorphonuclear immature myeloid cells with parallel onset of ETBF-mediated distal colon tumorigenesis. Thus, BFT induces a pro-carcinogenic signaling relay from the CEC to a mucosal Th17 response that results in selective NF-κB activation in distal colon CECs, which collectively triggers myeloid-cell-dependent distal colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Chung
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Erik Thiele Orberg
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Abby L Geis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - June L Chan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christina E DeStefano Shields
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christine M Dejea
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin B Finard
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hongni Fan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xinqun Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Andriana Lebid
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Paul Metz
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sara W Van Meerbeke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David L Huso
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Wick
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Franck Housseau
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Luken BM, Turenhout EAM, Hulstein JJJ, Van Mourik JA, Fijnheer R, Voorberg J. The spacer domain of ADAMTS13 contains a major binding site for antibodies in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Haemost 2017; 93:267-74. [PMID: 15711742 DOI: 10.1160/th04-05-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a microangiopathy often associated with a severely decreased activity of ADAMTS13. In plasma of the majority of patients withTTP, antibodies are present that inhibit the vonWillebrand factor (VWF) processing activity of ADAMTS13.We describe a sensitive assay that monitors binding of recombinant ADAMTS13 to immobilized IgG derived from patient plasma. Analysis of fifteen patients with TTP and severely reduced ADAMTS13 activity revealed that in all patients antibodies directed toADAMTS13 were present. Levels of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies varied considerably among patients, specific antibody levels in plasma range from less than 100 ng/ml to over 1 μg/ml. Longitudinal analysis in three patients revealed that anti-ADAMTS13 antibody levels declined with different kinetics. For further characterization of anti- ADAMTS13 antibodies, we prepared a series of recombinan fragments corresponding to the various ADAMTS13 domains. All seven TTP plasma samples tested, showed reactivity of antibodies towards a fragment consisting of the disintegrin/ TSR1/cysteine-rich/spacer domains. In one patient, we also observed reactivity towards the TSR2–8 repeats. No binding of antibodies to propeptide, metalloprotease and CUB domains was detected. To further delineate the binding site in the disintegrin/ TSR1/cysteine-rich/spacer region, we prepared additional ADAMTS13 fragments. Antibodies directed towards the cysteine- rich/spacer fragment were found in all plasma samples analyzed. No antibodies reacting with the disintegrin/TSR1 domains were detected. A recombinant fragment comprising the spacer domain was recognized by all patients samples analyzed, suggesting that the 130-amino-acid spacer domain harbors a major binding site for anti-ADAMTS-13 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Luken
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Cruz MA, Whitelock J, Dong JF. Evaluation of ADAMTS-13 activity in plasma using recombinant von Willebrand Factor A2 domain polypeptide as substrate. Thromb Haemost 2017; 90:1204-9. [PMID: 14652658 DOI: 10.1160/th03-06-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe metalloprotease ADAMTS-13 cleaves von Willebrand factor (VWF), and is absent or severely reduced in the plasma of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP). Under physiologic flowing conditions, the enzyme cleaves endothelial cell-derived ultra-large VWF multimers at the Y842/M843 peptide bond located in the A2 domain, where many mutations associated with Type 2A VWD cluster. These VWF mutants are more susceptible for cleavage activity, decreasing the large VWF multimers in the plasma. The susceptibility of a recombinant VWF-A2 domain to ADAMTS-13 and the potential application in detecting enzyme activity were investigated. In vitro, fluid phase cleavage of VWF by ADAMTS-13 requires denaturing conditions and prolonged incubation in order to estimate enzyme activity. We have measured ADAMTS-13 activity based on enzyme cleavage of a recombinant VWF-A2 domain under non-denaturing conditions. In our assay, enzyme activity was absent in plasma from congenital and acquired TTP patient, and blocked by each EDTA, monoclonal antibody VP-1 (peptide-specific antibody against residues 828-842 of VWF), and an ADAMTS-13 antibody purified from plasma of an acquired TTP patient. This novel recombinant VWF-A2 protein has potential utility as matrix for a rapid clinical measurement of plasma ADAMTS-13 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cruz
- Thrombosis Research Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, N1319, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Zhang J, Cui YL, Jiang YM. [Immunoprotective effect of combined pneumococcal endopeptidase O and pneumococcal surface adhesin A vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017; 19:583-589. [PMID: 28506354 PMCID: PMC7389137 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prokaryotic expression of proteins pneumococcal endopeptidase O (PepO) and pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) in Streptococcus pneumoniae and their immunoprotective effect as vaccine candidate proteins. METHODS Specific primers of target gene fragments were designed, and then PCR amplification was performed to establish recombinant plasmids pET28a(+)-pepO and pET28a(+)-psaA, which were transformed into host cells, Escherichia coli BL21 and DE3, respectively, to induce expression. Highly purified target proteins PepO and PsaA were obtained after purification. Mucosal immunization was performed for BALB/c mice and specific antiserum was prepared. ELISA was used to measure the antibody titer, and Western blot was used to analyze the specificity of the antiserum of target proteins. The mice were randomly divided into negative control group, PepO group, PsaA group, and PepO+PsaA combined immunization group, with 18 mice in each group. The models of different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection were established to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of target proteins used alone or in combination. RESULTS The target proteins PepO and PsaA were successfully obtained and Western blot demonstrated that the antiserum of these proteins had good specificity. There was no significant difference in the titers of IgA in saliva and IgG in serum between the PepO group and the combined immunization group (P>0.05); however, these two groups had significantly higher antibody titers than the PsaA group (P<0.05). The PepO, PsaA, and combined immunization groups had significantly higher protection rates for mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 and CMCC31436 in the nasal cavity than the negative control group (P<0.05). The PepO and combined immunization groups had a significantly higher protection rate for mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 than the PsaA group (P<0.05). The results of colonization experiment showed that compared with the control group, the PepO, PsaA, and combined immunization groups showed a significant reduction in the colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae (CMCC31693 and CMCC31207) in the nasopharynx and lung (P<0.05). The combined immunization group showed a better effect on reducing the colonization of CMCC31207 in the lung than the PepO and PsaA alone groups. CONCLUSIONS Combined PepO/PsaA vaccines may produce a better protective effect by mucosal immunization compared with the vaccine used alone in mice. The combined vaccines can effectively reduce the colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx and lung. Therefore, such protein vaccines may have a great potential for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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9
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Mootien S, Kaplan PM. Monoclonal antibodies specific for Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxins BFT1 and BFT2 and their use in immunoassays. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173128. [PMID: 28257448 PMCID: PMC5336258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed 22 mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Bacteroides fragilis zinc metalloprotease toxins 1 and 2 (BFT1 and BFT2). Mice were immunized with recombinant BFT1 or BFT2 proteins with metalloprotease activity. Eight of the mAbs bind specifically to BFT1. One mAb, 2H6, binds specifically to BFT2. The remaining 13 mAbs bind to both BFT1 and BFT2. The eight BFT1-specific mAbs recognize at least five different epitopes on the toxin. Four of the BFT1-specific mAbs neutralized rBFT1 metalloprotease activity. Only one of these four mAbs, 1D9, neutralizes the cytotoxic effect of BFT1. Here, we describe the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect BFT1 or BFT2 toxin in an isotype-specific manner. The sandwich ELISAs have a detection limit of 20 to 40 ng/ml when purified recombinant BFT protein is diluted into PBS. The sandwich ELISA can be used to distinguish and quantify levels of rBFT1 and rBFT2 in stool. This ELISA can be an important tool to investigate the association between BFT expression by enterotoxigenic B. fragilis and diseases such as diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraspadee Mootien
- L2 Diagnostics LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul M. Kaplan
- L2 Diagnostics LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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10
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Tsagozis P, Karagouni E, Dotsika E. Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Peptides of GP63 Induce Differential Protection against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:343-52. [PMID: 15461868 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for a vaccine against Leishmania spp., a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, is urgent. We tested the efficacy of an experimental vaccination in murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis, using dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synthetic or native parasite antigens. DCs pulsed with peptide 154–169aa of gp63 or soluble promastigote lysate (SPL) triggered antigen-specific immune responses and efficiently reduced lesion formation and parasite load of genetically susceptible BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. This effect was accompanied by a modulation of the cellular immune response towards a Th1 profile. Vaccination of genetically resistant CBA mice with DCs pulsed with peptide 154–169aa or SPL did not affect the course of the disease, whereas pulsing with the epitope 467–482aa of gp63 resulted in disease exacerbation, accompanied by a switch to a Th2 profile. In view of our continuously growing knowledge about the immunobiology of DCs, these findings suggest that vaccination with DCs pulsed with defined peptides could be a strategy against infectious diseases. Peptide selection is a prerequisite as they can differentially regulate the type of immune response in susceptible or resistant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tsagozis
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute Pasteur Hellenique, Athens, Greece
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11
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Matte C, Casgrain PA, Séguin O, Moradin N, Hong WJ, Descoteaux A. Leishmania major Promastigotes Evade LC3-Associated Phagocytosis through the Action of GP63. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005690. [PMID: 27280768 PMCID: PMC4900527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Leishmania parasitizes macrophages and evades the microbicidal consequences of phagocytosis through the inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis. In this study, we investigated the impact of this parasite on LC3-associated phagocytosis, a non-canonical autophagic process that enhances phagosome maturation and functions. We show that whereas internalization of L. major promastigotes by macrophages promoted LC3 lipidation, recruitment of LC3 to phagosomes was inhibited through the action of the parasite surface metalloprotease GP63. Reactive oxygen species generated by the NOX2 NADPH oxidase are necessary for LC3-associated phagocytosis. We found that L. major promastigotes prevented, in a GP63-dependent manner, the recruitment of NOX2 to phagosomes through a mechanism that does not involve NOX2 cleavage. Moreover, we found that the SNARE protein VAMP8, which regulates phagosomal assembly of the NADPH oxidase NOX2, was down-modulated by GP63. In the absence of VAMP8, recruitment of LC3 to phagosomes containing GP63-deficient parasites was inhibited, indicating that VAMP8 is involved in the phagosomal recruitment of LC3. These findings reveal a role for VAMP8 in LC3-associated phagocytosis and highlight a novel mechanism exploited by L. major promastigotes to interfere with the host antimicrobial machinery. The early events surrounding and following the phagocytosis of pathogens largely determine whether internalization will lead to efficient killing of the microbe or successful establishment of an intracellular infection. Growing evidence supports the notion that the autophagy machinery lends a hand to phagocytosis in eliminating intracellular pathogens, in a process known as LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus use surface virulence factors such as lipophosphoglycan and the metalloprotease GP63 to interfere with phagolysosome biogenesis and sabotage macrophage antimicrobial functions. Here, we provide the first evidence that L. major promastigotes evade LAP in a GP63-dependent manner and uncover a novel role for the membrane fusion mediator VAMP8 in LAP. Our findings offer a better understanding of Leishmania pathogenesis and of the mechanism behind LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Matte
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Centre for host-parasite interactions, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-André Casgrain
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Centre for host-parasite interactions, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Séguin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Centre for host-parasite interactions, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Neda Moradin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Centre for host-parasite interactions, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wan Jin Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Centre for host-parasite interactions, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Torabi Goudarzi S, Hajivalili M, Hosseini M, Ghafari Khamene M, Yazdani Y, Sadreddini S, Miahipour A, Younesi V, Yousefi M. Tetanus neurotoxin HCC protein commits T cells to IFN-γ producing cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:20-24. [PMID: 27064869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A protective response against tetanus toxin and toxoid demands efficient specific T cell and B cell responses. Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), a 150 kDa polypeptide, is the main cause of tetanus disease. TeNT consists of two structurally distinct chains, a 50 kDa N-terminal light (L) and a 100 kDa C-terminal heavy (H) chain. C-terminal heavy (H) chain (fragment C) has two sub-domains named as proximal HCN and carboxy sub-domain or HCC. Beside neural binding property, HCC has been recently found as an immunodominant module of TeNT. In the present study, we investigated the effects of recombinant HCC (rHCC) on the expression of lineage specific transcription factors and secretion of a panel of functional cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 from purified human T cells. Our results revealed that T-bet transcript level, as TH1 specific transcription factor, was significantly increased in the cells treated with 10 and 20 µg/ml of rHCC following 48 h treatment(p<0.05). Treated purified human T cells with rHCC showed significant increase in IFN-γ mRNA level and cytokine secretion, but not IL-4 and IL-17, following 48 h treatment. In conclusion, our results showed that treatment of T cells with r HCC resulted in development of Th1 lineage phenotype, which might lead to a specific and protective antibody mediated response against tetanus toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Torabi Goudarzi
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz Iran
| | - M Hajivalili
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz Iran
| | - M Hosseini
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran
| | - M Ghafari Khamene
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran
| | - Y Yazdani
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center Gorgan Iran
| | - S Sadreddini
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran
| | - A Miahipour
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Karaj Iran
| | - V Younesi
- Avicenna research institute, ACESR Monoclonal antibody research center Tehran Iran
| | - M Yousefi
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz Iran
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Sadreddini S, Seifi-Najmi M, Ghasemi B, Kafil HS, Alinejad V, Sadreddini S, Younesi V, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Yousefi M. Design and construction of immune phage antibody library against Tetanus neurotoxin: Production of single chain antibody fragments. Hum Antibodies 2015; 23:73-79. [PMID: 27472865 DOI: 10.3233/hab-150287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is composed of a light (LC) and heavy chain (HC) polypeptides, released by anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani and can cause fatal life-threatening infectious disease. Toxin HC and LC modules represents receptor binding and zinc metalloprotease activity, respectively. The passive administration of animal-derived antibodies against tetanus toxin has been considered as the mainstay therapy for years. However, this treatment is associated with several adverse effects due to the presence of anti-isotype antibodies. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we have produced the fully human single chain antibody fragments (HuScFv) from two human antibody phage display libraries. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four different HuscFvs were isolated from two anti TeNT immune libraries. Our produced human ScFv (HuScFv) were converted to IgG platform and analyzed regarding their specific reactivity to TeNT. RESULTS All of the selected scFvs have the same VL but different VH. Three HuscFvs from the first library (TTX15, 51, 75) and two HuscFvs from the second library (TTX16, 20) were chosen to convert to IgG1 using pOptiVEC and pcDNA3.3 systems. Production of IgG1 from transfected DG44 and binding capacity of them to tetanus toxin and toxoid were measured by ELISA. ELISA results showed no detectable production of TTX16 and TTX20 IgG1. Although, TTX51 and TTX75 were converted and produced as IgG1, no reactivity to tetanus toxin and toxoid was observed. However, TTX15 was successfully produced as whole IgG1 platform with reactivity to both tetanus toxin and toxoid. The latter would be an appropriate replacement for conventional polyclonal antibodies if would meet the further characterization including specificity determination, affinity measurement and toxin neutralizing assays. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated production of functional IgG1 derived from TTX15 scFv and might be an appropriate replacement for polyclonal Tetabulin but it needs further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sadreddini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrnosh Seifi-Najmi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babollah Ghasemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Alinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevil Sadreddini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Shio MT, Christian JG, Jung JY, Chang KP, Olivier M. PKC/ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Is Attenuated by Leishmania Zinc-Metalloprotease during Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003868. [PMID: 26114647 PMCID: PMC4482689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the Leishmania genus infect and survive within macrophages by inhibiting several microbicidal molecules, such as nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this context, various species of Leishmania have been reported to inhibit or reduce the production of IL-1β both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism whereby Leishmania parasites are able to affect IL-1β production and secretion by macrophages is still not fully understood. Dependent on the stimulus at hand, the maturation of IL-1β is facilitated by different inflammasome complexes. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been shown to be of pivotal importance in the detection of danger molecules such as inorganic crystals like asbestos, silica and malarial hemozoin, (HZ) as well as infectious agents. In the present work, we investigated whether Leishmania parasites modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Using PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells, we demonstrate that Leishmania infection effectively inhibits macrophage IL-1β production upon stimulation. In this context, the expression and activity of the metalloprotease GP63 - a critical virulence factor expressed by all infectious Leishmania species - is a prerequisite for a Leishmania-mediated reduction of IL-1β secretion. Accordingly, L. mexicana, purified GP63 and GP63-containing exosomes, caused the inhibition of macrophage IL-1β production. Leishmania-dependent suppression of IL-1β secretion is accompanied by an inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that has previously been shown to be associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The observed loss of ROS production was due to an impaired PKC-mediated protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, ROS-independent inflammasome activation was inhibited, possibly due to an observed GP63-dependent cleavage of inflammasome and inflammasome-related proteins. Collectively for the first time, we herein provide evidence that the protozoan parasite Leishmania, through its surface metalloprotease GP63, can significantly inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome function and IL-1β production. Leishmania parasites are the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a wide spread disease in tropical and subtropical areas. The microorganisms have been shown to be well-adapted to their hosts and are able to enter their target cells where they replicate themselves. To ensure these processes, Leishmania disrupts a multitude of cellular signals and protective mechanisms, which overall attenuates immune responses against the parasites. A key factor for inflammatory processes, also during infections, is IL-1β. As previous studies suggested a dysregulation of IL-1β levels after infection with Leishmania parasites, we herein investigated the underlying mechanisms. Our work reveals that Leishmania suppressing IL-1β production through its virulence factor GP63. Furthermore, our data suggests that the parasites can dampen the maturation of IL-1β after different stimuli. In this regard we established a role for the suppression of the kinase PKC and the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the cleavage of cellular proteins that are important for IL-1β-generation. Thus, we here present a novel aspect for how Leishmania parasites can counteract host protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Gregor Christian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis (TB) Centre and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jee Yong Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kwang-Poo Chang
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill International Tuberculosis (TB) Centre and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Memon Z, Sheikh SS. NON-INVASIVE MONITORING OF FOETAL ANAEMIA IN KELL SENSITIZED PREGNANCY. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2015; 27:486-488. [PMID: 26411147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of Kell sensitized pregnancy with good neonatal outcome. Anti-K antibodies were detected in maternal serum in early pregnancy as a part of routine antibody screening test. The middle cerebral artery doppler monitoring and serial titers were carried out to screen for foetal anaemia. Despite of rising antibody titers, serial middle cerebral artery doppler was normal and did not showed foetal anaemia. The pregnancy was carried out till term and patient delivered at 37 weeks of pregnancy with no evidence of foetal anaemia. This case underlines the need of general screening on rare antibodies in all pregnant women and that non-invasive monitoring of foetal anaemia can be done with anti-k titers and middle cerebral artery Doppler.
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Liu J, Wang Z, He J, Wang G, Zhang R, Zhao B. Effect of site-specific PEGylation on the fibrinolytic activity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics of staphylokinase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:782-91. [PMID: 25098624 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial plasminogen-activator staphylokinase (Sak) is a promising thrombolytic agent for treating acute myocardial infarction. To effectively reduce the immunogenicity of Sak while maintaining its fibrinolytic activity, site-specific PEGylation was performed in the present study. The chemoselective cysteine PEGylation site was selected within an immunodominant region (amino acid residues 71-87) using an in silico approach. The PEGylated Sak variants prepared in this study showed a purity of >97.0%. PEGylation at Position 80 resulted in a Sak variant Sak(E80C-PEG) which has similar fibrinolytic activity and thermostability compared with the native recombinant staphylokinase (r-Sak). The immunogenicity of Sak(E80C-PEG) in guinea pigs was greatly reduced compared with the native r-Sak. Furthermore, preliminary pharmacokinetic results suggested that the plasma clearance of Sak(E80C-PEG) from the blood stream of rabbit was significantly decreased compared with that of r-Sak, resulting in a 2.8-fold increase of initial half-life and a 3.8-fold increase of systemic availability. In summary, these results demonstrated that site-specific PEGylation yielded a novel Sak variant Sak(E80C-PEG) with remarkable advantages over the unmodified Sak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jintian He
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Gaizhen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Rongbo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Baohua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Rezvan H, Khodadadi A, Ali SA. CTL responses to DCs stimulated with leishmania antigens detected by DCs expressing Leishmania gp63. Iran J Immunol 2014; 11:65-73. [PMID: 24975963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania is a pathogenic parasite which infects mononuclear cells in vertebrate hosts. Different strategies have been taken to develop immunity against Leishmania. DCs loaded with immunogenic antigen have resulted in different levels of Th1-type immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potency of DCs primed with soluble Leishmania mexicana antigens (SLA) in developing CTL activity. METHODS DCs were loaded with SLA and injected to Balb/c mice. After two weeks the mice were sacrificed and their splenocytes were used as effector cells in a standard 4-hour cytotoxicity assay against DCs transfected with pcDNA3 containing L. mexicana gp63 gene. RESULTS Immunization of Balb/c mice with DCs loaded with SLA resulted in high levels of CTL activity against DCs transfected with pcDNA3 containing L. mexicana gp63 gene. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a high potency for DCs primed with Leishmania antigens in inducing CTL activity, which can be used for developing an immunogenic vaccine against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rezvan
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paraveterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran, e-mail:
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Schneider FS, Nguyen DL, Castro KL, Cobo S, Machado de Avila RA, Ferreira NDA, Sanchez EF, Nguyen C, Granier C, Galéa P, Chávez-Olortegui C, Molina F. Use of a synthetic biosensor for neutralizing activity-biased selection of monoclonal antibodies against atroxlysin-I, an hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops atrox snake venom. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2826. [PMID: 24762927 PMCID: PMC3998924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The snake Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of envenomings in the northern region of South America. Severe local effects, including hemorrhage, which are mainly caused by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), are not fully neutralized by conventional serum therapy. Little is known about the immunochemistry of the P-I SVMPs since few monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against these molecules have been obtained. In addition, producing toxin-neutralizing mAbs remains very challenging. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report on the set-up of a functional screening based on a synthetic peptide used as a biosensor to select neutralizing mAbs against SVMPs and the successful production of neutralizing mAbs against Atroxlysin-I (Atr-I), a P-I SVMP from B. atrox. Hybridomas producing supernatants with inhibitory effect against the proteolytic activity of Atr-I towards the FRET peptide Abz-LVEALYQ-EDDnp were selected. Six IgG1 Mabs were obtained (named mAbatr1 to mAbatr6) and also two IgM. mAbatrs1, 2, 3 and 6 were purified. All showed a high specific reactivity, recognizing only Atr-I and B. atrox venom in ELISA and a high affinity, showing equilibrium constants in the nM range for Atr-I. These mAbatrs were not able to bind to Atr-I overlapping peptides, suggesting that they recognize conformational epitopes. Conclusions/Significance For the first time a functional screening based on a synthetic biosensor was successfully used for the selection of neutralizing mAbs against SVMPs. In this work, we propose a new screening strategy to produce monoclonal antibodies against Atr-I, a P-I class SVMP from Bothrops atrox, which is the snake responsible for the majority of the accidents in South America. SVMPs are the main toxic factors in Bothrops venom causing systemic and local hemorrhage, which may evolve to inflammation and/or necrosis. Since the toxic effects of SVMPs are related to their proteolytic activity, we have produced a peptide which was used as a biosensor for Atr-I hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of this substrate was monitored and the clones possessing inhibitory activity against the proteolytic activity of Atr-I upon the peptide were selected. Using our new approach, we have obtained four monoclonal antibodies highly specific and with neutralizing capacity against the hemorrhagic activity of either Atr-I alone or Bothrops atrox whole venom. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time where a functional screening is used for the selection of neutralizing mAbs against SVMPs. It is also the first description of mAbs anti-Atr-I, with inhibitory potential against its toxic activities which may be useful for diagnosis and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Santos Schneider
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | - Karen Larissa Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Sandra Cobo
- SysDiag, UMR3145,CNRS/BioRad, Montpellier, France
| | - Ricardo Andrez Machado de Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Nivia de Assis Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Chávez-Olortegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Gamrekelashvili J, Kapanadze T, Han M, Wissing J, Ma C, Jaensch L, Manns MP, Armstrong T, Jaffee E, White AO, Citrin DE, Korangy F, Greten TF. Peptidases released by necrotic cells control CD8+ T cell cross-priming. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4755-68. [PMID: 24216478 DOI: 10.1172/jci65698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and generation of effector immune responses is pivotal for tumor immunity as well as for successful anticancer vaccination and therapy. Dead and dying cells produce signals that can influence Ag processing and presentation; however, there is conflicting evidence regarding the immunogenicity of necrotic cell death. We used a mouse model of sterile necrosis, in which mice were injected with sterile primary necrotic cells, to investigate a role of these cells in priming of CD8+ T cells. We discovered a molecular mechanism operating in Ag donor cells that regulates cross-priming of CD8+ T cells during primary sterile necrosis and thereby controls adaptive immune responses. We found that the cellular peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP-3) and thimet oligopeptidase 1 (TOP-1), both of which are present in nonimmunogenic necrotic cells, eliminated proteasomal degradation products and blocked Ag cross-presentation. While sterile necrotic tumor cells failed to induce CD8+ T cell responses, their nonimmunogenicity could be reversed in vitro and in vivo by inactivation of DPP-3 and TOP-1. These results indicate that control of cross-priming and thereby immunogenicity of primary sterile necrosis relies on proteasome-dependent oligopeptide generation and functional status of peptidases in Ag donor cells.
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Matheoud D, Moradin N, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Shio MT, Hong WJ, Olivier M, Gagnon E, Desjardins M, Descoteaux A. Leishmania evades host immunity by inhibiting antigen cross-presentation through direct cleavage of the SNARE VAMP8. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:15-25. [PMID: 23870310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During phagocytosis, microorganisms are taken up by immune cells into phagosomes. Through membrane-trafficking events mediated by SNARE proteins, phagosomes fuse with lysosomes, generating degradative phagolysosomes. Phagolysosomes contribute to host immunity by linking microbial killing within these organelles with antigen processing for presentation on MHC class I or II molecules to T cells. We show that the intracellular parasite Leishmania evades immune recognition by inhibiting phagolysosome biogenesis. The Leishmania cell surface metalloprotease GP63 cleaves a subset of SNAREs, including VAMP8. GP63-mediated VAMP8 inactivation or Vamp8 disruption prevents the NADPH oxidase complex from assembling on phagosomes, thus altering their pH and degradative properties. Consequently, the presentation of exogenous Leishmania antigens on MHC class I molecules, also known as cross-presentation, is inhibited, resulting in reduced T cell activation. These findings indicate that Leishmania subverts immune recognition by altering phagosome function and highlight the importance of VAMP8 in phagosome biogenesis and antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matheoud
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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21
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Ye J. Roles of regulated intramembrane proteolysis in virus infection and antiviral immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1828:2926-32. [PMID: 24099010 PMCID: PMC3837687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a signaling mechanism through which transmembrane precursor proteins are cleaved to liberate their cytoplasmic and/or luminal/extracellular fragments from membranes so that these fragments are able to function at a new location. Recent studies have indicated that this proteolytic reaction plays an important role in host-virus interaction. On one hand, RIP transfers the signal from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus to activate antiviral genes in response to alteration of the ER caused by viral infection. On the other hand, RIP can be hijacked by virus to process transmembrane viral protein precursors and to destroy transmembrane antiviral proteins. Understanding this Yin and Yang side of RIP may lead to new strategies to combat viral infection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA.
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Monfort M, Peyrard T, Arnaud L, Helias V, Maggipinto G, Gérard C. [A KEL*02mod allele responsible for an apparent maternity exclusion]. Transfus Clin Biol 2013; 20:490-5. [PMID: 23727116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2013.03.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The patient's rare KEL:1,-2 phenotype was highlighted in course of a routine preoperative erythrocyte typing. Unexpectedly, her two daughters presented a KEL:-1,2 phenotype what appeared first as an apparent maternity exclusion. Flow cytometry, genotyping and adsorption-elution analyses were then performed for those three patients. KEL genotyping showed that the patient's genotype was KEL*01/KEL*02 whereas that of her daughters was KEL*02/KEL*02. By using polyclonal anti-KEL2 reagent, weak amount of KEL2 was identified on the patient's erythrocytes, a result which was confirmed by both flow cytometry and adsorption-elution assays, suggesting that patient's phenotype was in fact KEL:1,2w. These results are in favour of a weak expressed KEL*02 allele (KEL*2mod) transmission coding for a KEL2 antigen detected in some technical conditions only. Those results allowed to explain the apparent maternity exclusion based on initial KEL phenotype. This study also seems to confirm the presence of a compensatory mechanism of the KELmod allele deficient expression in heterozygote patients. A KEL phenotype retrospective study of 80,000 subjects showed a local KEL:1,-2 frequency four times lower than that described in literature. Moreover, a significant number of those individuals would in reality be KEL:1,2w, what still would decrease the real frequency of the KEL:1,2 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monfort
- Laboratoire d'immunohématologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgique.
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Mazumder S, Maji M, Ali N. Potentiating effects of MPL on DSPC bearing cationic liposomes promote recombinant GP63 vaccine efficacy: high immunogenicity and protection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1429. [PMID: 22206029 PMCID: PMC3243702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines that activate strong specific Th1-predominant immune responses are critically needed for many intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania. The requirement for sustained and efficient vaccination against leishmaniasis is to formulate the best combination of immunopotentiating adjuvant with the stable antigen (Ag) delivery system. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an immunomodulator on liposomal Ag through subcutaneous (s.c.) route of immunization, and its usefulness during prime/boost against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in BALB/c mice. Methodology/Principal Findings Towards this goal, we formulated recombinant GP63 (rGP63)-based vaccines either with monophosphoryl lipid A-trehalose dicorynomycolate (MPL-TDM) or entrapped within cationic liposomes or both. Combinatorial administration of liposomes with MPL-TDM during prime confers activation of dendritic cells, and induces an early robust T cell response. To investigate whether the combined formulation is required for optimum immune response during boost as well, we chose to evaluate the vaccine efficacy in mice primed with combined adjuvant system followed by boosting with either rGP63 alone, in association with MPL-TDM, liposomes or both. We provide evidences that the presence of either liposomal rGP63 or combined formulations during boost is necessary for effective Th1 immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-12, NO) before challenge infection. However, boosting with MPL-TDM in conjugation with liposomal rGP63 resulted in a greater number of IFN-γ producing effector T cells, significantly higher levels of splenocyte proliferation, and Th1 responses compared to mice boosted with liposomal rGP63, after virulent Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) challenge. Moreover, combined formulations offered superior protection against intracellular amastigote replication in macrophages in vitro, and hepatic and splenic parasite load in vivo. Conclusion Our results define the immunopotentiating effect of MPL-TDM on protein Ag encapsulated in a controlled release system against experimental VL. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a vector-transmitted disease caused by Leishmania donovani, is potentially fatal if left untreated. Vaccination against VL has received limited attention compared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, although the need for an effective vaccine is pressing for the control of the disease. Earlier, we observed protective efficacy using leishmanial antigen (Ag) in the presence of either cationic liposomes or monophosphoryl lipid A-trehalose dicorynomycolate (MPL-TDM) against experimental VL through the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route of administration in the mouse model. However, this route of immunization is not adequate for human use. For this work, we developed vaccine formulations combining cationic liposomes with MPL-TDM using recombinant GP63 (rGP63) as protein Ag through the clinically relevant subcutaneous (s.c.) route. Two s.c. injections with rGP63 in association with cationic liposomes and MPL-TDM showed enhanced immune responses that further resulted in high protective levels against VL in the mouse model. This validates the combined use of MPL-TDM as an immunopotentiator and liposomes as a suitable vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyabrata Mazumder
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Mithun Maji
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Machado de Avila RA, Stransky S, Velloso M, Castanheira P, Schneider FS, Kalapothakis E, Sanchez EF, Nguyen C, Molina F, Granier C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Mimotopes of mutalysin-II from Lachesis muta snake venom induce hemorrhage inhibitory antibodies upon vaccination of rabbits. Peptides 2011; 32:1640-6. [PMID: 21763377 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutalysin-II (mut-II) from Lachesis muta snake venom is an endopeptidase with hemorrhagic activity. A mAb against mutalysin-II that neutralized the hemorrhagic effect was produced previously. To identify the mAb epitopes, sets of 15-mer overlapping peptides covering the mut-II amino acid sequence were synthesized using the SPOT method and tested but failed to react with the mAb. Using a phage-display approach seventeen clones reactive with mAb were identified. Additional immunoassays with the peptides and mAb identified the QCTMDQGRLRCR, TCATDQGRLRCT, HCFHDQGRVRCA, HCTMDQGRLRCR and SCMLDQGRSRCR sequences as possible epitopes. Immunization of rabbits with these peptides induced antibodies that recognize mut-II and protected against the hemorrhagic effects of Lachesis venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Machado de Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Xu R, He J, Jia K, Chen X, Liu J, Zhu K. Simultaneous removal of T and B cell epitope in recombinant staphylokinase by structure-based mutagenesis of immuno-dominant Arg77 and Glu80 residues. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2011; 51:692-703. [PMID: 21800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reduce immunogenicity of recombined staphylokinase (r-Sak) , site-directed mutagenesis of Arg77 and Glu80 residue was performed to simultaneously remove T and B cell epitope in r-Sak molecule. METHODS The solvent accessible surface areas of residues 77 and 80 in r-Sak were used to analyze rational design of Sak mutation. The Sak mutants were expressed in E coli DH5alpha. After purified by a 3-step chromatography, their fibrinolytic activities and immunological properties were analyzed. RESULTS Immunogenicity tests suggested that Sak induced a Th2-type immune response. Substitution of Glu80 with alanine or serine successfully reduced its solvent accessible surface area while simultaneously removing part of the T and B cell epitope. Changing Arg77 to glutamine, asparagine, or lysine removed only part of the T cell epitope. Of six dually substituted variants, Sak (R77Q/E80A) and Sak(R77Q/E80S) variants effectively eliminated part of the B and T cell epitopes, which markedly reduced their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguang Xu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China.
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26
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Mazumder S, Maji M, Das A, Ali N. Potency, efficacy and durability of DNA/DNA, DNA/protein and protein/protein based vaccination using gp63 against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14644. [PMID: 21311597 PMCID: PMC3032732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania, is fatal in the absence of treatment. At present there are no effective vaccines against any form of leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluate the potency, efficacy and durability of DNA/DNA, DNA-prime/Protein-boost, and Protein/Protein based vaccination against VL in a susceptible murine model. Methods and Findings To compare the potency, efficacy, and durability of DNA, protein and heterologous prime-boost (HPB) vaccination against Leishmania donovani, major surface glycoprotein gp63 was cloned into mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 for DNA based vaccines. We demonstrated that gp63 DNA based vaccination induced immune responses and conferred protection against challenge infection. However, vaccination with HPB approach showed comparatively enhanced cellular and humoral responses than other regimens and elicited early mixed Th1/Th2 responses before infection. Moreover, challenge with parasites induced polarized Th1 responses with enhanced IFN-γ, IL-12, nitric oxide, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and reduced IL-4 and IL-10 responses compared to other vaccination strategies. Although, vaccination with gp63 DNA either alone or mixed with CpG- ODN or heterologously prime-boosting with CpG- ODN showed comparable levels of protection at short-term protection study, DNA-prime/Protein-boost in presence of CpG significantly reduced hepatic and splenic parasite load by 107 fold and 1010 fold respectively, in long-term study. The extent of protection, obtained in this study has till now not been achieved in long-term protection through HPB approach in susceptible BALB/c model against VL. Interestingly, the HPB regimen also showed marked reduction in the footpad swelling of BALB/c mice against Leishmania major infection. Conclusion/Significance HPB approach based on gp63 in association with CpG, resulted in robust cellular and humoral responses correlating with durable protection against L. donovani challenge till twelve weeks post-vaccination. These results emphasize the potential of DNA-prime/Protein-boost vaccination over DNA/DNA and Protein/Protein based vaccination in maintaining long-term immunity against intracellular pathogen like Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyabrata Mazumder
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mithun Maji
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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27
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Tanjoni I, Evangelista K, Della-Casa MS, Butera D, Magalhães GS, Baldo C, Clissa PB, Fernandes I, Eble J, Moura-da-Silva AM. Different regions of the class P-III snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin are involved in binding to alpha2beta1 integrin and collagen. Toxicon 2010; 55:1093-9. [PMID: 20056118 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
SVMPs are multi-domain proteolytic enzymes in which disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains bind to cell receptors, plasma or ECM proteins. We have recently reported that jararhagin, a P-III class SVMP, binds to collagen with high affinity through an epitope located within the Da-disintegrin sub-domain. In this study, we evaluated the binding of jararhagin to alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (collagen receptor) using monoclonal antibodies and recombinant jararhagin fragments. In solid phase assays, binding of jararhagin to alpha(2)beta(1) integrin was detectable from concentrations of 20 nM. Using recombinant fragments of jararhagin, only fragment JC76 (residues 344-421), showed a significant binding to recombinant alpha(2)beta(1) integrin. The anti-jararhagin monoclonal antibody MAJar 3 efficiently neutralised binding of jararhagin to collagen, but not to recombinant alpha(2)beta(1) integrin nor to cell-surface-exposed alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (alpha(2)-K562 transfected cells and platelets). The same antibody neutralised collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Our data suggest that jararhagin binding to collagen and alpha(2)beta(1) integrin occurs by two independent motifs, which are located on disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, respectively. Moreover, toxin binding to collagen appears to be sufficient to inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tanjoni
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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He J, Xu R, Chen X, Jia K, Zhou X, Zhu K. Simultaneous elimination of T- and B-cell epitope by structure-based mutagenesis of single Glu80 residue within recombinant staphylokinase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:209-15. [PMID: 20213046 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the immunogenicity of recombinant staphylokinase, structure-based mutagenesis of Glu80 residue in wild-type staphylokinase (wt-Sak) was rationally designed and carried out by a modified QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis. Sak mutants, including Sak(E80A) and Sak(E80S), were successfully expressed in E. coli DH5a as a soluble cytoplasmic proteins and accounted for more than 40% of the total cellular proteins. The expressed proteins were purified by a three-step chromatographic purification process. SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses results indicated that the purified proteins were almost completely homogeneous and the purities of Sak mutants exceeded 97%. Analysis of fibrinolytic activity revealed that substitution of E80 residue with serine and alanine resulted in slightly increased specific activities of Sak mutants. Investigation of the immunogenicity of Sak mutants showed that the amount of specific anti-Sak IgG antibodies elicited by Sak(E80A) and Sak(E80S) in BALB/c mice decreased approximately 35% and 27%, respectively compared with wt-Sak. The abilities of Sak mutants to stimulate proliferation of T cells from BALB/c mice and to bind mouse anti-Sak polyclonal serum were significantly lower than those of wt-Sak. These results suggested that substitution of Glu80 residue by alanine and serine successfully eliminated part of T- and B-cell epitope of Sak molecule. Our findings suggested that simultaneous elimination of T- and B-cell epitopes was a useful method to reduce the immunogenicity of wt-Sak molecule and provided a strategy for engineering safe Sak-based fibrinolytics for the clinical treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian He
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China.
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29
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Indrawattana N, Sookrung N, Kulkeaw K, Seesuay W, Kongngoen T, Chongsa-nguan M, Tungtrongchitr A, Chaicumpa W. Human monoclonal ScFv that inhibits cellular entry and metalloprotease activity of tetanus neurotoxin. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2010; 28:85-93. [PMID: 20527521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus is a deadly disease of warm blooded animals and humans caused by an exotoxin called tetanospasmin or tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) produced by anaerobic bacterium named Clostridium tetani TeNT is an A-B toxin; each molecule consists of a heavy chain (HC) containing cellular receptor binding domain and a light chain (LC) with zinc metalloprotease activity. TeNT produced in the infected tissue by the bacteria grown under anaerobic condition binds to ganglioside receptors of peripheral nerve, and endocytosed. The A subunit exits from the endosome and undergoes a retrograde transport via the nerve axon to the spinal cord. This highly toxic enzyme specifically cleaves one of the nerve cell SNARE proteins, i.e., synaptobrevin, resulting in inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters (glycine and GABA) from inhibitory interneuron causing spastic paralysis, the characteristic of tetanus. Current treatment mainstay of human tetanus is by passively administering anti-tetanus toxin produced from animals immunized with adjuvanted tetanus toxoid (TT). There are several obstacles in production and use of the animal derived therapeutic antibody especially the allergic reaction and serum sickness induced by the host immune response to the foreign protein. The animal antibody, mainly IgG, blocks nerve cell entry of the TeNT but does not neutralize the TeNT protease activity per se and cannot reverse the tetanus symptoms. In this study, fully human single chain antibody fragments (HuScFv) were produced from a human antibody phage display library. TT was used as antigen in a single round phage bio-panning to select phage clones that display TT bound-HuScFv from the library. HuScFv from 4 selected huscfv-phagemid transformed E. coli clones inhibited binding of the native TeNT to retinoic acid pulsed human neuroblastoma cells when used at the molecular TeNT:HuScFv ratio of 1:100. HuScFv from one of the 4 clones also inhibited the TeNT mediated cleavage of recombinant synaptobrevin. Further investigation is needed for identification of epitope specificity of these HuScFv and HuScFv effector mechanisms towards the TeNT. Cell penetrating version of the HuScFv that inhibited the TeNT zinc metalloprotease activity should be made. The HuScFv produced in this study either singly or in their suitable combination warrant developing further to a real use in humans as a surrogate of the animal antibody for treatment of tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok,Thailand.
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Sachdeva R, Banerjea AC, Malla N, Dubey ML. Immunogenicity and efficacy of single antigen Gp63, polytope and polytopeHSP70 DNA vaccines against visceral Leishmaniasis in experimental mouse model. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7880. [PMID: 19956549 PMCID: PMC2780826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytope approach of genetic immunization is a promising strategy for the
prevention of infectious disease as it is capable of generating effective cell
mediated immunity by delivering the T cell epitopes assembled in series.
Leishmaniasis is a significant world wide health problem for which no vaccine
exists. In this study we have compared immunogenicity and efficacy of three
types of DNA vaccines: single antigen Gp63 (Gp63/pcDNA), polytope (Poly/pcDNA)
and Polytope fused with hsp70 (Poly/hsp/pcDNA) against visceral leishmaniasis in
susceptible BALB/c mice. Mice vaccinated with these plasmids generated strong
Th1 immune response as seen by dominating IFN-γ over IL-10 cytokine.
Interestingly, cytotoxic responses generated by polytope DNA plasmid fused with
hsp70 of Leishmania donovani were significantly higher when
compared to polytope and single antigen Gp63 vaccine. Challenge studies revealed
that the parasite load in liver and spleen was significantly lower with
Poly/hsp/pcDNA vaccination compared to other vaccines. Therefore, our study
indicates that polytope DNA vaccine is a feasible, practical and effective
approach for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Sachdeva
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Nancy Malla
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohan Lal Dubey
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
and Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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31
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Koc K, Anik I, Bozkurt SU, Ercin C, Ceylan S. Effect of smoking on rat basilar artery: correlation with inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin converting enzyme-1. Turk Neurosurg 2009; 19:393-399. [PMID: 19847761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Smoking is an extremely important risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage and seems to increase rupture risk of unruptured aneurysms by accelerating their growth rate. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of smoking on the luminal diameter with wall thicknesses of rat basilar arteries and to detect alterations of inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-converting enzyme -1 in the endothelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were divided into two groups. The level of middle pons slices were embedded in paraffin before they were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Rabbit anti-human inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin converting enzyme-1 antibodies were used. RESULTS Significant decrease of the vessel luminal diameter and increase of the vessel wall thickness were found in chronic smokers in our study. There was a linear and significant (p= 0,023, r =0,704) correlation between thickness of the wall and endothelin converting enzyme-1 immune reaction. Correlation was not found with inducible nitric oxide synthase (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study on the comparison of vessel luminal diameter and vessel wall thickness with inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin converting enzyme-1 immune reactions revealed that the main effect of smoking on the vessel wall is associated with endothelin converting enzyme-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Koc
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Bjornsdottir B, Fast MD, Sperker SA, Brown LL, Gudmundsdottir BK. Effects of Moritella viscosa antigens on pro-inflammatory gene expression in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) cell line (SHK-1). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 26:858-863. [PMID: 19345267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is the causative agent of winter ulcer disease in salmonids reared in North-Atlantic countries. In this study the effects of selected M. viscosa antigens on cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory gene expression in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) macrophage-like cell line (SHK-1) were examined. SHK-1 cells were stimulated with live and heat-killed bacterial cells, extracellular products (ECP) and an extracellular vibriolysin, termed MvP1. Following incubation, cytotoxicity and expression levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were examined at different time points. Both live M. viscosa cells and ECP were cytotoxic, but neither heat-killed cells, nor the MvP1 peptidase caused cell death. Expression levels of both IL-1 beta and IL-8 increased significantly after stimulation with live cells, but heat-killed cells only caused increased IL-8 expression. ECP did not affect IL-1 beta expression, but did stimulate IL-8 expression. The isolated MvP1 peptidase stimulated both IL-1 beta and IL-8 expression at the highest concentration tested. This study reveals a difference in the induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression in salmon SHK-1 cells between live and heat-killed M. viscosa cells, and also that an unknown secreted factor is the main stimulant of IL-beta and IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndis Bjornsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Sun Q, Jin HJ, Bond JS. Disruption of the meprin alpha and beta genes in mice alters homeostasis of monocytes and natural killer cells. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:346-56. [PMID: 19110362 PMCID: PMC2674388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Meprin metalloproteases are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, which involves dysfunction of immune cells. However, the roles of meprins in the immune and hematological system remain uncharacterized. In this report, we demonstrate that meprins were expressed in the hematological system, and meprin alpha/beta null (alpha(-/-)/beta(-/-)) mice had decreased prevalence of resident monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in blood, with a concomitant accumulation of inflammatory monocytes and NK cells in bone marrow. In contrast, T and B lymphocytes were not affected by meprin deficiency. In response to acute inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate, meprin-deficient mice exhibited higher body temperature than wild-type mice, which was correlated with retention of inflammatory monocytes, but persistent low prevalence of NK cells in blood. These results indicate that meprin metalloproteases play important roles in the homeostasis of monocytes and NK cells, and possibly are involved in egress of these two type cells from bone marrow and homing to the periphery. Our findings are the first report to demonstrate that metalloproteases affect homeostasis of leukocytes, which have important implications for understanding physiology of and pathogenesis in the hematological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State University Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pa., USA.
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Cuervo P, Santos ALS, Alves CR, Menezes GC, Silva BA, Britto C, Fernandes O, Cupolillo E, Batista De Jesus J. Cellular localization and expression of gp63 homologous metalloproteases in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strains. Acta Trop 2008; 106:143-8. [PMID: 18423419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the major causative agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, a disease that encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. In a previous study, we showed that Brazilian and Colombian L. braziliensis strains, isolated from patients with distinct clinical manifestations, display different pattern of metalloprotease activities. Following these results, we investigated the cellular localization of these molecules and their relation to the major surface protease (gp63) of Leishmania. Comparative analyses of metalloprotease expression among different clinical isolates as well as an evaluation of the effect of long-term in vitro passage on the expression pattern of these metalloproteases were also performed. Western blot analysis, using an anti-gp63 antibody, revealed polypeptide patterns with a similar profile to that observed in zymographic analysis. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses corroborated the presence of metalloproteases with homologous domains to gp63 in the parasites and revealed differences in the expression level of such molecules among the isolates. The cellular distribution of metalloproteases, assessed by confocal analysis, showed the existence of intracellular metalloproteases with homologous domains to gp63, predominantly located near the flagellar pocket. Finally, it was observed that differential zymographic profiles of metalloproteases exhibited by L. (V.) braziliensis isolates remain unaltered during prolonged in vitro culture, suggesting that the proteolytic activity pattern is a stable phenotypic characteristic of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jaafari MR, Badiee A, Khamesipour A, Samiei A, Soroush D, Kheiri MT, Barkhordari F, McMaster WR, Mahboudi F. The role of CpG ODN in enhancement of immune response and protection in BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania (rgp63) encapsulated in cationic liposome. Vaccine 2007; 25:6107-17. [PMID: 17629372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are known to be a potent immunoadjuvant for a wide range of antigens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CpG ODN co-encapsulated with rgp63 antigen in cationic liposomes (Lip-rgp63-CpG ODN) in immune response enhancement and protection in BALB/c mice against leishmaniasis. Lip-rgp63-CpG ODN prepared by using dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method significantly inhibited (P<0.001) Leishmania major infection in mice measured by footpad swelling compared to Lip-rgp63, rgp63 alone, rgp63 plus CpG ODN, PBS or control liposomes. The mice immunized with Lip-rgp63-CpG ODN also showed the lowest spleen parasite burden, highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and IFN-gamma production and the lowest IL-4 production compared to the other groups. The results indicate that co-encapsulation of CpG ODN in liposomes improves the immunogenicity of Leishmania antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Jaafari
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Santos ALS, d'Avila-Levy CM, Elias CGR, Vermelho AB, Branquinha MH. Phytomonas serpens: immunological similarities with the human trypanosomatid pathogens. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:915-21. [PMID: 17556002 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent discoveries concerning the immunological similarities between Phytomonas serpens, a tomato parasite, and human trypanosomatid pathogens, with special emphasis on peptidases. Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi express peptidases that are well-known virulence factors, named leishmanolysin and cruzipain. P. serpens synthesizes two distinct classes of proteolytic enzymes, metallo- and cysteine-type peptidases, that share common epitopes with leishmanolysin and cruzipain, respectively. The leishmanolysin-like and cruzipain-like molecules from P. serpens participate in several biological processes including cellular growth and adhesion to the salivary glands of Oncopeltus fasciatus, a phytophagous insect experimental model. Since previous reports demonstrated that immunization of mice with P. serpens induced a partial protective immune response against T. cruzi, this plant trypanosomatid may be a suitable candidate for vaccine studies. Moreover, comparative approaches in the Trypanosomatidae family may be useful to understand kinetoplastid biology, biochemistry and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
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Borchert N, Becker-Pauly C, Wagner A, Fischer P, Stöcker W, Brattig NW. Identification and characterization of onchoastacin, an astacin-like metalloproteinase from the filaria Onchocerca volvulus. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:498-506. [PMID: 17347015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The tissue-invasive nematode Onchocerca volvulus causes skin and eye pathology in human onchocerciasis. While the adult females reside sessile in subcutaneous nodules, the microfilariae are abundantly released from the nodules, males and juvenile worms migrate through the host tissue. Matrix-degrading metallo- and serine proteinases have been detected in excretory-secretory worm products that may be essential for migration of the mobile stages. In this study, a 1713bp long cDNA encoding for a putative proteinase of O. volvulus has been isolated. The predicted protein sequence includes a signal peptide indicating secretion to the extracellular space, a propeptide, an astacin-like protease domain, an EGF-like and a CUB-domain, thereby identifying the protein as a member of the astacin family of zinc endopeptidases. Onchoastacin, Ov-AST-1, is most closely related to a subfamily comprising nematode astacins including Caenorhabditis and Ancylostoma. Ov-AST-1 was expressed as a recombinant protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells and exhibited enzymatic activity. The exposure of onchoastacin to the host immune system is indicated by demonstration of IgG reacting with the recombinant Ov-AST-1 and with two peptides of the protein. Since a homologous metalloproteinase is part of a promising hookworm vaccine, Ov-AST-1 may be a candidate for intervention strategies in filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Borchert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Chauhan AK, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Wagner DD. Formation of platelet strings and microthrombi in the presence of ADAMTS-13 inhibitor does not require P-selectin or beta3 integrin. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:583-9. [PMID: 17166247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) and the receptor P-selectin are released from endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies during injury or inflammation. VWF mediates platelet adhesion and P-selectin promotes leukocyte rolling. ADAMTS-13 limits the duration of platelet adhesion by cleaving the ULVWF. In the absence of ADAMTS-13, long VWF filaments decorated with platelets form. Recent in vitro studies suggested that P-selectin might anchor these platelet strings to endothelium, but whether the same mechanism exists in vivo remains to be elucidated. METHODS We address the role of P-selectin and beta(3) integrin in platelet string formation in vivo using intravital microscopy by infusing inhibitory ADAMTS-13 antibody in P-selectin-/- and beta(3)-deficient mice and activating the endothelium by injecting histamine. RESULTS We show that inhibition of ADAMTS-13 combined with endothelial activation leads to similar extents of platelet string formation in wild-type, P-selectin- and integrin beta(3)-deficient mice. Further, in venules the platelet strings can coalesce into VWF-platelet aggregates. This process utilizes neither the platelet beta(3) integrin nor P-selectin. We also show in vitro that platelets can act as a bridge between the VWF fibers and that VWF can self-associate even in areas devoid of platelets. CONCLUSIONS The formation or retention of the platelet strings does not require P-selectin or the endothelial VWF receptor alpha(v)beta(3). Furthermore, in the presence of low ADAMTS-13 activity, VWF-dependent and alpha(IIb)beta(3)-independent platelet clustering occurs in veins, as has been shown at high arterial shear rates. Our study further supports the importance of regulation of VWF multimer size upon secretion from Weibel-Palade bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chauhan
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Fujiwara N, Ikeda M, Hirabayashi S, Mori H, Shirasawa M, Kansaku A, Sunamori M, Hata Y. Monoclonal antibody 7F9 recognizes rat protein homologous to human carboxypeptidase-M in developing and adult rat lung. Respirology 2007; 12:54-62. [PMID: 17207026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to obtain an antibody that would be useful for investigating the yet unclear molecular mechanism underlying the differentiation of lung alveolar type I and II cells. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies were raised against membrane proteins from embryonal day 18.5 rat lungs and characterized by immunoblotting on rat lung lysates at various developmental stages to select an appropriate clone. The antigen of the selected antibody was purified by serial column chromatography and immunoprecipitation and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS 7F9 antibody recognizes a 65-kDa protein that is expressed most prominently from embryonal day 20.5 to postnatal day 1. This protein was identified as a rat protein that is similar to 5730456K23Rik protein. The protein is homologous to human carboxypeptidase-M. Although human carboxypeptidase-M is known as a marker of type I cells, the expression of this rat protein was detected in columnar epithelial cells expressing type II cell markers, SP-C and a lamellar body protein ABCA3, in developing lung. Its expression was detected in alveolar cells lacking T1alpha, a type I cell marker protein, in adult lung. It was also expressed in RLE-6TN cells derived from type II cells. The expression in RLE-6TN cells was down-regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1 and up-regulated by Wnt3a. CONCLUSIONS 7F9 antibody detects a protein in rat lung cells expressing type II markers. The antibody is a useful tool for studying signalling triggered by transforming growth factor-beta1 and Wnt3a in rat type II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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de Jonge JD, Knippels LMJ, Ezendam J, Odink J, Penninks AH, van Loveren H. The importance of dietary control in the development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway rats. Methods 2007; 41:99-111. [PMID: 17161306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the further development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway (BN) rats and in particular the importance of allergen-free breeding of the laboratory animals for the allergen to be used. For this purpose BN rats were bred for 3 generations on soy- and peanut-free feed since it is known that the legumes peanut and soy are cross-reactive. In addition, the effect of cholera toxin (CT), an oral adjuvant often used to increase the sensitivity of food allergy models, was investigated in the BN rat model. BN rats that were bred on both soy- and peanut-free feed could be sensitized orally to peanut (all exposed rats developed peanut-specific IgE, IgG2a and IgG1) and the adjuvant CT could only enhance this sensitization to a limited extent. We also found different protein recognition patterns against purified peanut allergens (Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3) between intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally sensitized BN rats. Orally sensitized rats recognized all tested allergens whereas i.p. sensitized rats only recognized Ara h1 and Ara h2. Our conclusion is that a model for food allergy should preferably be (A) oral and (B) if possible without the use of adjuvantia. Our model in BN rats unites these preferred characteristics. In addition, we show the importance of dietary control when conducting oral sensitization studies. Special attention must be paid to unscheduled dietary pre-exposure of the animals to the protein under investigation to obtain optimal oral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- University Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteitssingel 50, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Altincicek B, Linder M, Linder D, Preissner KT, Vilcinskas A. Microbial metalloproteinases mediate sensing of invading pathogens and activate innate immune responses in the lepidopteran model host Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 2006; 75:175-83. [PMID: 17074843 PMCID: PMC1828416 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01385-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermolysin-like metalloproteinases such as aureolysin, pseudolysin, and bacillolysin represent virulence factors of diverse bacterial pathogens. Recently, we discovered that injection of thermolysin into larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, mediated strong immune responses. Thermolysin-mediated proteolysis of hemolymph proteins yielded a variety of small-sized (<3 kDa) protein fragments (protfrags) that are potent elicitors of innate immune responses. In this study, we report the activation of a serine proteinase cascade by thermolysin, as described for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), that results in subsequent prophenoloxidase activation leading to melanization, an elementary immune defense reaction of insects. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analyses of the expression of immune-related genes encoding the inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor, gallerimycin, and lysozyme demonstrated increased transcriptional rates after challenge with purified protfrags similar to rates after challenge with LPS. Additionally, we determined the induction of a similar spectrum of immune-responsive proteins that were secreted into the hemolymph by using comparative proteomic analyses of hemolymph proteins from untreated larvae and from larvae that were challenged with either protfrags or LPS. Since G. mellonella was recently established as a valuable pathogenicity model for Cryptococcus neoformans infection, the present results add to our understanding of the mechanisms of immune responses in G. mellonella. The obtained results support the proposed danger model, which suggests that the immune system senses endogenous alarm signals during infection besides recognition of microbial pattern molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Altincicek
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Kida Y, Inoue H, Shimizu T, Kuwano K. Serratia marcescens serralysin induces inflammatory responses through protease-activated receptor 2. Infect Immun 2006; 75:164-74. [PMID: 17043106 PMCID: PMC1828393 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01239-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Serratia marcescens-derived protease serralysin is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of infection. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by trypsin and also several other trypsin-like serine proteases, leading to the modulation of inflammatory and immune responses. However, little is known about the activation of PAR-2 by bacterial proteases and its roles in bacterial infection. In this study, we investigated whether S. marcescens serralysin activates host inflammatory responses through PAR-2. Our results demonstrated that serralysin induces interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 mRNA expression in a human lung squamous cell carcinoma, EBC-l cells. In addition, serralysin activated activator protein 1 (AP-1)-, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-driven promoters in EBC-1 cells. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that serralysin activates the binding of AP-1, C/EBPbeta, and NF-kappaB in the cells. Inactivation of serralysin resulted in the failure of transactivation of AP-1-, C/EBP-, and NF-kappaB-driven promoters in the cells. Furthermore, serralysin activated AP-1-, C/EBP-, and NF-kappaB-driven promoters via PAR-2 in HeLa cells. PAR-2 antagonist peptides decreased serralysin-induced transactivation of AP-1-, C/EBP-, and NF-kappaB-driven promoters in EBC-1 cells. Considered together, these results suggest that serralysin requires PAR-2 to activate the critical transcription factors AP-1, C/EBPbeta, and NF-kappaB for host inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kida
- Department of Bacteriology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Boutet I, Long Ky CL, Bonhomme F. A transcriptomic approach of salinity response in the euryhaline teleost, Dicentrarchus labrax. Gene 2006; 379:40-50. [PMID: 16737785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Euryhaline teleosts possess the capacity to osmoregulate under various environmental conditions (freshwater to hypersaline water). This physiological capacity is generally monitored using enzyme activity assays (Na+/K+ -ATPase...), hormones quantification (prolactine, growth hormone) or their mRNAs expression. To date, few studies addressed the genetic correlates of adaptation to varying salinity at a molecular level in such fish. In the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, genetic differentiation was observed at specific allozyme loci between lagoon- and open-sea populations. In the present study, we investigated transcriptomic response of D. labrax to salt- and freshwater acclimation in two organs involved in osmoregulation, gill and intestine. By using suppression subtractive hybridisation, we characterised 586 partial cDNA sequences encoding proteins potentially involved in the metabolism of sea bass acclimated to salt- or freshwater under experimental conditions. Using these results, we first characterised complete genomic sequence of a carbonic anhydrase and then analysed mRNA expression of genes potentially involved in osmoregulation mechanisms (Na+/K+ -ATPase, carbonic anhydrase, angiotensin-converting enzyme and claudin-3), cell-cycle regulation (secretagogin) and immune system (nephrosin) in gill and intestine of wild fish from open sea and lagoons. Our analyses indicate a strong tissue- and environmental-dependant expression pattern for all the genes studied. A transcriptomic approach such as described in the present paper provides thus a first description of genes involved in metabolic or structural functions important for coping with environmental salinity variations in a euryhaline fish like the common sea bass D. labrax. It should be supplemented by proteomics to check the direct involvement of the gene products at the protein level, and by polymorphism analyses if one is to understand population or individual fluctuations in acclimation to salinity variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Boutet
- UMR CNRS-IFREMER 5171 Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptation, Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral, 1 Quai de la Daurade, 34200 Sète, France.
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Beghetto E, Gargano N, Ricci S, Garufi G, Peppoloni S, Montagnani F, Oggioni M, Pozzi G, Felici F. Discovery of novelStreptococcus pneumoniaeantigens by screening a whole-genome λ-display library. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 262:14-21. [PMID: 16907734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causative agent of otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in humans. For the development of effective vaccines able to prevent pneumococcal infection, characterization of bacterial antigens involved in host immune response is crucial. In order to identify pneumococcal proteins recognized by host antibody response, we created an S. pneumoniae D39 genome library, displayed on lambda bacteriophage. The screening of such a library, with sera either from infected individuals or mice immunized with the S. pneumoniae D39 strain, allowed identification of phage clones carrying S. pneumoniae B-cell epitopes. Epitope-containing fragments within the families of the histidine-triad proteins (PhtE, PhtD), the choline-binding proteins (PspA, CbpD) and zinc metalloproteinase B (ZmpB) were identified. Moreover, library screening also allowed the isolation of phage clones carrying three distinct antigenic regions of a hypothetical pneumococcal protein, encoded by the ORF spr0075 in the R6 strain genome sequence. In this work, Spr0075 is first identified as an expressed S. pneumoniae gene product, having an antigenic function during infection.
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Ferreira RN, Machado de Avila RA, Sanchez EF, Maria WS, Molina F, Granier C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Antibodies against synthetic epitopes inhibit the enzymatic activity of mutalysin II, a metalloproteinase from bushmaster snake venom. Toxicon 2006; 48:1098-103. [PMID: 17014879 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutalysin II (mut-II), a 22.5kDa zinc endopeptidase isolated from bushmaster (Lachesis muta muta) snake venom, is a direct acting fibrin(ogen)olytic proteinase. It induces monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies which efficiently neutralize the hemorrhagic effect of L. muta and several Bothrops whole venoms. To characterize epitopes of protective antibodies we have used the Spot method of multiple peptide synthesis to prepare 64 overlapping dodecapeptides frameshifted by three residues, covering the complete amino acid sequence of mut-II. The rabbit anti-mut-II antibodies binding pattern to peptides revealed several continuous antigenic regions: one in the N-terminal part, two in the central region and the other in the C-terminal of mut-II. By using homology modelling, a three-dimensional model of mut-II was built which showed that epitopes are surface exposed. Anti-peptide antibodies were raised against three peptides (one representative of each epitope region) covalently coupled as a mixture to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Purified IgG from the resulting anti- peptide antibodies cross-reacted with mut-II and induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the mut-II catalyzed proteolysis of fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
The StcE zinc metalloprotease is secreted by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and contributes to intimate adherence of this bacterium to host cells, a process essential for mammalian colonization. StcE has also been shown to localize the inflammatory regulator C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) to cell membranes. We tried to more fully characterize StcE activity to better understand its role in EHEC pathogenesis. StcE was active at pH 6.1 to 9.0, in the presence of NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 mM, and at 4 degrees C to 55 degrees C. Interestingly, antisera against StcE or C1-INH did not eliminate StcE cleavage of C1-INH. Treatment of StcE with the proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, human neutrophil elastase, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase did not eliminate StcE activity against C1-INH. After StcE was kept at 23 degrees C for 65 days, it exhibited full proteolytic activity, and it retained 30% of its original activity after incubation for 8 days at 37 degrees C. Together, these results show the StcE protease is a stable enzyme that is probably active in the environment of the colon. Additionally, k(cat)/K(m) data showed that StcE proteolytic activity was 2.5-fold more efficient with the secreted mucin MUC7 than with the complement regulator C1-INH. This evidence supports a model which includes two roles for StcE during infection, in which StcE acts first as a mucinase and then as an anti-inflammatory agent by localizing C1-INH to cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Grys
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 481 MSC, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, Barkhordari F, Khamesipour A, McMaster WR. Immune response and protection assay of recombinant major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania (rgp63) reconstituted with liposomes in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:5708-17. [PMID: 16740346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study the ability of recombinant gp63 entrapped in liposomes to induce immune response and protection against L. major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice was studied. Liposomes containing rgp63 (Lip-rgp63) were prepared from egg lecithin and cholesterol using detergent solubilization method. Immunization of BALB/c mice with rgp63 alone conferred a partial protection while entrapment of rgp63 in liposomes significantly increased the rate of protection (P<0.05). The parasite burden of spleen in mice challenged with L. major was significantly (p<0.001) lower in group of mice immunized with rgp63 alone or Lip-rgp63, however, the least parasite burden was seen in Lip-rgp63 group. Both rgp63 alone and Lip-rgp63 elicited significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response compared to controls (p<0.01), however, the DTH response of PBS-rgp63 was less than the Lip-rgp63. Titration of anti-Leishmania IgG isotypes (IgG2a/IgG1) showed a preferential Th1 type of immune response only in mice immunized with Lip-rgp63. The results indicate that liposomes might be used as a suitable immunoadjuvant for development of Leishmania vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Jaafari
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran.
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48
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Sachse F, von Eiff C, Stoll W, Becker K, Rudack C. Induction of CXC chemokines in A549 airway epithelial cells by trypsin and staphylococcal proteases - a possible route for neutrophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:534-42. [PMID: 16734624 PMCID: PMC1941973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While various microorganisms have been recovered from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the inflammatory impact of virulence factors, in particular proteases from Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci on the nasal epithelium, has not yet been investigated. Expression of CXC chemokines was determined in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis by immunohistochemistry. In a cell culture system of A549 respiratory epithelial cells, chemokine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after stimulation with supernatants originating from three different staphylococcal strains or with trypsin, representing a serine protease. Inhibition experiments were performed with prednisolone, with the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulphonylfluoride (AEBSF) and with the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappaBeta inhibitor (2E)-3-[[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]sulphonyl]-2-propenenitrite (BAY) 11-7085. Electromobility shift assays (EMSA) were used to demonstrate NF-kappaB-dependent protein synthesis. CXC chemokines interleukin (IL)-8, growth-related oncogene alpha (GRO-alpha) and granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) were expressed in the patients' epithelium whereas epithelial cell-derived neutrophil attractant 78 (ENA-78) was rarely detected. In A549 cells, chemokines IL-8, ENA-78 and GRO-alpha but not GCP-2 were induced by trypsin and almost equal levels were induced by staphylococcal supernatants. IL-8, GRO-alpha and ENA-78 synthesis was suppressed almost completely by AEBSF and BAY 11-7085, whereas prednisolone reduced chemokine levels differentially dependent on the supernatant added. CXC chemokines were detectable in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Staphylococcal serine proteases induced CXC chemokines in A549 cells, probably by the activation of proteases activated receptors, and thus might potentially be involved in neutrophilic inflammation in chronic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sachse
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
Previous work has shown that the function of mouse CD4+ T cells can be augmented by an enzyme, O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase (OSGE), which cleaves surface CD43, suggesting the idea that the high levels of glycosylated CD43 found on T cells from aged mice may contribute to immune senescence. New results now show that OSGE improves T-cell function even in mice lacking CD43, showing that other glycoproteins must contribute to the OSGE effect on function. Evaluation of other enzymes found two whose ability to stimulate CD4 activation was higher in aged than in young T cells. One of these, PNGase F, is a glycosidase specific for N-linked glycans, and the other, ST-Siase(2,3) from Salmonella typhimurium, is specific for alpha2,3-linked terminal sialic acid residues. Parallel lectin-binding experiments showed that removal of alpha2,3-linked sialic acid residues vulnerable to PNGase F and ST-Siase(2,3) was also greater in old than in young T cells. The preferential ability of PNGase F and ST-Siase(2,3) to improve the function of T cells from aged mice may involve cleavage of glycoproteins containing alpha2,3-linked sialic acid residues on N-linked or O-linked glycans or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Berger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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d'Avila-Levy CM, Santos LO, Marinho FA, Dias FA, Lopes AH, Santos ALS, Branquinha MH. Gp63-like molecules in Phytomonas serpens: possible role in the insect interaction. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:439-44. [PMID: 16732452 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that metallopeptidase inhibitors (EDTA, EGTA, and 1,10-phenanthroline) were able to arrest Phytomonas serpens growth in distinct patterns. This parasite released exclusively metallopeptidases to the extracellular environment, whereas in cellular extracts only cysteine peptidases were detected. In addition, an extracellular polypeptide of 60 kDa reacted in Western blotting probed with polyclonal antibody raised against gp63 of Leishmania amazonensis. In the cellular parasite extract, this antibody recognized bands migrating at 63 and 52 kDa, which partitioned on both aqueous and membrane-rich fractions. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that the gp63-like molecules have a surface location. Moreover, phospholipase C (PLC)-treated parasites reduced the number of gp63-positive cells. The anti-cross-reacting determinant (CRD) and anti-gp63 antibodies recognized the 60-kDa band in the supernatant from PLC-treated cells, suggesting that this protein is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the plasma membrane. This is the first report on the presence of gp63-like molecules in members of the Phytomonas genus. The pretreatment of the parasites with anti-gp63 antibody significantly diminished their adhesion index to explanted salivary glands of the phytophagous insect Oncopeltus fasciatus, suggesting a potential involvement of the gp63-like molecules in the adhesive process of this plant trypanosomatid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M d'Avila-Levy
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
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