1
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Zhang J, Cruz-Cosme R, Zhang C, Liu D, Tang Q, Zhao RY. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a elicits heightened cytopathic effects despite robust ER-associated degradation. mBio 2024; 15:e0303023. [PMID: 38078754 PMCID: PMC10790703 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03030-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has tragically claimed millions of lives through coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there remains a critical gap in our understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms responsible for the associated fatality. One key viral factor of interest is the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a protein, which has been identified as a potent inducer of host cellular proinflammatory responses capable of triggering the catastrophic cytokine storm, a primary contributor to COVID-19-related deaths. Moreover, ORF3a, much like the spike protein, exhibits a propensity for frequent mutations, with certain variants linked to the severity of COVID-19. Our previous research unveiled two distinct types of ORF3a mutant proteins, categorized by their subcellular localizations, setting the stage for a comparative investigation into the functional and mechanistic disparities between these two types of ORF3a variants. Given the clinical significance and functional implications of the natural ORF3a mutations, the findings of this study promise to provide invaluable insights into the potential roles undertaken by these mutant ORF3a proteins in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Meng X, Veit M. Palmitoylation of the hemagglutinin of influenza B virus by ER-localized DHHC enzymes 1, 2, 4, and 6 is required for efficient virus replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0124523. [PMID: 37792001 PMCID: PMC10617437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses are a public health concern since they cause seasonal outbreaks and occasionally pandemics. Our study investigates the importance of a protein modification called "palmitoylation" in the replication of influenza B virus. Palmitoylation involves attaching fatty acids to the viral protein hemagglutinin and has previously been studied for influenza A virus. We found that this modification is important for the influenza B virus to replicate, as mutating the sites where palmitate is attached prevented the virus from generating viable particles. Our experiments also showed that this modification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified the specific enzymes responsible for this modification, which are different from those involved in palmitoylation of HA of influenza A virus. Overall, our research illuminates the similarities and differences in fatty acid attachment to HA of influenza A and B viruses and identifies the responsible enzymes, which might be promising targets for anti-viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Meng
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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3
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Kim IJ, Lee YH, Khalid MM, Chen IP, Zhang Y, Ott M, Verdin E. SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF8 limits expression levels of Spike antigen and facilitates immune evasion of infected host cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104955. [PMID: 37354973 PMCID: PMC10289268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery from COVID-19 depends on the ability of the host to effectively neutralize virions and infected cells, a process largely driven by antibody-mediated immunity. However, with the newly emerging variants that evade Spike-targeting antibodies, re-infections and breakthrough infections are increasingly common. A full characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mechanisms counteracting antibody-mediated immunity is therefore needed. Here, we report that ORF8 is a virally encoded SARS-CoV-2 factor that controls cellular Spike antigen levels. We show that ORF8 limits the availability of mature Spike by inhibiting host protein synthesis and retaining Spike at the endoplasmic reticulum, reducing cell-surface Spike levels and recognition by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In conditions of limited Spike availability, we found ORF8 restricts Spike incorporation during viral assembly, reducing Spike levels in virions. Cell entry of these virions then leaves fewer Spike molecules at the cell surface, limiting antibody recognition of infected cells. Based on these findings, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 variants may adopt an ORF8-dependent strategy that facilitates immune evasion of infected cells for extended viral production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Jung Kim
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States.
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mir M Khalid
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Yini Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States.
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4
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Williams JM, Chen YJ, Cho WJ, Tai AW, Tsai B. Reticulons promote formation of ER-derived double-membrane vesicles that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 replication. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202203060. [PMID: 37093123 PMCID: PMC10130743 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for the global COVID-19 pandemic, triggers the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived replication organelles, including double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), in the host cell to support viral replication. Here, we clarify how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host factors to construct the DMVs. We show that the ER morphogenic proteins reticulon-3 (RTN3) and RTN4 help drive DMV formation, enabling viral replication, which leads to productive infection. Different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the delta variant, use the RTN-dependent pathway to promote infection. Mechanistically, our results reveal that the membrane-embedded reticulon homology domain (RHD) of the RTNs is sufficient to functionally support viral replication and physically engage NSP3 and NSP4, two viral non-structural membrane proteins known to induce DMV formation. Our findings thus identify the ER morphogenic RTN3 and RTN4 membrane proteins as host factors that help promote the biogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced DMVs, which can act as viral replication platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Woo Jung Cho
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew W. Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Gagliardi TB, Goldstein ME, Song D, Gray KM, Jung JW, Ignacio MA, Stroka KM, Duncan GA, Scull MA. Rhinovirus C replication is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and triggers cytopathic effects in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010159. [PMID: 34995322 PMCID: PMC8741012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of rhinovirus C (RV-C) is well-documented; yet, the viral life cycle remains poorly defined. Thus, we characterized RV-C15 replication at the single-cell level and its impact on the human airway epithelium (HAE) using a physiologically-relevant in vitro model. RV-C15 replication was restricted to ciliated cells where viral RNA levels peaked at 12 hours post-infection (hpi), correlating with elevated titers in the apical compartment at 24hpi. Notably, infection was associated with a loss of polarized expression of the RV-C receptor, cadherin-related family member 3. Visualization of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during RV-C15 replication revealed two distinct replication complex arrangements within the cell, likely corresponding to different time points in infection. To further define RV-C15 replication sites, we analyzed the expression and colocalization of giantin, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and calnexin with dsRNA. Despite observing Golgi fragmentation by immunofluorescence during RV-C15 infection as previously reported for other RVs, a high ratio of calnexin-dsRNA colocalization implicated the endoplasmic reticulum as the primary site for RV-C15 replication in HAE. RV-C15 infection was also associated with elevated stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and the induction of incomplete autophagy, a mechanism used by other RVs to facilitate non-lytic release of progeny virions. Notably, genetic depletion of STING in HAE attenuated RV-C15 and -A16 (but not -B14) replication, corroborating a previously proposed proviral role for STING in some RV infections. Finally, RV-C15 infection resulted in a temporary loss in epithelial barrier integrity and the translocation of tight junction proteins while a reduction in mucociliary clearance indicated cytopathic effects on epithelial function. Together, our findings identify both shared and unique features of RV-C replication compared to related rhinoviruses and define the impact of RV-C on both epithelial cell organization and tissue functionality–aspects of infection that may contribute to pathogenesis in vivo. Rhinovirus C has a global distribution and significant clinical impact–especially in those with underlying lung disease. Although RV-C is genetically, structurally, and biologically distinct from RV-A and -B viruses, our understanding of the RV-C life cycle has been largely inferred from these and other related viruses. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of RV-C15 replication in a physiologically-relevant model of human airway epithelium. Our single-cell, microscopy-based approach revealed that–unlike other RVs–the endoplasmic reticulum is the primary site for RV-C15 replication. RV-C15 replication also stimulated STING expression, which was proviral, and triggered dramatic changes in cellular organization, including altered virus receptor distribution, fragmented Golgi stacks, and the induction of incomplete autophagy. Additionally, we observed a loss of epithelial barrier function and a decrease in mucociliary clearance, a major defense mechanism in the lung, during RV-C15 infection. Together, these data reveal novel insight into RV-C15 replication dynamics and resulting cytopathic effects in the primary target cells for infection, thereby furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of RV-C. Our work highlights similar, as well as unique, aspects of RV-C15 replication compared to related pathogens, which will help guide future studies on the molecular mechanisms of RV-C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita B. Gagliardi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monty E. Goldstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Song
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelsey M. Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jae W. Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maxinne A. Ignacio
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Duncan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain dynamic membrane-bound organelles that are constantly remodeled in response to physiological and environmental cues. Key organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, which are interconnected by vesicular traffic through the secretory transport route. Numerous viruses, especially enveloped viruses, use and modify compartments of the secretory pathway to promote their replication, assembly and cell egression by hijacking the host cell machinery. In some cases, the subversion mechanism has been uncovered. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of how the secretory pathway is subverted and exploited by viruses belonging to Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae,Poxviridae, Parvoviridae and Herpesviridae families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaida Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Modibbo Adama University, Yola PMB 2076, Nigeria
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.D.K.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.D.K.); (F.R.)
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates;
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7
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Hackstadt T, Chiramel AI, Hoyt FH, Williamson BN, Dooley CA, Beare PA, de Wit E, Best SM, Fischer ER. Disruption of the Golgi Apparatus and Contribution of the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the SARS-CoV-2 Replication Complex. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091798. [PMID: 34578379 PMCID: PMC8473243 DOI: 10.3390/v13091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of immunolabeling procedures for both light and electron microscopy were used to examine the cellular origins of the host membranes supporting the SARS-CoV-2 replication complex. The endoplasmic reticulum has long been implicated as a source of membrane for the coronavirus replication organelle. Using dsRNA as a marker for sites of viral RNA synthesis, we provide additional evidence supporting ER as a prominent source of membrane. In addition, we observed a rapid fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus which is visible by 6 h and complete by 12 h post-infection. Golgi derived lipid appears to be incorporated into the replication organelle although protein markers are dispersed throughout the infected cell. The mechanism of Golgi disruption is undefined, but chemical disruption of the Golgi apparatus by brefeldin A is inhibitory to viral replication. A search for an individual SARS-CoV-2 protein responsible for this activity identified at least five viral proteins, M, S, E, Orf6, and nsp3, that induced Golgi fragmentation when expressed in eukaryotic cells. Each of these proteins, as well as nsp4, also caused visible changes to ER structure as shown by correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). Collectively, these results imply that specific disruption of the Golgi apparatus is a critical component of coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Hackstadt
- Host-Parasite Interactions Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Abhilash I. Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (A.I.C.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Forrest H. Hoyt
- Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (F.H.H.); (E.R.F.)
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Molecular Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.N.W.); (E.d.W.)
| | - Cheryl A. Dooley
- Host-Parasite Interactions Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Molecular Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.N.W.); (E.d.W.)
| | - Sonja M. Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (A.I.C.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Fischer
- Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (F.H.H.); (E.R.F.)
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8
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Wagner JUG, Bojkova D, Shumliakivska M, Luxán G, Nicin L, Aslan GS, Milting H, Kandler JD, Dendorfer A, Heumueller AW, Fleming I, Bibli SI, Jakobi T, Dieterich C, Zeiher AM, Ciesek S, Cinatl J, Dimmeler S. Increased susceptibility of human endothelial cells to infections by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:42. [PMID: 34224022 PMCID: PMC8256413 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spawned a global health crisis in late 2019 and is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction associated with higher risk of mortality. It is unclear whether endothelial dysfunction is caused by direct infection of endothelial cells or is mainly secondary to inflammation. Here, we investigate whether different types of endothelial cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Human endothelial cells from different vascular beds including umbilical vein endothelial cells, coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), cardiac and lung microvascular endothelial cells, or pulmonary arterial cells were inoculated in vitro with SARS-CoV-2. Viral spike protein was only detected in HCAECs after SARS-CoV-2 infection but not in the other endothelial cells tested. Consistently, only HCAEC expressed the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), required for virus infection. Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.2 resulted in significantly higher levels of viral spike protein. Despite this, no intracellular double-stranded viral RNA was detected and the supernatant did not contain infectious virus. Analysis of the cellular distribution of the spike protein revealed that it co-localized with endosomal calnexin. SARS-CoV-2 infection did induce the ER stress gene EDEM1, which is responsible for clearance of misfolded proteins from the ER. Whereas the wild type of SARS-CoV-2 did not induce cytotoxic or pro-inflammatory effects, the variant B.1.1.7 reduced the HCAEC cell number. Of the different tested endothelial cells, HCAECs showed highest viral uptake but did not promote virus replication. Effects on cell number were only observed after infection with the variant B.1.1.7, suggesting that endothelial protection may be particularly important in patients infected with this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian U G Wagner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariana Shumliakivska
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luka Nicin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Galip S Aslan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bad Oeyenhausen, Germany
| | - Joshua D Kandler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas W Heumueller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Jakobi
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Translational Cardiovascular Research, University of Arizona, 475 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine und Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.
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9
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Tran PTH, Asghar N, Johansson M, Melik W. Roles of the Endogenous Lunapark Protein during Flavivirus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071198. [PMID: 34206552 PMCID: PMC8310331 DOI: 10.3390/v13071198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is a dynamic organelle, which undergoes continuous remodeling. At the three-way tubular junctions of the ER, the lunapark (LNP) protein acts as a membrane remodeling factor to stabilize these highly curved membrane junctions. In addition, during flavivirus infection, the ER membrane is invaginated to form vesicles (Ve) for virus replication. Thus, LNP may have roles in the generation or maintenance of the Ve during flavivirus infection. In this study, our aim was to characterize the functions of LNP during flavivirus infection and investigate the underlying mechanisms of these functions. To specifically study virus replication, we generated cell lines expressing replicons of West Nile virus (Kunjin strain) or Langat virus. By using these replicon platforms and electron microscopy, we showed that depletion of LNP resulted in reduced virus replication, which is due to its role in the generation of the Ve. By using biochemical assays and high-resolution microscopy, we found that LNP is recruited to the Ve and the protein interacts with the nonstructural protein (NS) 4B. Therefore, these data shed new light on the interactions between flavivirus and host factors during viral replication.
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10
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Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Becker ME, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, Weston S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Curry HM, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Zheng F, Wu C, Xiong Y, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Hope TJ, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 cellular restriction. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2656-2668.e8. [PMID: 33930332 PMCID: PMC8043580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A deficient interferon (IFN) response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To identify the molecular effectors that govern IFN control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors inhibiting viral entry, RNA binding proteins suppressing viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-resident ISGs inhibiting viral assembly/egress. These included broad-acting antiviral ISGs and eight ISGs that specifically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 replication. Among the broad-acting ISGs was BST2/tetherin, which impeded viral release and is antagonized by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data illuminate a set of ISGs that underlie innate immune control of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV-1 infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Courtney Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather M Curry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron L Oom
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Urbanowski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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11
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Morita E, Suzuki Y. Membrane-Associated Flavivirus Replication Complex-Its Organization and Regulation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061060. [PMID: 34205058 PMCID: PMC8228428 DOI: 10.3390/v13061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus consists of a large number of arthropod-borne viruses, many of which cause life-threatening diseases in humans. A characteristic feature of flavivirus infection is to induce the rearrangement of intracellular membrane structure in the cytoplasm. This unique membranous structure called replication organelle is considered as a microenvironment that provides factors required for the activity of the flaviviral replication complex. The replication organelle serves as a place to coordinate viral RNA amplification, protein translation, and virion assembly and also to protect the viral replication complex from the cellular immune defense system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the formation and function of membrane-associated flaviviral replication organelle are regulated by cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki-shi 036-8561, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-172-39-3586 (E.M.); +81-72-684-7367 (Y.S.)
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +81-172-39-3586 (E.M.); +81-72-684-7367 (Y.S.)
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12
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Trimarco JD, Heaton BE, Chaparian RR, Burke KN, Binder RA, Gray GC, Smith CM, Menachery VD, Heaton NS. TMEM41B is a host factor required for the replication of diverse coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009599. [PMID: 34043740 PMCID: PMC8189496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics are a front-line defense against virally induced diseases. Because viruses frequently mutate to escape direct inhibition of viral proteins, there is interest in targeting the host proteins that the virus must co-opt to complete its replication cycle. However, a detailed understanding of the interactions between the virus and the host cell is necessary in order to facilitate development of host-directed therapeutics. As a first step, we performed a genome-wide loss of function screen using the alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E to better define the interactions between coronaviruses and host factors. We report the identification and validation of an ER-resident host protein, TMEM41B, as an essential host factor for not only HCoV-229E but also genetically distinct coronaviruses including the pandemic betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. We show that the protein is required at an early, but post-receptor engagement, stage of the viral lifecycle. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that although the protein was not enriched at replication complexes, it likely contributes to viral replication complex formation via mobilization of cholesterol and other lipids to facilitate host membrane expansion and curvature. Continued study of TMEM41B and the development of approaches to prevent its function may lead to broad spectrum anti-coronavirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Trimarco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brook E. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Chaparian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn N. Burke
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Clare M. Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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13
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Barbet G, Nair-Gupta P, Schotsaert M, Yeung ST, Moretti J, Seyffer F, Metreveli G, Gardner T, Choi A, Tortorella D, Tampé R, Khanna KM, García-Sastre A, Blander JM. TAP dysfunction in dendritic cells enables noncanonical cross-presentation for T cell priming. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:497-509. [PMID: 33790474 PMCID: PMC8981674 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Classic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) presentation relies on shuttling cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Viruses disable TAP to block MHC-I presentation and evade cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Priming CD8+ T cells against these viruses is thought to rely solely on cross-presentation by uninfected TAP-functional dendritic cells. We found that protective CD8+ T cells could be mobilized during viral infection even when TAP was absent in all hematopoietic cells. TAP blockade depleted the endosomal recycling compartment of MHC-I molecules and, as such, impaired Toll-like receptor-regulated cross-presentation. Instead, MHC-I molecules accumulated in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), sequestered away from Toll-like receptor control, and coopted ER-SNARE Sec22b-mediated vesicular traffic to intersect with internalized antigen and rescue cross-presentation. Thus, when classic MHC-I presentation and endosomal recycling compartment-dependent cross-presentation are impaired in dendritic cells, cell-autonomous noncanonical cross-presentation relying on ERGIC-derived MHC-I counters TAP dysfunction to nevertheless mediate CD8+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Barbet
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, and Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Priyanka Nair-Gupta
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Moretti
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Seyffer
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giorgi Metreveli
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- ArsenalBio, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Mayberry CL, Bond AC, Wilczek MP, Mehmood K, Maginnis MS. Sending mixed signals: polyomavirus entry and trafficking. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:95-105. [PMID: 33690104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are mostly non-pathogenic, yet some can cause human disease especially under conditions of immunosuppression, including JC, BK, and Merkel cell polyomaviruses. Direct interactions between viruses and the host early during infection dictate the outcome of disease, many of which remain enigmatic. However, significant work in recent years has contributed to our understanding of how this virus family establishes an infection, largely due to advances made for animal polyomaviruses murine and SV40. Here we summarize the major findings that have contributed to our understanding of polyomavirus entry, trafficking, disassembly, signaling, and immune evasion during the infectious process and highlight major unknowns in these processes that are open areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Avery Cs Bond
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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15
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Pila-Castellanos I, Molino D, McKellar J, Lines L, Da Graca J, Tauziet M, Chanteloup L, Mikaelian I, Meyniel-Schicklin L, Codogno P, Vonderscher J, Delevoye C, Moncorgé O, Meldrum E, Goujon C, Morel E, de Chassey B. Mitochondrial morphodynamics alteration induced by influenza virus infection as a new antiviral strategy. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009340. [PMID: 33596274 PMCID: PMC7920353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are major public health threats due to their high rates of morbidity and mortality. Upon influenza virus entry, host cells experience modifications of endomembranes, including those used for virus trafficking and replication. Here we report that influenza virus infection modifies mitochondrial morphodynamics by promoting mitochondria elongation and altering endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering in host cells. Expression of the viral RNA recapitulates these modifications inside cells. Virus induced mitochondria hyper-elongation was promoted by fission associated protein DRP1 relocalization to the cytosol, enhancing a pro-fusion status. We show that altering mitochondrial hyper-fusion with Mito-C, a novel pro-fission compound, not only restores mitochondrial morphodynamics and endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites but also dramatically reduces influenza replication. Finally, we demonstrate that the observed Mito-C antiviral property is directly connected with the innate immunity signaling RIG-I complex at mitochondria. Our data highlight the importance of a functional interchange between mitochondrial morphodynamics and innate immunity machineries in the context of influenza viral infection. Influenza virus infections cause significant diseases and socio-economic burden. The current therapeutic arsenal is restricted to drugs that essentially target two proteins of the virus. In this study, we investigated endomembrane modifications inside cells following influenza virus infection. We find remarkable elongation of mitochondria associated with a reduction in the number of contact sites between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, platforms known to be critical for innate immunity regulation. We demonstrated that the sole expression of a fragment of the viral genome is sufficient to provoke these modifications and we identified how the main drivers of the mitochondria fusion/fission machinery behave to favor such an elongated state. We introduce potential application of Mito-C, a new drug that inhibits influenza virus replication by counteracting these membrane modifications. We finally demonstrated that the functional result of this action is a booster of the innate immune response of the cell. Thus, Mito-C has a broad spectrum potential to fight other RNA viruses, described or expected to induce similar membrane modifications (eg coronaviruses, flaviviruses, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pila-Castellanos
- ENYO-Pharma, Lyon, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Molino
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), UMR 9004—CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Juliane Da Graca
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marine Tauziet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), UMR 9004—CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ivan Mikaelian
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Caroline Goujon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EM); (BC)
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16
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Barreto-Vieira DF, da Silva MAN, Garcia CC, Miranda MD, Matos ADR, Caetano BC, Resende PC, Motta FC, Siqueira MM, Girard-Dias W, Archanjo BS, Barth OM. Morphology and morphogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200443. [PMID: 33566951 PMCID: PMC7874846 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronaviruses (CoVs) called the attention of the world for causing outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), in Asia in 2002-03, and respiratory disease in the Middle East (MERS-CoV), in 2012. In December 2019, yet again a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first identified in Wuhan, China, was associated with a severe respiratory infection, known today as COVID-19. This new virus quickly spread throughout China and 30 additional countries. As result, the World Health Organization (WHO) elevated the status of the COVID-19 outbreak from emergency of international concern to pandemic on March 11, 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on public health and economy fueled a worldwide race to approve therapeutic and prophylactic agents, but so far, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines available. In current scenario, the development of in vitro systems for viral mass production and for testing antiviral and vaccine candidates proves to be an urgent matter. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is study the biology of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells at the ultrastructural level. METHODS In this study, we documented, by transmission electron microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the infection of Vero-E6 cells with SARS-CoV-2 samples isolated from Brazilian patients. FINDINGS The infected cells presented cytopathic effects and SARS-CoV-2 particles were observed attached to the cell surface and inside cytoplasmic vesicles. The entry of the virus into cells occurred through the endocytic pathway or by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. Assembled nucleocapsids were verified inside rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns (RER). Viral maturation seemed to occur by budding of viral particles from the RER into smooth membrane vesicles. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the susceptibility of Vero-E6 cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the viral pathway inside the cells were demonstrated by ultrastructural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcos Alexandre Nunes da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Milene Dias Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline da Rocha Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Braulia Costa Caetano
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernando Couto Motta
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Wendell Girard-Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Plataforma de Microscopia Eletrônica Rudolph Barth, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bráulio Soares Archanjo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Núcleo de Laboratórios de Microscopia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ortrud Monika Barth
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Carlos AJ, Ha DP, Yeh DW, Van Krieken R, Tseng CC, Zhang P, Gill P, Machida K, Lee AS. The chaperone GRP78 is a host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 and GRP78 depleting antibody blocks viral entry and infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100759. [PMID: 33965375 PMCID: PMC8102082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic, utilizes the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for viral entry. However, other host factors might also play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing new directions for antiviral treatments. GRP78 is a stress-inducible chaperone important for entry and infectivity for many viruses. Recent molecular docking analyses revealed putative interaction between GRP78 and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (SARS-2-S). Here we report that GRP78 can form a complex with SARS-2-S and ACE2 on the surface and at the perinuclear region typical of the endoplasmic reticulum in VeroE6-ACE2 cells and that the substrate-binding domain of GRP78 is critical for this interaction. In vitro binding studies further confirmed that GRP78 can directly bind to the RBD of SARS-2-S and ACE2. To investigate the role of GRP78 in this complex, we knocked down GRP78 in VeroE6-ACE2 cells. Loss of GRP78 markedly reduced cell surface ACE2 expression and led to activation of markers of the unfolded protein response. Treatment of lung epithelial cells with a humanized monoclonal antibody (hMAb159) selected for its safe clinical profile in preclinical models depleted cell surface GRP78 and reduced cell surface ACE2 expression, as well as SARS-2-S-driven viral entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Our data suggest that GRP78 is an important host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection and a potential target to combat this novel pathogen and other viruses that utilize GRP78 in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Da-Wei Yeh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Van Krieken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Parkash Gill
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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18
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Boson B, Legros V, Zhou B, Siret E, Mathieu C, Cosset FL, Lavillette D, Denolly S. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope and membrane proteins modulate maturation and retention of the spike protein, allowing assembly of virus-like particles. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100111. [PMID: 33229438 PMCID: PMC7833635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like for other coronaviruses, its particles are composed of four structural proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoprotein (N) proteins. The involvement of each of these proteins and their interactions are critical for assembly and production of β-coronavirus particles. Here, we sought to characterize the interplay of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins during the viral assembly process. By combining biochemical and imaging assays in infected versus transfected cells, we show that E and M regulate intracellular trafficking of S as well as its intracellular processing. Indeed, the imaging data reveal that S is relocalized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) or Golgi compartments upon coexpression of E or M, as observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, which prevents syncytia formation. We show that a C-terminal retrieval motif in the cytoplasmic tail of S is required for its M-mediated retention in the ERGIC, whereas E induces S retention by modulating the cell secretory pathway. We also highlight that E and M induce a specific maturation of N-glycosylation of S, independently of the regulation of its localization, with a profile that is observed both in infected cells and in purified viral particles. Finally, we show that E, M, and N are required for optimal production of virus-like-particles. Altogether, these results highlight how E and M proteins may influence the properties of S proteins and promote the assembly of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Legros
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Eglantine Siret
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Solène Denolly
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Cortese M, Lee JY, Cerikan B, Neufeldt CJ, Oorschot VMJ, Köhrer S, Hennies J, Schieber NL, Ronchi P, Mizzon G, Romero-Brey I, Santarella-Mellwig R, Schorb M, Boermel M, Mocaer K, Beckwith MS, Templin RM, Gross V, Pape C, Tischer C, Frankish J, Horvat NK, Laketa V, Stanifer M, Boulant S, Ruggieri A, Chatel-Chaix L, Schwab Y, Bartenschlager R. Integrative Imaging Reveals SARS-CoV-2-Induced Reshaping of Subcellular Morphologies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:853-866.e5. [PMID: 33245857 PMCID: PMC7670925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis induced by SARS-CoV-2 is thought to result from both an inflammation-dominated cytokine response and virus-induced cell perturbation causing cell death. Here, we employ an integrative imaging analysis to determine morphological organelle alterations induced in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells. We report 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of whole cells and subcellular compartments, revealing extensive fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, alteration of the mitochondrial network and recruitment of peroxisomes to viral replication organelles formed by clusters of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). These are tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum, providing insights into DMV biogenesis and spatial coordination of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Live cell imaging combined with an infection sensor reveals profound remodeling of cytoskeleton elements. Pharmacological inhibition of their dynamics suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication. We thus report insights into virus-induced cytopathic effects and provide alongside a comprehensive publicly available repository of 3D datasets of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells for download and smooth online visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viola M J Oorschot
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köhrer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Hennies
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Mizzon
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inés Romero-Brey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mandy Boermel
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karel Mocaer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne S Beckwith
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel M Templin
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Gross
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin Pape
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Tischer
- Center for Bioimage Analysis, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie Frankish
- BioMed X Institute, BioMed X GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K Horvat
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Chatel-Chaix
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531, Boulevard des Prairies Laval, Québec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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López‐González S, Navarro JA, Pacios LF, Sardaru P, Pallás V, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Association between flower stalk elongation, an Arabidopsis developmental trait, and the subcellular location and movement dynamics of the nonstructural protein P3 of Turnip mosaic virus. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1271-1286. [PMID: 32737952 PMCID: PMC7488469 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections affect plant developmental traits but this aspect of the interaction has not been extensively studied so far. Two strains of Turnip mosaic virus differentially affect Arabidopsis development, especially flower stalk elongation, which allowed phenotypical, cellular, and molecular characterization of the viral determinant, the P3 protein. Transiently expressed wild-type green fluorescent protein-tagged P3 proteins of both strains and selected mutants of them revealed important differences in their behaviour as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated peripheral proteins flowing along the reticulum, forming punctate accumulations. Three-dimensional (3D) model structures of all expressed P3 proteins were computationally constructed through I-TASSER protein structure predictions, which were used to compute protein surfaces and map electrostatic potentials to characterize the effect of amino acid changes on features related to protein interactions and to phenotypical and subcellular results. The amino acid at position 279 was the main determinant affecting stalk development. It also determined the speed of ER-flow of the expressed proteins and their final location. A marked change in the protein surface electrostatic potential correlated with changes in subcellular location. One single amino acid in the P3 viral protein determines all the analysed differential characteristics between strains differentially affecting flower stalk development. A model proposing a role of the protein in the intracellular movement of the viral replication complex, in association with the viral 6K2 protein, is proposed. The type of association between both viral proteins could differ between the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Luis F. Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Papaiah Sardaru
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
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21
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Ha DP, Van Krieken R, Carlos AJ, Lee AS. The stress-inducible molecular chaperone GRP78 as potential therapeutic target for coronavirus infection. J Infect 2020; 81:452-482. [PMID: 32535155 PMCID: PMC7289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave., NOR 5308, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
| | - Richard Van Krieken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave., NOR 5308, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
| | - Anthony J Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave., NOR 5308, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave., NOR 5308, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA.
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22
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Snijder EJ, Limpens RWAL, de Wilde AH, de Jong AWM, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Maier HJ, Faas FFGA, Koster AJ, Bárcena M. A unifying structural and functional model of the coronavirus replication organelle: Tracking down RNA synthesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000715. [PMID: 32511245 PMCID: PMC7302735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) infections, such as those responsible for the current severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, cause grave international public health concern. In infected cells, the CoV RNA-synthesizing machinery associates with modified endoplasmic reticulum membranes that are transformed into the viral replication organelle (RO). Although double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) appear to be a pan-CoV RO element, studies to date describe an assortment of additional CoV-induced membrane structures. Despite much speculation, it remains unclear which RO element(s) accommodate viral RNA synthesis. Here we provide detailed 2D and 3D analyses of CoV ROs and show that diverse CoVs essentially induce the same membrane modifications, including the small open double-membrane spherules (DMSs) previously thought to be restricted to gamma- and delta-CoV infections and proposed as sites of replication. Metabolic labeling of newly synthesized viral RNA followed by quantitative electron microscopy (EM) autoradiography revealed abundant viral RNA synthesis associated with DMVs in cells infected with the beta-CoVs Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV and the gamma-CoV infectious bronchitis virus. RNA synthesis could not be linked to DMSs or any other cellular or virus-induced structure. Our results provide a unifying model of the CoV RO and clearly establish DMVs as the central hub for viral RNA synthesis and a potential drug target in CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald W. A. L. Limpens
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan H. de Wilde
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anja W. M. de Jong
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank F. G. A. Faas
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham J. Koster
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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23
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Evans AS, Lennemann NJ, Coyne CB. BPIFB3 Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Morphology To Facilitate Flavivirus Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:e00029-20. [PMID: 32102874 PMCID: PMC7163128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00029-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), rely heavily on the availability of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes throughout their life cycle, and degradation of ER membranes restricts flavivirus replication. Accordingly, DENV and ZIKV restrict ER turnover by protease-mediated cleavage of reticulophagy regulator 1 (RETREG1), also known as FAM134B, an autophagy receptor responsible for targeted ER sheet degradation. Given that the induction of autophagy may play an important role in flavivirus replication, the antiviral role of RETREG1 suggests that specialized autophagic pathways may have differential effects on the flavivirus life cycle. We previously identified BPI fold-containing family B member 3 (BPIFB3) as a regulator of autophagy that negatively controls enterovirus replication. Here, we show that in contrast to enteroviruses, BPIFB3 functions as a positive regulator of DENV and ZIKV infection and that its RNA interference-mediated silencing inhibits the formation of viral replication organelles. Mechanistically, we show that depletion of BPIFB3 enhances RETREG1-dependent reticulophagy, leading to enhanced ER turnover and the suppression of viral replication. Consistent with this, the antiviral effects of BPIFB3 depletion can be reversed by RETREG1 silencing, suggesting a specific role for BPIFB3 in regulating ER turnover. These studies define BPIFB3 as a required host factor for both DENV and ZIKV replication and further contribute to our understanding of the requirements for autophagy during flavivirus infection.IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses and other arthropod-transmitted viruses represent a widespread global health problem, with limited treatment options currently available. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular requirements for their infection is needed. Both DENV and ZIKV rely on expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the induction of autophagy to establish productive infections. However, little is known regarding the interplay between the requirements for autophagy initiation during infection and the mechanisms used by these viruses to avoid clearance through the autophagic pathway. Our study highlights the importance of the host factor BPIFB3 in regulating flavivirus replication and further confirms that the RETREG1-dependent reticulophagy pathway is antiviral to both DENV and ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azia S Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Lennemann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaran Michael Rajah
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- Ecole Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC) -Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Monel
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BM); (OS)
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
- * E-mail: (BM); (OS)
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25
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Abstract
Microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton, are indispensable for intracellular movement, cell division, and maintaining cell shape and polarity. In addition, microtubules play an important role in viral infection. In this review, we summarize the role of the microtubules' network during polyomavirus infection. Polyomaviruses usurp microtubules and their motors to travel via early and late acidic endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown for SV40, kinesin-1 and microtubules are engaged in the release of partially disassembled virus from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, and dynein apparently assists in the further disassembly of virions prior to their translocation to the cell nucleus-the place of their replication. Polyomavirus gene products affect the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Early T antigens destabilize microtubules and cause aberrant mitosis. The role of these activities in tumorigenesis has been documented. However, its importance for productive infection remains elusive. On the other hand, in the late phase of infection, the major capsid protein, VP1, of the mouse polyomavirus, counteracts T-antigen-induced destabilization. It physically binds microtubules and stabilizes them. The interaction results in the G2/M block of the cell cycle and prolonged S phase, which is apparently required for successful completion of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (K.B.)
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26
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Gao P, Chai Y, Song J, Liu T, Chen P, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Reprogramming the unfolded protein response for replication by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008169. [PMID: 31738790 PMCID: PMC6932825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) constitutes a critical component of host innate immunity against microbial infections. In this report, we show that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) utilizes the UPR machinery for its own benefit. We provide evidence that the virus targets the UPR central regulator GRP78 for proteasomal degradation via a mechanism that requires viral glycoprotein GP2a, while both IRE1-XBP1s and PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling branches of the UPR are turned on at early stage of infection. The activated effector XBP1s was found to enter the nucleus, but ATF4 was unexpectedly diverted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes by means of nonstructural proteins nsp2/3 to promote viral RNA synthesis. RNAi knockdown of either ATF4 or XBP1s dramatically attenuated virus titers, while overexpression caused increases. These observations reveal attractive host targets (e.g., ATF4 and XBP1s) for antiviral drugs and have implications in vaccine development. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a major threat to the worldwide swine industry, but no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. A better understanding of the pathogen-host interactions that support PRRSV replication is essential for understanding viral pathogenesis and the development of preventive measures. Here we report that PRRSV utilizes unconventional strategies to reprogram the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the host to its own advantage. The virus targets GRP78 for partial degradation to create a favorable environment for UPR induction and hijacks ATF4 into cytoplasmic replication complexes to promote viral RNA synthesis. The data also reveal potential targets (e.g., ATF4 and XBP1s) for antiviral drugs and have implications in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Chen YJ, Liu X, Tsai B. SV40 Hijacks Cellular Transport, Membrane Penetration, and Disassembly Machineries to Promote Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100917. [PMID: 31590347 PMCID: PMC6832212 DOI: 10.3390/v11100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During entry, a virus must be transported through the endomembrane system of the host cell, penetrate a cellular membrane, and undergo capsid disassembly, to reach the cytosol and often the nucleus in order to cause infection. To do so requires the virus to coordinately exploit the action of cellular membrane transport, penetration, and disassembly machineries. How this is accomplished remains enigmatic for many viruses, especially for viruses belonging to the nonenveloped virus family. In this review, we present the current model describing infectious entry of the nonenveloped polyomavirus (PyV) SV40. Insights from SV40 entry are likely to provide strategies to combat PyV-induced diseases, and to illuminate cellular trafficking, membrane transport, and disassembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 3043, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Perdomo HD, Asgari S. The major oligosaccharyl transferase complex genes are not involved in dengue virus replication in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2789-2792. [PMID: 31414286 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Replication of the dengue virus (DENV) genome occurs in a vesicle in the endoplasmic reticulum by a complex of host and viral proteins. Two host proteins, STT3A and STT3B, as members of the oligosaccharyl transferase complex, have been implicated in playing structural roles in the vesicle in mammalian cells, and the absence of these proteins has been shown to decrease DENV replication. Aedes aegypti is the main vector of the virus and has been used previously as a model organism to study mosquito-virus interactions. In this study, we found that genes of the oligosaccharyl transferase complex have no effect on replication of DENV in mosquito cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo D Perdomo
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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29
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Abstract
Viruses must navigate the complex endomembranous network of the host cell to cause infection. In the case of a non-enveloped virus that lacks a surrounding lipid bilayer, endocytic uptake from the plasma membrane is not sufficient to cause infection. Instead, the virus must travel within organelle membranes to reach a specific cellular destination that supports exposure or arrival of the virus to the cytosol. This is achieved by viral penetration across a host endomembrane, ultimately enabling entry of the virus into the nucleus to initiate infection. In this review, we discuss the entry mechanisms of three distinct non-enveloped DNA viruses-adenovirus (AdV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and polyomavirus (PyV)-highlighting how each exploit different intracellular transport machineries and membrane penetration apparatus associated with the endosome, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane systems to infect a host cell. These processes not only illuminate a highly-coordinated interplay between non-enveloped viruses and their host, but may provide new strategies to combat non-enveloped virus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey C Spriggs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mara C Harwood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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30
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Movahed N, Cabanillas DG, Wan J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. Turnip Mosaic Virus Components Are Released into the Extracellular Space by Vesicles in Infected Leaves. Plant Physiol 2019; 180:1375-1388. [PMID: 31019004 PMCID: PMC6752911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reorganizes the endomembrane system of the infected cell to generate endoplasmic-reticulum-derived motile vesicles containing viral replication complexes. The membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a key role in the formation of these vesicles. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that this viral protein, a marker for viral replication complexes, localized in the extracellular space of infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Previously, we showed that viral RNA is associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the proliferation of MVBs during infection and their fusion with the plasma membrane that resulted in the release of their intraluminal vesicles in the extracellular space. Immunogold labeling with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes double-stranded RNA indicated that the released vesicles contained viral RNA. Focused ion beam-extreme high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to generate a three-dimensional image that showed extracellular vesicles in the cell wall. The presence of TuMV proteins in the extracellular space was confirmed by proteomic analysis of purified extracellular vesicles from N benthamiana and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Host proteins involved in biotic defense and in interorganelle vesicular exchange were also detected. The association of extracellular vesicles with viral proteins and RNA emphasizes the implication of the plant extracellular space in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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31
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Melia CE, Peddie CJ, de Jong AWM, Snijder EJ, Collinson LM, Koster AJ, van der Schaar HM, van Kuppeveld FJM, Bárcena M. Origins of Enterovirus Replication Organelles Established by Whole-Cell Electron Microscopy. mBio 2019; 10:e00951-19. [PMID: 31186324 PMCID: PMC6561026 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00951-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus genome replication occurs at virus-induced structures derived from cellular membranes and lipids. However, the origin of these replication organelles (ROs) remains uncertain. Ultrastructural evidence of the membrane donor is lacking, suggesting that the sites of its transition into ROs are rare or fleeting. To overcome this challenge, we combined live-cell imaging and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of whole cells to capture emerging enterovirus ROs. The first foci of fluorescently labeled viral protein correlated with ROs connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and preceded the appearance of ROs stemming from the trans-Golgi network. Whole-cell data sets further revealed striking contact regions between ROs and lipid droplets that may represent a route for lipid shuttling to facilitate RO proliferation and genome replication. Our data provide direct evidence that enteroviruses use ER and then Golgi membranes to initiate RO formation, demonstrating the remarkable flexibility with which enteroviruses usurp cellular organelles.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are causative agents of a range of human diseases. The replication of these viruses within cells relies on specialized membranous structures termed replication organelles (ROs) that form during infection but whose origin remains elusive. To capture the emergence of enterovirus ROs, we use correlative light and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, a powerful method to pinpoint rare events in their whole-cell ultrastructural context. RO biogenesis was found to occur first at ER and then at Golgi membranes. Extensive contacts were found between early ROs and lipid droplets (LDs), which likely serve to provide LD-derived lipids required for replication. Together, these data establish the dual origin of enterovirus ROs and the chronology of their biogenesis at different supporting cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Melia
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja W M de Jong
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M van der Schaar
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Li Y, Xia Y, Cheng X, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Sproch J, Li T, Zhuang H, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Activates Unfolded Protein Response in Forming Ground Glass Hepatocytes of Chronic Hepatitis B. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040386. [PMID: 31027244 PMCID: PMC6520809 DOI: 10.3390/v11040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs), a histological hallmark of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, contain excessive hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is linked to unfolded protein response (UPR). The mechanism by which HBV activates UPR has not been fully defined. To investigate this, HepG2-NTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were either infected with HBV or transduced with adenoviral vectors expressing replication-competent HBV genome or individual HBV genes. UPR markers were evaluated by qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis and cell viability were measured by Caspase-3/7 and ATPlite assay respectively. We found that UPR markers were induced by the overexpression of HBsAg in HepG2-NTCP cells and PHHs. Elevation of UPR-induced genes showed a dose-dependent correlation with HBsAg levels. In HBV-infected livers, GGHs also demonstrated excessive accumulation of HBsAg associated with increased BIP/GRP78 staining, a marker of UPR. Prolonged activation of UPR by HBsAg overexpression induced signs of apoptosis. Overexpression of HBsAg can induce ER stress through protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway in vitro, and may be linked to the appearance of GGHs. The activation of UPR by HBsAg may sensitize hepatocytes to cell death and result in possible subsequent cellular changes leading to a premalignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Julia Sproch
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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33
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Bang BR, Li M, Tsai KN, Aoyagi H, Lee SA, Machida K, Aizaki H, Jung JU, Ou JHJ, Saito T. Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins through the Modulation of Lipid Droplet Abundance. J Virol 2019; 93:e02302-18. [PMID: 30728260 PMCID: PMC6450116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02302-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid (vitamin A) is an essential diet constituent that governs a broad range of biological processes. Its biologically active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), exhibits a potent antiviral property by enhancing both innate and adaptive antiviral immunity against a variety of viral pathogens, such as, but not limited to, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and measles. Even though the hepatocyte is highly enriched with retinoid and its metabolite ATRA, it supports the establishment of efficient hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Here, we demonstrate the hepatocyte-specific cell-intrinsic mechanism by which ATRA exerts either a proviral or antiviral effect, depending on how it engages cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). We found that the engagement of CRABP1 by ATRA potently supported viral infection by promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), which robustly enhanced the formation of a replication complex on the LD-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. In contrast, ATRA binding to CRABP2 potently inhibited HCV via suppression of LD accumulation. However, this antiviral effect of CRABP2 was abrogated due to the functional and quantitative predominance of CRABP1 in the hepatocytes. In summary, our study demonstrates that CRABPs serve as an on-off switch that modulates the efficiency of the HCV life cycle and elucidates how HCV evades the antiviral properties of ATRA via the exploitation of CRABP1 functionality.IMPORTANCE ATRA, a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts pleiotropic biological effects, including the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby serving as a potent antimicrobial compound against numerous viral pathogens. Despite the enrichment of hepatocytes with vitamin A, HCV still establishes an efficient viral life cycle. Here, we discovered that the hepatocellular response to ATRA creates either a proviral or an antiviral environment depending on its engagement with CRABP1 or -2, respectively. CRABP1 supports the robust replication of HCV, while CRABP2 potently inhibits the efficiency of viral replication. Our biochemical, genetic, and microscopic analyses reveal that the pro- and antiviral effects of CRABPs are mediated by modulation of LD abundance, where HCV establishes the platform for viral replication and assembly on the LD-associated ER membrane. This study uncovered a cell-intrinsic mechanism by which HCV exploits the proviral function of CRABP1 to establish an efficient viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Bang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haruyo Aoyagi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Penny E, Brunetti CR. Localization of Frog Virus 3 Conserved Viral Proteins 88R, 91R, and 94L. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030276. [PMID: 30893834 PMCID: PMC6466111 DOI: 10.3390/v11030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the function of conserved viral genes is central to developing a greater understanding of important aspects of viral replication or pathogenesis. A comparative genomic analysis of the iridoviral genomes identified 26 core genes conserved across the family Iridoviridae. Three of those conserved genes have no defined function; these include the homologs of frog virus 3 (FV3) open reading frames (ORFs) 88R, 91R, and 94L. Conserved viral genes that have been previously identified are known to participate in a number of viral activities including: transcriptional regulation, DNA replication/repair/modification/processing, protein modification, and viral structural proteins. To begin to characterize the conserved FV3 ORFs 88R, 91R, and 94L, we cloned the genes and determined their intracellular localization. We demonstrated that 88R localizes to the cytoplasm of the cell while 91R localizes to the nucleus and 94L localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Penny
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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35
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Movahed N, Sun J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. A Host ER Fusogen Is Recruited by Turnip Mosaic Virus for Maturation of Viral Replication Vesicles. Plant Physiol 2019; 179:507-518. [PMID: 30538165 PMCID: PMC6426418 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Like other positive-strand RNA viruses, the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection leads to the formation of viral vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once released from the ER, the viral vesicles mature intracellularly and then move intercellularly. While it is known that the membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a role in the process, the contribution of host proteins has been poorly defined. In this article, we show that 6K2 interacts with RHD3, an ER fusogen required for efficient ER fusion. When RHD3 is mutated, a delay in the development of TuMV infection is observed. We found that the replication of TuMV and the cell-to-cell movement of its replication vesicles are impaired in rhd3 This defect can be tracked to a delayed maturation of the viral vesicles from the replication incompetent to the competent state. Furthermore, 6K2 can relocate RHD3 from the ER to viral vesicles. However, a Golgi-localized mutated 6K2GV is unable to interact and relocate RHD3 to viral vesicles. We conclude that the maturation of TuMV replication vesicles requires RHD3 for efficient viral replication and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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36
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Graul M, Kisielnicka E, Rychłowski M, Verweij MC, Tobler K, Ackermann M, Wiertz EJHJ, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Lipińska AD. Transmembrane regions of bovine herpesvirus 1-encoded UL49.5 and glycoprotein M regulate complex maturation and ER-Golgi trafficking. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:497-510. [PMID: 30694168 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)-encoded UL49.5 (a homologue of herpesvirus glycoprotein N) can combine different functions, regulated by complex formation with viral glycoprotein M (gM). We aimed to identify the mechanisms governing the immunomodulatory activity of BoHV-1 UL49.5. In this study, we addressed the impact of gM/UL49.5-specific regions on heterodimer formation, folding and trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) - events previously found to be responsible for abrogation of the UL49.5-mediated inhibition of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). We first established, using viral mutants, that no other viral protein could efficiently compensate for the chaperone function of UL49.5 within the complex. The cytoplasmic tail of gM, containing putative trafficking signals, was dispensable either for ER retention of gM or for the release of the complex. We constructed cell lines with stable co-expression of BoHV-1 gM with chimeric UL49.5 variants, composed of the BoHV-1 N-terminal domain fused to the transmembrane region (TM) from UL49.5 of varicella-zoster virus or TM and the cytoplasmic tail of influenza virus haemagglutinin. Those membrane-anchored N-terminal domains of UL49.5 were sufficient to form a complex, yet gM/UL49.5 folding and ER-TGN trafficking could be affected by the UL49.5 TM sequence. Finally, we found that leucine substitutions in putative glycine zipper motifs within TM helices of gM resulted in strong reduction of complex formation and decreased ability of gM to interfere with UL49.5-mediated major histocompatibility class I downregulation. These findings highlight the importance of gM/UL49.5 transmembrane domains for the biology of this conserved herpesvirus protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Graul
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Kisielnicka
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marieke C Verweij
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt Tobler
- 3Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Cabanillas DG, Jiang J, Movahed N, Germain H, Yamaji Y, Zheng H, Laliberté JF. Turnip Mosaic Virus Uses the SNARE Protein VTI11 in an Unconventional Route for Replication Vesicle Trafficking. Plant Cell 2018; 30:2594-2615. [PMID: 30150314 PMCID: PMC6241277 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection of plant cells by RNA viruses leads to the generation of organelle-like subcellular structures that contain the viral replication complex. During Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana, the viral membrane protein 6K2 plays a key role in the release of motile replication vesicles from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we demonstrate that 6K2 contains a GxxxG motif within its predicted transmembrane domain that is vital for TuMV infection. Replacement of the Gly with Val within this motif inhibited virus production, and this was due to a relocation of the viral protein to the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This indicated that passage of 6K2 through the Golgi apparatus is a dead-end avenue for virus infection. Impairing the fusion of transport vesicles between the ER and the Golgi apparatus by overexpression of the SNARE Sec22 protein resulted in enhanced intercellular virus movement. Likewise, expression of nonfunctional, Golgi-located synaptotagmin during infection enhanced TuMV intercellular movement. 6K2 copurified with VTI11, a prevacuolar compartment SNARE protein. An Arabidopsis thaliana vti11 mutant was completely resistant to TuMV infection. We conclude that TuMV replication vesicles bypass the Golgi apparatus and take an unconventional pathway that may involve prevacuolar compartments/multivesicular bodies for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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38
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Gullberg RC, Steel JJ, Pujari V, Rovnak J, Crick DC, Perera R. Stearoly-CoA desaturase 1 differentiates early and advanced dengue virus infections and determines virus particle infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007261. [PMID: 30118512 PMCID: PMC6114894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive strand RNA viruses, such as dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) expand and structurally alter ER membranes to optimize cellular communication pathways that promote viral replicative needs. These complex rearrangements require significant protein scaffolding as well as changes to the ER chemical composition to support these structures. We have previously shown that the lipid abundance and repertoire of host cells are significantly altered during infection with these viruses. Specifically, enzymes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) are recruited to viral replication sites by interaction with viral proteins and displayed enhanced activities during infection. We have now identified that events downstream of FAS (fatty acid desaturation) are critical for virus replication. In this study we screened enzymes in the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) biosynthetic pathway and found that the rate-limiting enzyme in monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), is indispensable for DENV2 replication. The enzymatic activity of SCD1, was required for viral genome replication and particle release, and it was regulated in a time-dependent manner with a stringent requirement early during viral infection. As infection progressed, SCD1 protein expression levels were inversely correlated with the concentration of viral dsRNA in the cell. This modulation of SCD1, coinciding with the stage of viral replication, highlighted its function as a trigger of early infection and an enzyme that controlled alternate lipid requirements during early versus advanced infections. Loss of function of this enzyme disrupted structural alterations of assembled viral particles rendering them non-infectious and immature and defective in viral entry. This study identifies the complex involvement of SCD1 in DENV2 infection and demonstrates that these viruses alter ER lipid composition to increase infectivity of the virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Gullberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - J. Jordan Steel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Venugopal Pujari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Joel Rovnak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vallbracht M, Rehwaldt S, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Functional Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein gH. J Virol 2018; 92:e00084-18. [PMID: 29437979 PMCID: PMC5899193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral envelope proteins are modified by asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation, which can influence their structure, physicochemical properties, intracellular transport, and function. Here, we systematically analyzed the functional relevance of N-linked glycans in the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoprotein H (gH), which is an essential component of the conserved core herpesvirus fusion machinery. Upon gD-mediated receptor binding, the heterodimeric complex of gH and gL activates gB to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane for viral entry. gH contains five potential N-linked glycosylation sites at positions 77, 162, 542, 604, and 627, which were inactivated by conservative mutations (asparagine to glutamine) singly or in combination. The mutated proteins were tested for correct expression and fusion activity. Additionally, the mutated gH genes were inserted into the PrV genome for analysis of function during virus infection. Our results demonstrate that all five sites are glycosylated. Inactivation of the PrV-specific N77 or the conserved N627 resulted in significantly reduced in vitro fusion activity, delayed penetration kinetics, and smaller virus plaques. Moreover, substitution of N627 greatly affected transport of gH in transfected cells, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention and reduced surface expression. In contrast, mutation of N604, which is conserved in the Varicellovirus genus, resulted in enhanced in vitro fusion activity and viral cell-to-cell spread. These results demonstrate a role of the N-glycans in proper localization and function of PrV gH. However, even simultaneous inactivation of all five N-glycosylation sites of gH did not severely inhibit formation of infectious virus particles.IMPORTANCE Herpesvirus infection requires fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes, which involves the conserved fusion machinery consisting of gB and the heterodimeric gH/gL complex. The bona fide fusion protein gB depends on the presence of the gH/gL complex for activation. Viral envelope glycoproteins, such as gH, usually contain N-glycans, which can have a strong impact on their folding, transport, and functions. Here, we systematically analyzed the functional relevance of all five predicted N-linked glycosylation sites in the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) gH. Despite the fact that mutation of specific sites affected gH transport, in vitro fusion activity, and cell-to-cell spread and resulted in delayed penetration kinetics, even simultaneous inactivation of all five N-glycosylation sites of gH did not severely inhibit formation of infectious virus particles. Thus, our results demonstrate a modulatory but nonessential role of N-glycans for gH function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sascha Rehwaldt
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Liebscher S, Ambrose RL, Aktepe TE, Mikulasova A, Prier JE, Gillespie LK, Lopez-Denman AJ, Rupasinghe TWT, Tull D, McConville MJ, Mackenzie JM. Phospholipase A2 activity during the replication cycle of the flavivirus West Nile virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007029. [PMID: 29709018 PMCID: PMC5945048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-sense RNA virus intracellular replication is intimately associated with membrane platforms that are derived from host organelles and comprised of distinct lipid composition. For flaviviruses, such as West Nile virus strain Kunjin virus (WNVKUN) we have observed that these membrane platforms are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and are rich in (at least) cholesterol. To extend these studies and identify the cellular lipids critical for WNVKUN replication we utilized a whole cell lipidomics approach and revealed an elevation in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity to produce lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PChol). We observed that the PLA2 enzyme family is activated in WNVKUN-infected cells and the generated lyso-PChol lipid moieties are sequestered to the subcellular sites of viral replication. The requirement for lyso-PChol was confirmed using chemical inhibition of PLA2, where WNVKUN replication and production of infectious virus was duly affected in the presence of the inhibitors. Importantly, we could rescue chemical-induced inhibition with the exogenous addition of lyso-PChol species. Additionally, electron microscopy results indicate that lyso-PChol appears to contribute to the formation of the WNVKUN membranous replication complex (RC); particularly affecting the morphology and membrane curvature of vesicles comprising the RC. These results extend our current understanding of how flaviviruses manipulate lipid homeostasis to favour their own intracellular replication. Positive-sense RNA viruses remodel the host cytoplasmic membrane architecture to induce the formation of membranous organelles termed viral replication complexes. These complexes aid the virus in providing a more efficient microenvironment for replication but additionally shield immune-stimulatory molecules from the immune response. In this report we have performed whole cell lipidomic approaches to identify a key role for the host phospholipase A2 enzyme family in generating lyso-phospholipids to remodel cellular membranes and shape the West Nile virus (WNV) replication complex. We observed elevated PLA2 activity levels in WNV-infected cell cultures from mammalian as well as arthropod origins suggesting a generic requirement of phospholipid hydrolysis for flavivirus replication. Furthermore, we found that chemical inhibition of these enzymes severely affected the ability of WNV to replicate in cells, and we could attribute this defect to an altered ultrastructural morphology of the viral replication complex. This study provides evidence for a mechanism for the biogenesis of the flavivirus replication complex and the specific utilisation of a host lipid to invoke specific membrane curvature, generating a crucial membrane organelle required for efficient virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Liebscher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Turgut E. Aktepe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Mikulasova
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia E. Prier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leah K. Gillespie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J. Lopez-Denman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thusitha W. T. Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason M. Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Wang D. The effect of three novel feature extraction methods on the prediction of the subcellular localization of multi-site virus proteins. Bioengineered 2018; 9:196-202. [PMID: 28886267 PMCID: PMC5972939 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1373536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental methods play a crucial role in identifying the subcellular localization of proteins and building high-quality databases. However, more efficient, automated computational methods are required to predict the subcellular localization of proteins on a large scale. Various efficient feature extraction methods have been proposed to predict subcellular localization, but challenges remain. In this paper, three novel feature extraction methods are established to improve multi-site prediction. The first novel feature extraction method utilizes repetitive information via moving windows based on a dipeptide pseudo amino acid composition method (R-Dipeptide). The second novel feature extraction method utilizes the impact of each amino acid residue on its following residues based on pseudo amino acids (I-PseAAC). The third novel feature extraction method provides local information about protein sequences that reflects the strength of the physicochemical properties of residues (PseAAC2). The multi-label k-nearest neighbor algorithm (MLKNN) is used to predict the subcellular localization of multi-site virus proteins. The best overall accuracy values of R-Dipeptide, I-PseAAC, and PseAAC2 when applied to dataset S from Virus-mPloc are 59.92%, 59.13%, and 57.94% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan, China
| | - Yaou Zhao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan, China
| | - Yuehui Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan, China
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Cortese M, Goellner S, Acosta EG, Neufeldt CJ, Oleksiuk O, Lampe M, Haselmann U, Funaya C, Schieber N, Ronchi P, Schorb M, Pruunsild P, Schwab Y, Chatel-Chaix L, Ruggieri A, Bartenschlager R. Ultrastructural Characterization of Zika Virus Replication Factories. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2113-2123. [PMID: 28249158 PMCID: PMC5340982 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A global concern has emerged with the pandemic spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections that can cause severe neurological symptoms in adults and newborns. ZIKV is a positive-strand RNA virus replicating in virus-induced membranous replication factories (RFs). Here we used various imaging techniques to investigate the ultrastructural details of ZIKV RFs and their relationship with host cell organelles. Analyses of human hepatic cells and neural progenitor cells infected with ZIKV revealed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane invaginations containing pore-like openings toward the cytosol, reminiscent to RFs in Dengue virus-infected cells. Both the MR766 African strain and the H/PF/2013 Asian strain, the latter linked to neurological diseases, induce RFs of similar architecture. Importantly, ZIKV infection causes a drastic reorganization of microtubules and intermediate filaments forming cage-like structures surrounding the viral RF. Consistently, ZIKV replication is suppressed by cytoskeleton-targeting drugs. Thus, ZIKV RFs are tightly linked to rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton. ZIKV induces ER membrane invaginations similar to Dengue virus ZIKV induces profound alterations of the cytoskeleton Microtubules and intermediate filaments surround the ZIKV replication factory ZIKV replication is sensitive to cytoskeleton-targeting drugs
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Goellner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eliana Gisela Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher John Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Oleksiuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Lampe
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Priit Pruunsild
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Chatel-Chaix
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Barreto-Vieira DF, Jácome FC, da Silva MAN, Caldas GC, de Filippis AMB, de Sequeira PC, de Souza EM, Andrade AA, Manso PPDA, Trindade GF, Lima SMB, Barth OM. Structural investigation of C6/36 and Vero cell cultures infected with a Brazilian Zika virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184397. [PMID: 28898286 PMCID: PMC5595330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the flavivirus genus, and its genome is approximately 10.8 kilobases of positive-strand RNA enclosed in a capsid and surrounded by a membrane. Studies on the replication dynamics of ZIKV are scarce, which limits the development of antiviral agents and vaccines directed against ZIKV. In this study, Aedes albopictus mosquito lineage cells (C6/36 cells) and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells) were inoculated with a ZIKV sample isolated from a Brazilian patient, and the infection was characterized by immunofluorescence staining, phase contrast light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and real-time RT-PCR. The infection was observed in both cell lineages, and ZIKV particles were observed inside lysosomes, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and viroplasm-like structures. The susceptibility of C6/36 and Vero cells to ZIKV infection was demonstrated. Moreover, this study showed that part of the replicative cycle may occur within viroplasm-like structures, which has not been previously demonstrated in other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cunha Jácome
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Alexandre Nunes da Silva
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cardoso Caldas
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elen Mello de Souza
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Audrien Alves Andrade
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Laboratory of Virological Technology, Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ortrud Monika Barth
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zhou X, Cong Y, Veenendaal T, Klumperman J, Shi D, Mari M, Reggiori F. Ultrastructural Characterization of Membrane Rearrangements Induced by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090251. [PMID: 28872588 PMCID: PMC5618017 DOI: 10.3390/v9090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus (CoV) belonging to the α-CoV genus and it causes high mortality in infected sucking piglets, resulting in substantial losses in the farming industry. CoV trigger a drastic reorganization of host cell membranes to promote their replication and egression, but a detailed description of the intracellular remodeling induced by PEDV is still missing. In this study, we examined qualitatively and quantitatively, using electron microscopy, the intracellular membrane reorganization induced by PEDV over the course of an infection. With our ultrastructural approach, we reveal that, as most of CoV, PEDV initially forms double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) and convoluted membranes (CMs), which probably serve as replication/transcription platforms. Interestingly, we also found that viral particles start to form almost simultaneously in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the large virion-containing vacuoles (LVCVs), which are compartments originating from the Golgi, confirming that α-CoV assemble indistinguishably in two different organelles of the secretory pathway. Moreover, PEDV virons appear to have an immature and a mature form, similar to another α-CoV the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV). Altogether, our study underlies the similarities and differences between the lifecycle of α-CoV and that of viruses belonging to other CoV subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tineke Veenendaal
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Dongfang Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lazareva EA, Lezzhov AA, Golyshev SA, Morozov SY, Heinlein M, Solovyev AG. Similarities in intracellular transport of plant viral movement proteins BMB2 and TGB3. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2379-2391. [PMID: 28869000 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-to-cell transport of many plant viruses through plasmodesmata requires viral movement proteins (MPs) encoded by a 'triple gene block' (TGB) and termed TGB1, TGB2 and TGB3. TGB3 is a small integral membrane protein that contains subcellular targeting signals and directs both TGB2 and the helicase domain-containing TGB1 protein to plasmodesmata-associated structures. Recently, we described a 'binary movement block' (BMB) coding for two MPs, BMB1 and BMB2. The BMB2 protein associates with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, accumulates at plasmodesmata-associated membrane bodies and directs the BMB1 helicase to these structures. TGB3 transport to cell peripheral bodies was previously shown to bypass the secretory pathway and involve a non-conventional mechanism. Here, we provide evidence that the intracellular transport of both poa semilatent virus TGB3 and hibiscus green spot virus BMB2 to plasmodesmata-associated sites can occur via lateral translocation along the ER membranes. Agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused actin-binding domains of Arabidopsis fimbrin (ABD2-GFP) and mouse talin (TAL-GFP) inhibited the subcellular targeting of TGB3 and BMB2 to plasmodesmata-associated bodies, which resulted in TGB3 and BMB2 accumulation in the cytoplasm in association with aberrant ER structures. Inhibition of COPII budding complex formation by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the small GTPase Sar1 had no detectable effect on BMB2 subcellular targeting, which therefore could occur without exit from the ER in COPII transport vesicles. Collectively, the presented data support the current view that plant viral MPs exploit the ER:actin network for their intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Lazareva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Lezzhov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Golyshev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Kusakabe S, Tokunaga M, Hirano J, Miyata Y, Matsuura Y. Regulation of Apoptosis during Flavivirus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090243. [PMID: 28846635 PMCID: PMC5618009 DOI: 10.3390/v9090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death that regulates cellular homeostasis by removing damaged or unnecessary cells. Its importance in host defenses is highlighted by the observation that many viruses evade, obstruct, or subvert apoptosis, thereby blunting the host immune response. Infection with Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) has been shown to activate several signaling pathways such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and AKT/PI3K pathway, resulting in activation or suppression of apoptosis in virus-infected cells. On the other hands, expression of some viral proteins induces or protects apoptosis. There is a discrepancy between induction and suppression of apoptosis during flavivirus infection because the experimental situation may be different, and strong links between apoptosis and other types of cell death such as necrosis may make it more difficult. In this paper, we review the effects of apoptosis on viral propagation and pathogenesis during infection with flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shinji Kusakabe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tokunaga
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Junki Hirano
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuka Miyata
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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48
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Zhou Y, Kearney CM. Chimeric Flock House virus protein A with endoplasmic reticulum-targeting domain enhances viral replication and virus-like particle trans-encapsidation in plants. Virology 2017; 507:151-160. [PMID: 28437636 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flock House virus (FHV) RNA can be trans-encapsidated, entirely in planta, by tobacco mosaic virus coat protein to form virus-like particles (VLPs). Vaccination with these VLPs leads to strong antigen expression in mice and immune-activation. We hypothesize that creating an additional cellular site for replication and/or trans-encapsidation might significantly improve the final output of trans-encapsidated product. FHV protein A was engineered to target the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via a heterologous tobacco etch virus ER-targeting domain, and was expressed in cis or in trans relative to the replicating FHV RNA1. A strong increase in marker gene expression in plants was noted when ER-targeted protein A was supplied in trans. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed RNA1 replication in both the mitochondria and ER, and total RNA1 accumulation was increased. In support of our hypothesis, VLP yield was increased significantly by the addition of this single genetic component to the inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Christopher M Kearney
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Ishikawa K, Hashimoto M, Yusa A, Koinuma H, Kitazawa Y, Netsu O, Yamaji Y, Namba S. Dual targeting of a virus movement protein to ER and plasma membrane subdomains is essential for plasmodesmata localization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006463. [PMID: 28640879 PMCID: PMC5498070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus movement proteins (MPs) localize to plasmodesmata (PD) to facilitate virus cell-to-cell movement. Numerous studies have suggested that MPs use a pathway either through the ER or through the plasma membrane (PM). Furthermore, recent studies reported that ER-PM contact sites and PM microdomains, which are subdomains found in the ER and PM, are involved in virus cell-to-cell movement. However, functional relationship of these subdomains in MP traffic to PD has not been described previously. We demonstrate here the intracellular trafficking of fig mosaic virus MP (MPFMV) using live cell imaging, focusing on its ER-directing signal peptide (SPFMV). Transiently expressed MPFMV was distributed predominantly in PD and patchy microdomains of the PM. Investigation of ER translocation efficiency revealed that SPFMV has quite low efficiency compared with SPs of well-characterized plant proteins, calreticulin and CLAVATA3. An MPFMV mutant lacking SPFMV localized exclusively to the PM microdomains, whereas SP chimeras, in which the SP of MPFMV was replaced by an SP of calreticulin or CLAVATA3, localized exclusively to the nodes of the ER, which was labeled with Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 1, a major component of ER-PM contact sites. From these results, we speculated that the low translocation efficiency of SPFMV contributes to the generation of ER-translocated and the microdomain-localized populations, both of which are necessary for PD localization. Consistent with this hypothesis, SP-deficient MPFMV became localized to PD when co-expressed with an SP chimera. Here we propose a new model for the intracellular trafficking of a viral MP. A substantial portion of MPFMV that fails to be translocated is transferred to the microdomains, whereas the remainder of MPFMV that is successfully translocated into the ER subsequently localizes to ER-PM contact sites and plays an important role in the entry of the microdomain-localized MPFMV into PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yusa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Netsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Gushchin VA, Karlin DG, Makhotenko AV, Khromov AV, Erokhina TN, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY, Agranovsky AA. A conserved region in the Closterovirus 1a polyprotein drives extensive remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and induces motile globules in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Virology 2017; 502:106-113. [PMID: 28027478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In infected plant cells, closterovirus replicative polyproteins 1a and 1ab drive membrane remodeling and formation of multivesicular replication platforms. Polyprotein 1a contains a variable Central Region (CR) between the methyltransferase and helicase domains. In a previous study, we have found that transient expression of the Beet yellows virus CR-2 segment (aa 1305-1494) in Nicotiana benthamiana induces the formation of ~1µm mobile globules originating from the ER membranes. In the present study, sequence analysis has shown that a part of the CR named the "Zemlya region" (overlapping the CR-2), is conserved in all members of the Closterovirus genus and contains a predicted amphipathic helix (aa 1368-1385). By deletion analysis, the CR-2 region responsible for the induction of 1-μm globules has been mapped to aa 1368-1432. We suggest that the conserved membrane-modifying region of the BYV 1a may be involved in the biogenesis of closterovirus replication platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Gushchin
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia
| | - D G Karlin
- 25, rue de Cassis, 13008 Marseille, France
| | - A V Makhotenko
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A V Khromov
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - T N Erokhina
- M.M. Shemyakin and Y.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - A G Solovyev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S Yu Morozov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - A A Agranovsky
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Center of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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