1
|
Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Becker ME, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, Weston S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Curry HM, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Zheng F, Wu C, Xiong Y, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Hope TJ, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 cellular restriction. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2656-2668.e8. [PMID: 33930332 PMCID: PMC8043580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A deficient interferon (IFN) response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To identify the molecular effectors that govern IFN control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors inhibiting viral entry, RNA binding proteins suppressing viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-resident ISGs inhibiting viral assembly/egress. These included broad-acting antiviral ISGs and eight ISGs that specifically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 replication. Among the broad-acting ISGs was BST2/tetherin, which impeded viral release and is antagonized by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data illuminate a set of ISGs that underlie innate immune control of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV-1 infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Courtney Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather M Curry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron L Oom
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Urbanowski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbet G, Nair-Gupta P, Schotsaert M, Yeung ST, Moretti J, Seyffer F, Metreveli G, Gardner T, Choi A, Tortorella D, Tampé R, Khanna KM, García-Sastre A, Blander JM. TAP dysfunction in dendritic cells enables noncanonical cross-presentation for T cell priming. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:497-509. [PMID: 33790474 PMCID: PMC8981674 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Classic major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) presentation relies on shuttling cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Viruses disable TAP to block MHC-I presentation and evade cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Priming CD8+ T cells against these viruses is thought to rely solely on cross-presentation by uninfected TAP-functional dendritic cells. We found that protective CD8+ T cells could be mobilized during viral infection even when TAP was absent in all hematopoietic cells. TAP blockade depleted the endosomal recycling compartment of MHC-I molecules and, as such, impaired Toll-like receptor-regulated cross-presentation. Instead, MHC-I molecules accumulated in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), sequestered away from Toll-like receptor control, and coopted ER-SNARE Sec22b-mediated vesicular traffic to intersect with internalized antigen and rescue cross-presentation. Thus, when classic MHC-I presentation and endosomal recycling compartment-dependent cross-presentation are impaired in dendritic cells, cell-autonomous noncanonical cross-presentation relying on ERGIC-derived MHC-I counters TAP dysfunction to nevertheless mediate CD8+ T cell priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Barbet
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Child Health Institute of New Jersey, and Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Priyanka Nair-Gupta
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Moretti
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Seyffer
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giorgi Metreveli
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- ArsenalBio, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
After a viral infection and the stimulation of some pattern-recognition receptors as the toll-like receptor 3 in the endosomes or the RIG-I-like receptors in the cytosol, activation of the IKK-related kinase TBK1 leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) after phosphorylation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Recent findings indicate an involvement of K63-linked polyubiquitination and of the Golgi-localized protein optineurin (OPTN) in the activation of this crucial kinase involved in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarizes the sensing of viruses and the signaling leading to type I IFN production following TBK1 activation through its ubiquitination and the sensing of ubiquitin chains by OPTN at the Golgi apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Outlioua
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Marie Pourcelot
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UPEC, UMR_1161 Virology, LabEx IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim BY, Son Y, Choi J, Eo SK, Park YC, Kim K. 27-Hydroxycholesterol upregulates the production of heat shock protein 60 of monocytic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:29-35. [PMID: 28549691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigating differentially expressed proteins in a milieu rich in cholesterol oxidation products, we found via mass spectrometry-based proteomics that surface levels of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) were upregulated on monocytic cells in the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol). The elevated levels of cytoplasmic membrane HSP60 were verified via Western blot analysis and visualized by confocal microscopy. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased levels of cellular HSP60 without altering its transcription. Cholesterol, however, did not affect cell-surface levels and cellular amount of HSP60. GSK 2033, an LXR antagonist, inhibited expression of live X receptor α, but not of HSP60, induced by 27OHChol. Treatment with 27OHChol also resulted in increased release of HSP60 from monocytic cells, but the release was significantly reduced by inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi protein trafficking, brefeldin A and monensin. Results of the current study indicate that 27OHChol upregulates not only cell-surface and cellular levels of HSP60 but also its release from monocytic cells, thereby contributing to activation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University-School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murphy AJ, O'Neill P, O'Brien F, Enright H, Jeffers M, Thornhill JA, Loftus BM. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Unique Presentation with Urinary Bladder Involvement. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 13:369-73. [PMID: 16273198 DOI: 10.1177/106689690501300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell lymphoma composed of large pleomorphic CD30-positive cells. While systemic ALCL frequently involves extranodal sites, involvement of the urinary bladder is extremely rare. We report a case of systemic ALCL presenting with bladder involvement. A 28-year-old man presented with hematuria, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain. Imaging revealed pelvic lymphadenopathy and a thickened bladder wall. Bladder biopsies showed diffuse infiltration of the lamina propria by large pleomorphic cells, with preservation of the overlying urothelium. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated cell membrane and Golgi region staining for CD30 and epithelial membrane antigen. This is the first documented instance of systemic ALCL presenting with bladder symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Murphy
- Department of Cellular Pathology, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andrejevic S, Milenkovic B, Stojsic J, Stevic R, Bonaci-Nikolic B. Coexistence of Autoantibodies against the Golgi Complex and Ro52 Antigen in a Patient with Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia. Intern Med 2016; 55:273-8. [PMID: 26831023 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is often associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD). The diagnosis of NSIP was confirmed in a 63-year-old man by high-resolution computed tomography and an open lung biopsy. Anti-Golgi complex autoantibodies (AGA) and anti-Ro52 antibodies were simultaneously detected at high concentrations. Autoantibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS) were negative. The patient was treated with corticosteroids for six months. During the seven-year follow-up, NSIP had a slow progression and patient had not developed the clinical features of CTD. The present study potentially demonstrates that the autoimmune process elicited by AGA and/or Ro/SSA may play a role in promoting idiopathic NSIP independently of the typical ARS routes, which has not been reported thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Andrejevic
- Clinic of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Lennemann
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Magadán JG, Altman MO, Ince WL, Hickman HD, Stevens J, Chevalier A, Baker D, Wilson PC, Ahmed R, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Biogenesis of influenza a virus hemagglutinin cross-protective stem epitopes. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004204. [PMID: 24945804 PMCID: PMC4055778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation in the globular domain of influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) precludes effective immunity to this major human pathogen. Although the HA stem is highly conserved between influenza virus strains, HA stem-reactive antibodies (StRAbs) were long considered biologically inert. It is now clear, however, that StRAbs reduce viral replication in animal models and protect against pathogenicity and death, supporting the potential of HA stem-based immunogens as drift-resistant vaccines. Optimally designing StRAb-inducing immunogens and understanding StRAb effector functions require thorough comprehension of HA stem structure and antigenicity. Here, we study the biogenesis of HA stem epitopes recognized in cells infected with various drifted IAV H1N1 strains using mouse and human StRAbs. Using a novel immunofluorescence (IF)-based assay, we find that human StRAbs bind monomeric HA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trimerized HA in the Golgi complex (GC) with similar high avidity, potentially good news for producing effective monomeric HA stem immunogens. Though HA stem epitopes are nestled among several N-linked oligosaccharides, glycosylation is not required for full antigenicity. Rather, as N-linked glycans increase in size during intracellular transport of HA through the GC, StRAb binding becomes temperature-sensitive, binding poorly to HA at 4°C and well at 37°C. A de novo designed, 65-residue protein binds the mature HA stem independently of temperature, consistent with a lack of N-linked oligosaccharide steric hindrance due to its small size. Likewise, StRAbs bind recombinant HA carrying simple N-linked glycans in a temperature-independent manner. Chemical cross-linking experiments show that N-linked oligosaccharides likely influence StRAb binding by direct local effects rather than by globally modifying the conformational flexibility of HA. Our findings indicate that StRAb binding to HA is precarious, raising the possibility that sufficient immune pressure on the HA stem region could select for viral escape mutants with increased steric hindrance from N-linked glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier G. Magadán
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meghan O. Altman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William L. Ince
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Chevalier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Committee on Immunology, Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wallis D, Greig A, Dunphy J, Owen P, McHugh N. Anti-Golgi autoantibodies: prevalence and disease associations in a rheumatic disease population. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 15:e23-5. [PMID: 22462429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2011.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Valaperta S, Alpini C, Bottone MG, Monari M, Assandri R, Montanelli A. [Anti-Golgi antibodies: let me look around]. Recenti Prog Med 2011; 102:11-13. [PMID: 21516664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The new biotechnologies will be available a large number of diagnostic datas.The study of clinical cases with antibodies-anti-Golgi provides an opportunity to discuss the role of traditional approach by indirect immunofluorescence investigation.The strong collaboration between clinician and laboratory is the only possibility for a real progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serenella Valaperta
- Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milano.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vermeersch P, Van den Bergh K, Blockmans D, Westhovens R, Bossuyt X. Anti-Golgi autoantibodies are not clinically associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 70:234-5. [PMID: 20525841 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Zeng L, Hu Z, Lu W, Tang X, Zhang J, Li T, Yang B. The study of the Golgi apparatus in blood--basic science and clinical applications. Clin Lab 2010; 56:231-243. [PMID: 20575472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a cytoplasmic organelle that is of great interest to all scientists for its key role in the biosynthesis, transporting and sorting of both lipids and proteins located at the intersection of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Recently, more and more evidence shows that changes in the Golgi apparatus play an important role in the clinical progression and pathological development of many diseases. In this review, we will summarize the alteration of the Golgi apparatus in blood cells and anti-Golgi complex antibodies in blood serum under different conditions and further clarify the contribution of the Golgi apparatus dysfunction to the course of these diseases and its pathophysiological basis, which will significantly improve our understanding and impact our ability to develop more effective therapies for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Perchellet A, Brabb T, Goverman JM. Crosspresentation by nonhematopoietic and direct presentation by hematopoietic cells induce central tolerance to myelin basic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14040-5. [PMID: 18772374 PMCID: PMC2544575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804970105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Central tolerance plays a critical role in eliminating self-reactive T cells specific for peripheral antigens. Here we show that central tolerance of MHC class I-restricted T cells specific for classic myelin basic protein (MBP), a component of the myelin sheath, is mediated by both bone marrow (BM)-derived and nonBM-derived cells. Unexpectedly, BM-derived cells induce tolerance directly by using classic MBP that they synthesize, whereas nonBM-derived cells mediate tolerance by crosspresenting classic MBP acquired from an exogenous source. Thus, tolerance to tissue-specific antigens can involve multiple cell types and mechanisms in the thymus, which may account for the limited spectrum of autoimmune syndromes observed when expression of tissue-specific antigens is impaired only in thymic epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thea Brabb
- Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
T cells of the immune system target infected and tumor cells in crowded tissues with high precision by coming into direct contact with the intended target and orienting the intracellular Golgi apparatus and the associated organelles to the area of the cell-cell contact. The mechanism of this orientation remains largely unknown. To further elucidate it we used three-dimensional microscopy of living T cells presented with an artificial substrate mimicking the target cell surface. The data indicate that long, finger-like processes emanate from the T cell surface next to the intracellular Golgi apparatus. These processes come in contact with the substrate and retract. The retraction accompanies the reorientation of the T cell body which brings the Golgi apparatus closer to the stimulatory substrate. Numerical modeling indicates that considering the forces involved the retraction of a process attached with one end to the cell body near the Golgi apparatus and with the other end to the substrate can bring the Golgi apparatus to the substrate by moving the entire cell body. The dynamic scenarios that are predicted by the quantitative model explain features of the reorientation movements that we measured but could not explain previously. We propose that retraction of the surface processes is a force-generating mechanism contributing to the functional orientation of T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Arkhipov
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shanina NA, Lazareva EM, Chentsov IS, Smirnova EA. [High molecular weight protein detected in higher plant cells by antibodies against dynein is associated with vesicular organelles including Golgi apparatus]. Ontogenez 2008; 39:28-38. [PMID: 18409378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein is a multisubunit complex driving organelles along microtubules to their minus-end. We used antibodies against two functional domains (motor and microtubule-binding) of one of principal components of the complex--dynein heavy chain of slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum--to test root meristem cells of wheat Triticum aestivum. The antibodies reacted with a high molecular weight protein (> 500 kDa) in the total cell extract and the band recognized by the antibodies in plant extracts had a lower electrophoretic mobility than the high molecular weight band of mammalian dynein. Antibodies coupled to protein A-Sepharose precipitated the high molecular weight protein from the purified cell extracts. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that the antigen recognized by antibodies against dynein heavy chains is associated with the vesicles whose localization depends on the cell cycle stage. The antigen-positive vesicles were localized to the perinuclear region in interphase and early prophase, to the spindle periphery and to spindle pole region during mitosis, and to the interzonal region in the period of fragmoplast and cell plate formation. Some antigen-positive vesicles also reacted with antibodies against Golgi protein markers. The obtained data indicate that higher plant cells contain a high molecular weight protein interacting with antibodies against the motor and microtubules-binding domains of Dictyostelium dynein heavy chain. The revealed antigen was associated with the vesicular structures in the cytoplasm including the Golgi apparatus.
Collapse
|
16
|
Garstka M, Borchert B, Al-Balushi M, Praveen PVK, Kühl N, Majoul I, Duden R, Springer S. Peptide-receptive Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules Cycle between Endoplasmic Reticulum and cis-Golgi in Wild-type Lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30680-90. [PMID: 17656363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701721200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to binding to a high affinity peptide and transporting it to the cell surface, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are retained inside the cell by retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), recycling through the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and possibly the cis-Golgi, or both. Using fluorescence microscopy and a novel in vitro COPII (ER-to-ER-Golgi intermediate compartment) vesicle formation assay, we find that in both lymphocytes and fibroblasts that lack the functional transporter associated with antigen presentation, class I molecules exit the ER and reach the cis-Golgi. Intriguingly, in wild-type T1 lymphoma cells, peptide-occupied and peptide-receptive class I molecules are simultaneously exported from ER membranes with similar efficiencies. Our results suggest that binding of high affinity peptide and exit from the ER are not coupled, that the major histocompatibility complex class I quality control compartment extends into the Golgi apparatus under standard conditions, and that peptide loading onto class I molecules may occur in post-ER compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Garstka
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Frieman M, Yount B, Heise M, Kopecky-Bromberg SA, Palese P, Baric RS. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF6 antagonizes STAT1 function by sequestering nuclear import factors on the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi membrane. J Virol 2007; 81:9812-24. [PMID: 17596301 PMCID: PMC2045396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01012-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The host innate immune response is an important deterrent of severe viral infection in humans and animals. Nuclear import factors function as key gatekeepers that regulate the transport of innate immune regulatory cargo to the nucleus of cells to activate the antiviral response. Using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as a model, we demonstrate that SARS-COV ORF6 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi membrane in infected cells, where it binds to and disrupts nuclear import complex formation by tethering karyopherin alpha 2 and karyopherin beta 1 to the membrane. Retention of import factors at the ER/Golgi membrane leads to a loss of STAT1 transport into the nucleus in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of STAT1-activated genes that establish an antiviral state. We mapped the region of ORF6, which binds karyopherin alpha 2, to the C terminus of ORF6 and show that mutations in the C terminus no longer bind karyopherin alpha 2 or block the nuclear import of STAT1. We also show that N-terminal deletions of karyopherin alpha 2 that no longer bind to karyopherin beta 1 still retain ORF6 binding activity but no longer block STAT1 nuclear import. Recombinant SARS-CoV lacking ORF6 did not tether karyopherin alpha 2 to the ER/Golgi membrane and allowed the import of the STAT1 complex into the nucleus. We discuss the likely implications of these data on SARS-CoV replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Frieman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3304 Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grigorian A, Lee SU, Tian W, Chen IJ, Gao G, Mendelsohn R, Dennis JW, Demetriou M. Control of T Cell-mediated autoimmunity by metabolite flux to N-glycan biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20027-35. [PMID: 17488719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701890200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a complex trait disease where the environment influences susceptibility to disease by unclear mechanisms. T cell receptor clustering and signaling at the immune synapse, T cell proliferation, CTLA-4 endocytosis, T(H)1 differentiation, and autoimmunity are negatively regulated by beta1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans attached to cell surface glycoproteins. Beta1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycan expression in T cells is dependent on metabolite supply to UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis (hexosamine pathway) and in turn to Golgi N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases Mgat1, -2, -4, and -5. In Jurkat T cells, beta1,6GlcNAc-branching in N-glycans is stimulated by metabolites supplying the hexosamine pathway including glucose, GlcNAc, acetoacetate, glutamine, ammonia, or uridine but not by control metabolites mannosamine, galactose, mannose, succinate, or pyruvate. Hexosamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo also increases beta1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans in naïve mouse T cells and suppresses T cell receptor signaling, T cell proliferation, CTLA-4 endocytosis, T(H)1 differentiation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Our results indicate that metabolite flux through the hexosamine and N-glycan pathways conditionally regulates autoimmunity by modulating multiple T cell functionalities downstream of beta1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans. This suggests metabolic therapy as a potential treatment for autoimmune disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Endocytosis/genetics
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Golgi Apparatus/enzymology
- Golgi Apparatus/genetics
- Golgi Apparatus/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/deficiency
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/immunology
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/enzymology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine/genetics
- Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine/immunology
- Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/immunology
- beta-Glucans/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ani Grigorian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cornell CT, Kiosses WB, Harkins S, Whitton JL. Coxsackievirus B3 proteins directionally complement each other to downregulate surface major histocompatibility complex class I. J Virol 2007; 81:6785-97. [PMID: 17442717 PMCID: PMC1933326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00198-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses carry a small number of proteins with diverse functions that subvert and exploit the host cell. We have previously shown that three coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) proteins (2B, 2BC, and 3A) target the Golgi complex and inhibit protein transit. Here we investigate these effects in more detail and evaluate the distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are critical mediators of the CD8(+) T-cell response. We report that concomitant with viral protein synthesis, MHC class I surface expression is rapidly downregulated during infection. However, this phenomenon may not result solely from inhibition of anterograde trafficking; we propose a new mechanism whereby the CVB3 2B and 2BC proteins upregulate the internalization of MHC class I (and possibly other surface proteins), perhaps by focusing of endocytic vesicles at the Golgi complex. Thus, our findings indicate that CVB3 carries at least three nonstructural proteins that directionally complement one another; 3A disrupts the Golgi complex to inhibit anterograde transport, while 2B and/or 2BC upregulates endocytosis, rapidly removing proteins from the cell surface. Taken together, these effects may render CVB3-infected cells invisible to CD8(+) T cells and untouchable by many antiviral effector molecules. This has important implications for immune evasion by CVB3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cornell
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hattori H, Nagata E, Ishihara T, Jinnouchi K, Ogawa Y, Nagai T, Suzuki S, Shimizu T, Hamada J, Suzuki N. Inflammatory myopathy with anti-Golgi antibody and anti-SS-A/Ro antibody. Intern Med 2007; 46:1927-30. [PMID: 18057767 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 74-year-old woman with anit-Golgi antibody and anti-SS-A/Ro antibody who contracted inflammatory myopahy presenting 'ALS-like' symptoms. We identified anti-Golgi antibody directly using confocal microscopy and successfully treated her with steroid. This report suggests that there is a new categorized subgroup of inflammatory myopathy with these specific antibodies and the pattern of autoantibody in these patients indicates the specific clinical course and treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) plus ribavirin is the standard therapy for hepatitis C. Peg-IFN has several antiviral mechanisms, but its role in hepatitis C treatment seems to be related to its immunomodulatory effect. Ribavirin, an antiviral agent, potentiates IFN activity when added to it. Both drugs are associated with adverse reactions of different magnitudes. Autoimmune phenomena have been reported with this treatment. In this paper, we describe cases of ALT/GGT flares during Peg-IFN plus ribavirin treatment, which related to the appearance of anti-Golgi antibody and disease progress. METHODS We investigated three patients with hepatitis C and severe ALT/GGT flares during Peg-IFN and ribavirin treatment coinciding with anti-Golgi complex antibody as the only marker of autoimmunity. We then reviewed the medical files and tested anti-Golgi antibody in stored sera from 25 patients treated with conventional IFN and in 14 patients treated with Peg-IFN. RESULTS The three patients were male, over 45 years of age; all were relapsers and non-responders. Anti-Golgi antibody was positive during treatment coinciding with ALT/GGT flares but with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA negativity, disappearing after stopping treatment, with normalization of ALT/AST levels. One patient had progression of fibrosis from F2 to F3 despite negativity of HCV-RNA. In the last group, only two patients treated with Peg-IFN experienced ALT/GGT flares but without anti-Golgi antibody CONCLUSIONS The presence of anti-Golgi complex antibody could be a marker of a temporary autoimmune phenomenon and progressive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Paraná
- Gastro-Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cornell CT, Kiosses WB, Harkins S, Whitton JL. Inhibition of protein trafficking by coxsackievirus b3: multiple viral proteins target a single organelle. J Virol 2006; 80:6637-47. [PMID: 16775351 PMCID: PMC1488957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02572-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite replicating to very high titers, coxsackieviruses do not elicit strong CD8 T-cell responses, perhaps because antigen presentation is inhibited by virus-induced disruption of host protein trafficking. Herein, we evaluated the effects of three viral nonstructural proteins (2B, 2BC, and 3A) on intracellular trafficking. All three of these proteins inhibited secretion, to various degrees, and directly associated with the Golgi complex, causing trafficking proteins to accumulate in this compartment. The 3A protein almost completely ablated trafficking and secretion, by moving rapidly to the Golgi, and causing its disruption. Using an alanine-scanning 3A mutant, we show that Golgi targeting and disruption can be uncoupled. Thus, coxsackieviruses rely on the combined effects of several gene products that target a single cellular organelle to successfully block protein secretion during an infection. These findings have implications for viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cornell
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Giles DK, Whittimore JD, LaRue RW, Raulston JE, Wyrick PB. Ultrastructural analysis of chlamydial antigen-containing vesicles everting from the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1579-91. [PMID: 16698305 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several chlamydial antigens have been detected in the infected epithelial cell cytosol and on the host cell surface prior to their presumed natural release at the end of the 72-96 h developmental cycle. These extra-inclusion antigens are proposed to influence vital host cell functions, antigen trafficking and presentation and, ultimately, contribute to a prolonged inflammatory response. To begin to dissect the mechanisms for escape of these antigens from the chlamydial inclusion, which are enhanced on exposure to antibiotics, polarized endometrial epithelial cells (HEC-1B) were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E for 36 h or 48 h. Infected cells were then exposed to chemotactic human polymorphonuclear neutrophils not loaded or pre-loaded in vitro with the antibiotic azithromycin. Viewed by electron microscopy, the azithromycin-mediated killing of chlamydiae involved an increase in chlamydial outer membrane blebbing followed by the appearance of the blebs in larger vesicles (i) everting from but still associated with the inclusion as well as (ii) external to the inclusion. Evidence that the vesicles originated from the chlamydial inclusion membrane was shown by immuno-localization of inclusion membrane proteins A, F, and G on the vesicular membranes. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (chsp60) copies 2 and 3, but not copy 1, were released from RB and incorporated into the everted inclusion membrane vesicles and delivered to the infected cell surface. These data represent direct evidence for one mechanism of early antigen delivery, albeit membrane-bound, beyond the confines of the chlamydial inclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Giles
- Department of Microbiology, Box 70579, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-0579, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved several strategies to subvert host immune responses to the infected cells. One is to inhibit CTL recognition by HIV-1 Nef-mediated down-regulation of MHC-I expression on the surface of infected cells. Here we report that Nef also reduces the expression of the non-classical MHC-I like CD1d molecule, a third lineage of antigen-presenting molecule, which presents lipid antigens. Nef achieves this by increasing internalization of CD1d molecules from the cell surface and retaining CD1d in the trans-Golgi-network (TGN). This effect depends on a tyrosine-based motif present in CD1 cytoplasmic tail as well as the actions of four Nef motifs, which are known to be involved in the down-regulation of MHC-I or CD4. These results suggest that Nef regulates intracellular trafficking of CD1d via a distinct but shared pathway with MHC-I and CD4. Thus, HIV-1 reduces the visibility of its infected cells not only to MHC-I-restricted T cells but also to CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Given that CD1d-restricted T cells have unique effector and regulatory functions in innate and adapted immune responses as compared with their counterpart MHC-restricted T cells, our data provide additional new insights into molecular basis of HIV-1-mediated damage to the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit and Molecular Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The chemical origin of the norrisolide-induced irreversible Golgi vesiculation was studied using a variety of norrisolide probes. This natural product was found to bind to a receptor on the Golgi membranes using the perhydroindane core fragment as the recognition element. The acetylated gamma-lactol-gamma-lactone side chain of norrisolide is essential for the irreversible Golgi vesiculation and can be replaced by other electrophilic motifs without loss of biological function. In particular, compound 10 reproduces the cellular phenotype of the natural product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0358, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kzhyshkowska J, Mamidi S, Gratchev A, Kremmer E, Schmuttermaier C, Krusell L, Haus G, Utikal J, Schledzewski K, Scholtze J, Goerdt S. Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway. Blood 2005; 107:3221-8. [PMID: 16357325 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Glyco_18-domain-containing proteins include catalytically active chitinases and chitinase-like proteins with cytokine activity involved in host defense and Th2-type inflammatory reactions. Here, we describe a novel human Glyco_18-domain-containing protein, SI-CLP, as an interacting partner of the endocytic/sorting receptor stabilin-1. Similarly to the chitinase-like cytokines YKL-39, YKL-40, and YM1/2, SI-CLP lacks a chitin-binding domain and catalytic amino acids. Using a novel mAb 1C11, we demonstrated that SI-CLP is sorted into late endosomes and secretory lysosomes in human alternatively activated macrophages. The direct interaction of SI-CLP with stabilin-1, their colocalization in the trans-Golgi network, and the reduced sorting of SI-CLP into lysosomes in macrophages treated with stabilin-1 siRNA suggest that stabilin-1 is involved in intracellular sorting of SI-CLP. Expression of SI-CLP in macrophages was strongly up-regulated by the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and by dexamethasone. This effect was suppressed by IFNgamma but not affected by IL-10. In contrast, expression of YKL-40 was induced by IFNgamma and suppressed by dexamethasone. Macrophages treated with IL-4 secreted SI-CLP, while costimulation with dexamethasone blocked secretion and resulted in intracellular accumulation of SI-CLP. The 1C11 mAb detected SI-CLP in human bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral-blood leukocytes (PBLs), and can be used to analyze the role of SI-CLP in human disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/immunology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chitinases/biosynthesis
- Chitinases/genetics
- Chitinases/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/immunology
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Golgi Apparatus/enzymology
- Golgi Apparatus/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Lysosomes/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Inadome H, Noda Y, Adachi H, Yoda K. Immunoisolaton of the yeast Golgi subcompartments and characterization of a novel membrane protein, Svp26, discovered in the Sed5-containing compartments. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7696-710. [PMID: 16107716 PMCID: PMC1190314 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7696-7710.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus consists of a set of vesicular compartments which are distinguished by their marker proteins. These compartments are physically separated in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. To characterize them extensively, we immunoisolated vesicles carrying either of the SNAREs Sed5 or Tlg2, the markers of the early and late Golgi compartments, respectively, and analyzed the membrane proteins. The composition of proteins was mostly consistent with the position of each compartment in the traffic. We found six uncharacterized but evolutionarily conserved proteins and named them Svp26 (Sed5 compartment vesicle protein of 26 kDa), Tvp38, Tvp23, Tvp18, Tvp15 (Tlg2 compartment vesicle proteins of 38, 23, 18, and 15 kDa), and Gvp36 (Golgi vesicle protein of 36 kDa). The localization of Svp26 in the early Golgi compartment was confirmed by microscopic and biochemical means. Immunoprecipitation indicated that Svp26 binds to itself and a Golgi mannosyltransferase, Ktr3. In the absence of Svp26, a considerable portion of Ktr3 was mislocalized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data suggest that Svp26 has a novel role in retention of a subset of membrane proteins in the early Golgi compartments.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Here we summarize recent advances in the characterization of autoimmune antigens associated with the Golgi complex. All Golgi autoantigens identified to date are high molecular weight proteins rich in coiled-coil domains and localized to the cytoplasmic face of the Golgi cisternae. The characteristic features of these Golgi autoantigens are interestingly similar to selected human autoantigens reported in other intracellular compartments such as endosome, centrosome, and centromere. The implication of this class of autoantigens in autoimmunity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nozawa
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Health Science Center, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klein E, Koch S, Borm B, Neumann J, Herzog V, Koch N, Bieber T. CD83 localization in a recycling compartment of immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2005; 17:477-87. [PMID: 15746244 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) change their phenotype and functional properties during maturation. CD83 cell surface expression is induced on mature DC (mDC). In this study, we investigated intracellular CD83 localization and transport in human monocyte-derived DC. The enhanced level of CD83 cell surface expression in mDC resulted predominantly from increased protein synthesis, and in addition from regulated intracellular transport of CD83 protein. An internal pool of CD83 protein is present in immature DC (iDC). Although CD83 protein in iDC and in mDC was localized in the Golgi compartment and in recycling endosomes, only in mature cells did CD83 co-localize with MHC class II molecules in endocytic vesicles. CD83 cell surface expression on iDC was induced by inhibition of endocytosis. This result could be explained by CD83 cycling between endosomes and the cell surface in iDC. The mDC also rapidly internalized membrane-bound CD83 protein. Furthermore, a thiol protease inhibitor and specific cathepsin inhibitors impaired CD83 up-regulation in DC, indicating a role of endosomal proteases in the maturation-induced exposure of CD83 on the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Klein
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Salles FT, Hespanhol AM, Jaeger RG, Marques MM. Brefeldin-A induces apoptosis in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cultured cells. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:585-90. [PMID: 15063386 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary glands is characterized by a high rate of local recurrences, neurotropism and metastasis. ACC long-term survival rate is not promising. Thus, different chemotherapeutical approaches had been proposed for this neoplasm, including apoptosis induction by different drugs. This work evaluates the efficacy of Brefeldin-A (BFA), a potent apoptosis inducer, on ACC cultured cells (CAC2 cell line). CAC2 cells were treated with a 375 microM BFA solution in serum-free medium during 18 h. CAC2 cells grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum served as controls. Apoptotic cell recognition and counting were carried out through Hoechst staining. Transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assessed the effect of BFA on CAC2 cells phenotype. Treated cultures showed a high apoptotic index presenting +/-30% of cells in evident apoptosis, when compared to controls. Apoptotic CAC2 cells also exhibited different alterations such as cytoplasmic vesicles formation and mitochondrial changes. Cultured ACC cells are strongly susceptible to apoptosis induction under BFA treatment, which may constitute a promising tool in further chemotherapeutical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T Salles
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2227, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508 900 São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Martens S, Sabel K, Lange R, Uthaiah R, Wolf E, Howard JC. Mechanisms regulating the positioning of mouse p47 resistance GTPases LRG-47 and IIGP1 on cellular membranes: retargeting to plasma membrane induced by phagocytosis. J Immunol 2004; 173:2594-606. [PMID: 15294976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recently identified p47 GTPases are one of the most effective cell-autonomous resistance systems known against intracellular pathogens in the mouse. One member of the family, LRG-47, has been shown to be essential for immune control in vivo of Listeria monocytogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium avium, possibly by promoting acidification of the phagosome. However, the intracellular localization of LRG-47, and the nature of its association with the phagosomal or any other membrane system is unknown. In this study, we show that LRG-47 is a Golgi-associated protein in the IFN-stimulated cell, which is rapidly recruited to active plasma membrane upon phagocytosis and remains associated with phagosomes as they mature. We show that the Golgi localization of LRG-47 is dependent on the integrity of an amphipathic helix near the C terminus, whereas the plasma membrane localization depends on an unidentified signal associated with the G domain. Unlike LRG-47, but like the published p47 resistance GTPase, IGTP, a further p47 GTPase, IIGP1, is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. However, unlike IGTP, IIGP1 is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum by an N-terminal myristoylation modification. Thus, the p47 GTPases are a diverse battery of intracellular defense factors dynamically associated with different membrane systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Martens
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yashin DV, Sashchenko LP, Dukhanina EA, Romanova EA, Luk'yanova TI, Kabanova OD, Sorokin VA, Gnuchev NV. LAK cells kill Fas- cancer cells using the Tag7/Hsp70 protein complex secreted from the Golgi apparatus. Dokl Biol Sci 2004; 395:166-8. [PMID: 15255154 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobs.0000025249.83552.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D V Yashin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
N-Linked carbohydrates are frequently found in the V region of Ig H chains and can have a positive or negative effect on Ag binding affinity. We have studied a murine anti-alpha(1-->6) dextran V(H) that contains a carbohydrate in complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2). This carbohydrate remains high mannose rather than being processed to a complex form, as would be expected for glycans on exposed protein loops. We have shown that the glycan remained high mannose when murine-human chimeric Abs were produced in a variety of cell types. Also, when another carbohydrate was present in CDR1, CDR2, or CDR3 of the L chain, the V(H) CDR2 glycan remained high mannose. Importantly, we found that when the anti-dextran V(H) CDR2 replaced CDR2 of an anti-dansyl V(H), the glycosylation site was used, but H chains were withheld in the endoplasmic reticulum and did not traffic to the Golgi apparatus. These results suggest that inappropriate V region glycosylation could contribute to ineffective Ab production from expressed Ig genes. In some cases, a carbohydrate addition sequence generated by either V region rearrangement or somatic hypermutation may result in an Ab that cannot be properly folded and secreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise A Gala
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Massol RH, Larsen JE, Fujinaga Y, Lencer WI, Kirchhausen T. Cholera toxin toxicity does not require functional Arf6- and dynamin-dependent endocytic pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3631-41. [PMID: 15146065 PMCID: PMC491824 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and related AB(5) toxins bind to glycolipids at the plasma membrane and are then transported in a retrograde manner, first to the Golgi and then to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, the catalytic subunit of CT is translocated into the cytosol, resulting in toxicity. Using fluorescence microscopy, we found that CT is internalized by multiple endocytic pathways. Inhibition of the clathrin-, caveolin-, or Arf6-dependent pathways by overexpression of appropriate dominant mutants had no effect on retrograde traffic of CT to the Golgi and ER, and it did not affect CT toxicity. Unexpectedly, when we blocked all three endocytic pathways at once, although fluorescent CT in the Golgi and ER became undetectable, CT-induced toxicity was largely unaffected. These results are consistent with the existence of an additional retrograde pathway used by CT to reach the ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro H Massol
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School and The Center for Blood Research for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Uronen-Hansson H, Allen J, Osman M, Squires G, Klein N, Callard RE. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 are present inside human dendritic cells, associated with microtubules and the Golgi apparatus but are not detectable on the cell surface: integrity of microtubules is required for interleukin-12 production in response to internalized bacteria. Immunology 2004; 111:173-8. [PMID: 15027902 PMCID: PMC1782406 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2003.01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by microbes is mediated by pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLR). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts via TLR4 whereas peptidoglycan and lipoprotein responses are mediated by TLR2. It is generally accepted that TLR binding to microbes occurs at the cell surface but this has not been directly demonstrated for human DCs. We show here that TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed inside DCs in an abundant tubulovesicular pattern with a focus of intense staining adjacent to the nucleus. In contrast, there was no detectable expression on the cell surface. TLR2 and TLR4 were readily found both intracellularly and on the surface of monocytes. They were shown to be closely associated with the Golgi complex and colocalized with alpha-tubulin, displaying a high focal concentration at the microtubule organizing centre. Alignment of TLR2 and TLR4 with microtubules was observed, suggesting that microtubules serve as transport tracks for TLR vesicles. Depolymerization of the microtubule network disrupted the intracellular expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and profoundly inhibited interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in response to Neisseria meningitidis but did not prevent phagocytosis. These data are consistent with the bacterial signalling through TLR2 and TLR4 required for IL-12 production occurring inside DCs after phagocytosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Rosso S, Bollati F, Bisbal M, Peretti D, Sumi T, Nakamura T, Quiroga S, Ferreira A, Cáceres A. LIMK1 regulates Golgi dynamics, traffic of Golgi-derived vesicles, and process extension in primary cultured neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3433-49. [PMID: 15090620 PMCID: PMC452595 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-05-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the subcellular distribution and functions of LIMK1 in developing neurons. Confocal microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and expression of several epitope-tagged LIMK1 constructs revealed that LIMK1 is enriched in the Golgi apparatus and growth cones, with the LIM domain required for Golgi localization and the PDZ domain for its presence at neuritic tips. Overexpression of wild-type LIMK1 suppresses the formation of trans-Golgi derived tubules, and prevents cytochalasin D-induced Golgi fragmentation, whereas that of a kinase-defective mutant has the opposite effect. Transfection of wild-type LIMK1 accelerates axon formation and enhances the accumulation of Par3/Par6, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 receptors, and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) at growth cones, while inhibiting the Golgi export of synaptophysin-containing vesicles. These effects were dependent on the Golgi localization of LIMK1, paralleled by an increase in cofilin phosphorylation and phalloidin staining in the region of the Golgi apparatus, and prevented by coexpression of constitutive active cofilin. The long-term overexpression of LIMK1 produces growth cone collapse and axon retraction, an effect that is dependent on its growth cone localization. Together, our results suggest an important role for LIMK1 in axon formation that is related with its ability to regulate Golgi dynamics, membrane traffic, and actin cytoskeletal organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Rosso
- Instituto Investigacion Medica Mercedes y Martin Ferreya-CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Anti-Golgi autoantibodies (AGAs) and their targets have been reported from several diseases. However, the association of AGAs, selective autoantigens and related clinical diseases is still obscure. In this study, the presence of AGAs in the sera of 5983 patients was screened to explore the association of AGAs and clinical diseases. By means of indirect immunofluorescence using HEp-2 cells, sera of 12 patients bearing AGAs were identified. The location of recognized Golgi autoantigen(s) was confirmed by the treatment of monensin and double immunostaining using beta-COP. Using the immunoelectron microscopy, AGA immunoreactivity was clearly demonstrated at a stack structure, characteristic of the Golgi complex. Furthermore, analysis of the 12 AGA-positive sera by Western blot revealed at least 15 components of Golgi antigens with relative molecular weights ranging from 54 to 350 kDa, and several Golgi autoantigens identified may be novel. Notably, over half of the AGA-positive cases found belong to non-autoimmune diseases, particularly hepatic disorder. This study presents the association of AGAs, components of the Golgi complex and clinical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-S Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Renous R, Lapierre P, Djilali-Saiah I, Vitozzi S, Alvarez F. Characterization of the antigenicity of the formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Exp Cell Res 2004; 292:332-41. [PMID: 14697341 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase (hFTCD) is the autoantigen recognized by anti-liver cytosol type 1 (LC1) autoantibodies in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients. In rats, this octameric protein is localized on the Golgi apparatus and binds brain microtubules (MTs) and vimentin. Subcellular localization of human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase and its implication in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis are unknown. Localization of the human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase in human hepatocytes was done using indirect immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionations followed by in vitro binding techniques. The formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase antigen at two distinct locations in hepatocytes, free in the cytosol and associated with the Golgi membranes are recognized by anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibodies. The human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase binds reversibly to the Golgi membranes and this complex formation is increased by anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibodies. Finally, human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase does not interact with liver-specific cytoskeleton proteins. Anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibodies are directed against the mature high molecular form of human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase. Therefore, the subcellular location of the protein may influence the production of autoantibodies and their role in the pathogenesis of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. This antigen-driven response does not appear to be facilitated or enhanced by a possible interaction between human formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase and hepatocyte cytoskeleton proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Renous
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stinton LM, Eystathioy T, Selak S, Chan EKL, Fritzler MJ. Autoantibodies to protein transport and messenger RNA processing pathways: endosomes, lysosomes, Golgi complex, proteasomes, assemblyosomes, exosomes, and GW bodies. Clin Immunol 2004; 110:30-44. [PMID: 14962794 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 10/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 50 years ago the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell phenomenon was described and this was quickly followed by the introduction of the LE cell test and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) to detect antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in clinical laboratories. Recently, attention has turned to the identification of the autoantigens that bind to cytoplasmic organelles such as the Golgi complex, endosomes and other "cytoplasmic somes". Three endosome autoantigens include early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1, 160 kDa), cytoplasmic linker protein-170 (CLIP-170, 170 kDa), and lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA). Antibodies to EEA1 were seen in a variety of conditions but approximately 40% of the patients had a neurological disease. Despite the prominence of lysosomes in cells and tissues, reports of autoantibodies are limited to the lysosomal antigen h-LAMP-2 and the cytoplasmic antineutrophil antibodies (cANCA). Autoantigens in the Golgi complex include giantin/macrogolgin, golgin-245, golgin 160, golgin-97, golgin 95/gm130, and golgin-67. More recently, there has been an interest in autoantibodies that bind components of the "SMN complex" or the "assemblyosome". Arginine/glycine (RG)-rich domains in components of the SMN complex interact with Sm, like-Sm (LSm), fibrillarin, RNA helicase A (Gu), and coilin proteins, all of which are antigen targets in a variety of diseases. More recently, components of a novel cytoplasmic structure named GW bodies (GWBs) have been identified as targets of human autoantibodies. Components of GWBs include GW182, a unique mRNA-binding protein, like Sm proteins (LSms), and decapping (hDcp1) and exonuclease (Xrn) enzymes. Current evidence suggests that GWBs are involved in the cytoplasmic processing of mRNAs. Autoantibodies to the "cytoplasmic somes" are relatively uncommon and serological tests to detect most of them are not widely available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stinton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nozawa K, Fritzler MJ, von Mühlen CA, Chan EKL. Giantin is the major Golgi autoantigen in human anti-Golgi complex sera. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 6:R95-102. [PMID: 15059272 PMCID: PMC400427 DOI: 10.1186/ar1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-Golgi complex antibodies (AGAs) are primarily associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Here we report on the immunoreactivity of AGAs against five Golgi autoantigens (giantin, golgin-245, golgin-160, golgin-95/GM130, and golgin-97) and provide data from epitope mapping on the most common Golgi autoantigen, namely giantin. A total of 80 human sera containing AGAs, as defined by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells, were analyzed by ELISA using recombinant autoantigens and immunoprecipitation. The proportion of AGA sera that reacted with the five Golgi autoantigens was correlated with the molecular mass of the Golgi antigens. Autoantibodies to giantin, the largest Golgi autoantigen, were the predominant AGAs, being found in 50% of the AGA sera. Epitope mapping of giantin was performed using six recombinant fragments spanning the entire protein. Antigiantin-positive sera with low titer autoantibodies recognized epitopes in the carboxyl-terminal fragments that are proximal to the Golgi membrane, whereas higher titer sera exhibited strong reactivity to amino-terminal and central domains that are likely to extend from the Golgi membrane into the cytoplasm. Our working hypothesis is that aberrantly expressed Golgi complex autoantigens may be released into the immune system when cells undergo lysis. By virtue of a carboxyl-terminal transmembrane domain, giantin is likely to be more stably associated with the cytoplasmic face of the Golgi complex than are other golgins, which are peripheral proteins. The stable association of giantin with the putative released Golgi complex may contribute to its preferential autoantigenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nozawa
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos A von Mühlen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Edward KL Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nizak C, Martin-Lluesma S, Moutel S, Roux A, Kreis TE, Goud B, Perez F. Recombinant Antibodies Against Subcellular Fractions Used to Track Endogenous Golgi Protein Dynamicsin Vivo. Traffic 2003; 4:739-53. [PMID: 14617357 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Generation of specific antibodies against enriched subcellular fractions is a powerful strategy to identify and characterize cellular components. We show that recombinant antibodies can be selected in vitro by phage display against complex subcellular fractions, namely microtubule-binding proteins and Golgi stacks. This technique has allowed us to overcome many limitations of the classical animal-based approach and generate cell biology-compliant antibodies. In addition, we show that intracellular expression of GFP-tagged recombinant antibodies can reveal the dynamics of endogenous proteins in vivo. Endogenous Giantin is very static and outlines the Golgi in living cells. It accumulates neither onto Golgi-derived tubules upon Brefeldin A treatment before Golgi disappearance, nor onto de novo formed Golgi mini-stacks upon microtubule depolymerization, and remains instead on the 'old' pericentriolar Golgi. This suggests that, in contrast to other Golgi matrix proteins, endogenous Giantin is very stably associated with the Golgi and does not efficiently recycle to the ER. Altogether, we show that the antibody phage display technique represents an efficient alternative to rapidly generate versatile antibodies that represent new tools to study protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Nizak
- CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris cedex 05 France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mielenz D, Ruschel A, Vettermann C, Jäck HM. Immunoglobulin mu heavy chains do not mediate tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha from the ER-cis-Golgi. J Immunol 2003; 171:3091-101. [PMID: 12960335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signals delivered by Ig receptors guide the development of functional B lymphocytes. For example, clonal expansion of early mu heavy chain ( mu HC)-positive pre-B cells requires the assembly of a signal-competent pre-B cell receptor complex (pre-BCR) consisting of a mu HC, a surrogate L chain, and the signal dimer Ig alpha beta. However, only a small fraction of the pre-BCR is transported to the cell surface, suggesting that pre-BCR signaling initiates already from an intracellular compartment, e.g., the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The finding that differentiation of pre-B cells and allelic exclusion at the IgH locus take place in surrogate L chain-deficient mice further supports the presence of a mu HC-mediated intracellular signal pathway. To determine whether a signal-competent Ig complex can already be assembled in the ER, we analyzed the consequence of pervanadate on tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha in J558L plasmacytoma and 38B9 pre-B cells transfected with either a transport-competent IgL chain-pairing or an ER-retained nonpairing micro HC. Flow cytometry, combined Western blot-immunoprecipitation-kinase assays, and confocal microscopy revealed that both the nonpairing and pairing mu HC assembled with the Ig alpha beta dimer; however, in contrast to a pairing mu HC, the nonpairing mu HC was retained in the ER-cis-Golgi compartment, and neither colocalized with the src kinase lyn nor induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Ig alpha after pervanadate treatment of cells. On the basis of these findings, we propose that a signal-competent Ig complex consisting of mu HC, Ig alpha beta, and associated kinases is assembled in a post-ER compartment, thereby supporting the idea that a pre-BCR must be transported to the cell surface to initiate pre-BCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) has evolved numerous strategies for modifying immune responses that protect against infection. Important targets of HSV-1 infection are the MHC-encoded peptide receptors. Previous studies have shown that a helper T cell response and Ab production play important roles in controlling HSV-1 infection. The reduced capacity of infected B cells to stimulate CD4(+) T cells is beneficial for HSV-1 to evade immune defenses. We investigated the impact of HSV-1 infection on the MHCII processing pathway, which is critical to generate CD4(+) T cell help. HSV-1 infection targets the molecular coplayers of MHC class II processing, HLA-DR (DR), HLA-DM (DM), and invariant chain (Ii). HSV-1 infection strongly reduces expression of Ii, which impairs formation of SDS-resistant DR-peptide complexes. Residual activity of the MHC class II processing pathway is diminished by viral envelope glycoprotein B (gB). Binding of gB to DR competes with binding to Ii. In addition, we found gB associated with DM molecules. Both, gB-associated DR and DM heterodimers are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum, as indicated by carbohydrate maturation. Evaluation of DR, DM, and gB subcellular localization revealed abundant changes in intracellular distribution. DR-gB complexes are localized in subcellular vesicles and restrained from cell surface expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Neumann
- Section of Immunobiology, Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chefalo PJ, Grandea AG, Van Kaer L, Harding CV. Tapasin-/- and TAP1-/- macrophages are deficient in vacuolar alternate class I MHC (MHC-I) processing due to decreased MHC-I stability at phagolysosomal pH. J Immunol 2003; 170:5825-33. [PMID: 12794107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternate class I MHC (MHC-I) Ag processing via cytosolic or vacuolar pathways leads to cross-presentation of exogenous Ag to CD8 T cells. Vacuolar alternate MHC-I processing involves phagolysosomal Ag proteolysis and peptide binding to MHC-I in post-Golgi compartments. We report the first study of alternate MHC-I Ag processing in tapasin(-/-) cells and experiments with tapasin(-/-) and TAP1(-/-) macrophages that characterize alternate MHC-I processing. Tapasin promotes retention of MHC-I in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for loading with high affinity peptides, whereas tapasin(-/-) cells allow poorly loaded MHC-I molecules to exit the ER. Hypothetically, we considered that a large proportion of post-Golgi MHC-I on tapasin(-/-) cells might be peptide-receptive, enhancing alternate MHC-I processing. In contrast, alternate MHC-I processing was diminished in both tapasin(-/-) and TAP1(-/-) macrophages. Nonetheless, these cells efficiently presented exogenous peptide, suggesting a loss of MHC-I stability or function specific to vacuolar processing compartments. Tapasin(-/-) and TAP1(-/-) macrophages had decreased MHC-I stability and increased susceptibility of MHC-I to inactivation by acidic conditions (correlating with vacuolar pH). Incubation of tapasin(-/-) or TAP1(-/-) cells at 26 degrees C decreased susceptibility of MHC-I to acid pH and reversed the deficiency in alternate MHC-I processing. Thus, tapasin and TAP are required for MHC-I to bind ER-derived stabilizing peptides to achieve the stability needed for alternate MHC-I processing via peptide exchange in acidic vacuolar processing compartments. Acidic pH destabilizes MHC-I, but also promotes peptide exchange, thereby enhancing alternate MHC-I Ag processing. These results are consistent with alternate MHC-I Ag processing mechanisms that involve binding of peptides to MHC-I within acidic vacuolar compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Chefalo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
We have exploited the breakdown of the Golgi apparatus that occurs during mitosis to isolate subfractions using immuno-affinity methods. Rat liver Golgi stacks were treated with mitotic cytosol from HeLa cells, and the fragments were then incubated with antibodies immobilized on magnetic beads. Antibodies against the cis-Golgi marker, GM130, bound membranes that were depleted in the trans-Golgi network marker, TGN38, whereas antibodies against the cytoplasmic tail of TGN38 did the reverse. A range of other Golgi enzymes, SNAREs and tethers were also tested and were found to bind to anti-GM130 antibodies to an extent that reflected their proximity to cis-cisternae as determined by other techniques. This method should provide a useful complement to the immuno-EM methods presently used to map the Golgi apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu J, Chalupny NJ, Manley TJ, Riddell SR, Cosman D, Spies T. Intracellular retention of the MHC class I-related chain B ligand of NKG2D by the human cytomegalovirus UL16 glycoprotein. J Immunol 2003; 170:4196-200. [PMID: 12682252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection by human CMV induces expression of the cellular MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) and chain B (MICB) surface proteins, which function as ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor. Engagement of NKG2D triggers NK cells and costimulates Ag-specific effector CD8 alphabeta T cells. The potency of MHC class I-related chain-NKG2D in stimulating these anti-viral immune responses may be countered by a CMV-encoded transmembrane glycoprotein, UL16, which specifically binds MICB as well as two of the UL16-binding proteins that are ligands of NKG2D. However, the function and significance of these interactions are undefined. Using a stably transfected B cell line, we show that expression of UL16 results in loss of surface MICB. This effect is caused by the failure of newly synthesized MICB to mature and transit the secretory pathway due to physical association with UL16. The intracellular retention of these protein complexes is mediated by a tyrosine-based motif in the cytoplasmic tail sequence of UL16, which determines localization to or retrieval from the trans-Golgi network. Deletion of this motif restores surface expression of MICB, whereas UL16 may be redirected to endosomal compartments. Predictably, the retention of MICB abrogates the stimulatory function of NKG2D. These results suggest a potential mechanism of viral immune evasion. However, this activity remains to be confirmed with CMV-infected fibroblasts or endothelial cells, in particular because MICB is normally coexpressed with MICA, which is not retained by UL16.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Golgi Apparatus/immunology
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Golgi Apparatus/virology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Intracellular Fluid/virology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Transfection
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109. Amgen, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Staub HL, Souza F, Chan EKL, von Mühlen CA. Anti-Golgi antibodies in adult Still's disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21:275-6. [PMID: 12747298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
48
|
Hegde NR, Tomazin RA, Wisner TW, Dunn C, Boname JM, Lewinsohn DM, Johnson DC. Inhibition of HLA-DR assembly, transport, and loading by human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US3: a novel mechanism for evading major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. J Virol 2002; 76:10929-41. [PMID: 12368336 PMCID: PMC136637 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.21.10929-10941.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes persistent lifelong infections and replicates slowly. To withstand robust immunity, HCMV utilizes numerous immune evasion strategies. The HCMV gene cassette encoding US2 to US11 encodes four homologous glycoproteins, US2, US3, US6, and US11, that inhibit the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigen presentation pathway, probably inhibiting recognition by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. US2 also inhibits the MHC-II antigen presentation pathway, causing degradation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-alpha and -DM-alpha and preventing recognition by CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the effects of seven of the US2 to US11 glycoproteins on the MHC-II pathway. Each of the glycoproteins was expressed by using replication-defective adenovirus vectors. In addition to US2, US3 inhibited recognition of antigen by CD4(+) T cells by a novel mechanism. US3 bound to class II alpha/beta complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), reducing their association with Ii. Class II molecules moved normally from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in US3-expressing cells but were not sorted efficiently to the class II loading compartment. As a consequence, formation of peptide-loaded class II complexes was reduced. We concluded that US3 and US2 can collaborate to inhibit class II-mediated presentation of endogenous HCMV antigens to CD4(+) T cells, allowing virus-infected cells to resist recognition by CD4(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Anti-Golgi antibodies are a type of anticytoplasmic autoantibody rarely found during routine examination of pathological samples. Although they have been mostly associated with connective autoimmune diseases, they are also present in other clinical conditions, including few cases of liver dysfunction. In this report, we describe for the first time the presence of high titres of anti-Golgi antibodies in a patient with virus-C-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By immunofluorescence, the patient's serum yielded a characteristic fluorescence pattern that corresponded to the presence of Golgi reactivity. On immunoblot, the serum disclosed three reactive bands of approximately 105, 79 and 59 kDa. In addition, we retrospectively analysed the presence of anti-Golgi antibodies in sera from 95 patients with chronic hepatitis C, in 32 patients with chronic hepatitis B, in 35 patients with HCC associated with either virus C (27 cases), virus B (five cases) or both virus C and virus B (three cases), and in 18 patients with HCC induced by alcoholism. We found an additional positive patient, beside the patient presented herein, with HCC induced by B virus infection, whereas all patients without HCC were negative. Thus, the overall frequency of anti-Golgi antibodies in our series of patients with virus-induced HCC was 5.5% (two cases out of 36). The mechanism involved in the appearance of anti-Golgi antibodies in HCC is discussed, along with a review of the reported cases of liver diseases associated with the appearance of Golgi autoantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mozo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Central de Asturias, Julian Claveria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Current immunization strategies, using peptide or protein antigens, generally fail to elicit cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses, since these antigens are unable to access intracellular compartments where loading of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules occurs. In an attempt to circumvent this, we investigated whether the GM1 receptor-binding B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (EtxB) could be used to deliver class I epitopes. When a class I epitope was conjugated to EtxB, it was delivered into the MHC-I presentation pathway in a GM1-binding-dependent fashion and resulted in the appearance of MHC-I-epitope complexes at the cell surface. Importantly, we show that the efficiency of EtxB-mediated epitope delivery could be strikingly enhanced by incorporating, adjacent to the class I epitope, a 10-amino-acid segment from the C terminus of the DNA polymerase (Pol) of herpes simplex virus. The replacement of this 10-amino-acid segment by a heterologous sequence or the introduction of specific amino acid substitutions within this segment either abolished or markedly reduced the efficiency of class I epitope delivery. If the epitope was extended at its C terminus, EtxB-mediated delivery into the class I presentation pathway was found to be completely dependent on proteasome activity. Thus, by combining the GM1-targeting function of EtxB with the 10-amino-acid Pol segment, highly efficient delivery of exogenous epitopes into the endogenous pathway of class I antigen processing and presentation can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lolke De Haan
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|