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Wu SB, Choct M, Pesti G. Historical flaws in bioassays used to generate metabolizable energy values for poultry feed formulation: a critical review. Poult Sci 2020; 99:385-406. [PMID: 32416823 PMCID: PMC7587670 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary energy available to animals is key for formulating feed as it is required for all aspects of the animal's life. In poultry, apparent (AME) and true (TME) metabolizable energy (ME) values have been used for feed formulation with (AMEn or TMEn) or without correction for nitrogen balance. For the past 50 yr, the accuracy of ME has been an ongoing debate, and the comparability of data produced using different bioassay systems is often questionable. Overall, the ingredient matric ME values used in feed formulation are not consistent, and to some extent, confusing. This review was to examine ME data published in the past century to elucidate the accuracy of different bioassay systems and examine the values for accuracy and useability. A variety of flaws are identified in the literature, suggesting a thorough re-thinking of feedstuff ME values currently used in feed formulation and in developing prediction equations. Two protocols, namely multiple linear regression and basal diet substitution methods, are proposed as more accurate bioassays for feedstuff ME values. AME aligns more closely with the actual energy levels of feed ingredients likely available to growing birds, which should be used for poultry feed formulations instead of AMEn. It is suggested that nutritionists need to carefully apply any reported AME values and only use those in formulation practice after careful scrutinizing. Any in vitro, NIR or table values must be calibrated or computed based on the values produced from flawless bioassays so as to apply the derived values accurately. Flaws identified in this literature review can be avoided with care to achieve more accurate AME. However, the assumption that the energy of individual ingredients is additive in a complete diet is still untrue at least under some circumstances. This may require efforts from industry and researchers to investigate relations among the main ingredients in a complete diet so that more accurate formulation can be performed based on the outcomes that may fine-tune the additivity assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Gene Pesti
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia; Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772
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Cheng H, Liu J, Wen J, Nie X, Xu L, Chen N, Li Z, Wang Q, Zheng Z, Li M, Cui L, Liu Z, Bian J, Wang Z, Xu S, Yang Q, Appels R, Han D, Song W, Sun Q, Jiang Y. Frequent intra- and inter-species introgression shapes the landscape of genetic variation in bread wheat. Genome Biol 2019; 20:136. [PMID: 31300020 PMCID: PMC6624984 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bread wheat is one of the most important and broadly studied crops. However, due to the complexity of its genome and incomplete genome collection of wild populations, the bread wheat genome landscape and domestication history remain elusive. RESULTS By investigating the whole-genome resequencing data of 93 accessions from worldwide populations of bread wheat and its diploid and tetraploid progenitors, together with 90 published exome-capture data, we find that the B subgenome has more variations than A and D subgenomes, including SNPs and deletions. Population genetics analyses support a monophyletic origin of domesticated wheat from wild emmer in northern Levant, with substantial introgressed genomic fragments from southern Levant. Southern Levant contributes more than 676 Mb in AB subgenomes and enriched in the pericentromeric regions. The AB subgenome introgression happens at the early stage of wheat speciation and partially contributes to their greater genetic diversity. Furthermore, we detect massive alien introgressions that originated from distant species through natural and artificial hybridizations, resulting in the reintroduction of ~ 709 Mb and ~ 1577 Mb sequences into bread wheat landraces and varieties, respectively. A large fraction of these intra- and inter-introgression fragments are associated with quantitative trait loci of important traits, and selection events are also identified. CONCLUSION We reveal the significance of multiple introgressions from distant wild populations and alien species in shaping the genetic components of bread wheat, and provide important resources and new perspectives for future wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jia Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Luohao Xu
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ningbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Zhuqing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Licao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Zihua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Jianxin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Shengbao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Rudi Appels
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport, and Resources, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Weining Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
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Cardoso V, Fernandes EA, Santos HMM, Maçãs B, Lordelo MM, Telo da Gama L, Ferreira LMA, Fontes CMGA, Ribeiro T. Variation in levels of non-starch polysaccharides and endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanases affects the nutritive value of wheat for poultry. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:218-226. [PMID: 29424549 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1423674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Endo-1,4-β-xylanase is known to improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets for poultry by degrading dietary arabinoxylans. However, broilers' response to supplementation of wheat-based diets with exogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase is not always observed. 2. In this study, 108 different wheat lots were analysed for levels of extract viscosity as well as for endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity, and the impact of these two variables in animal performance was tested. 3. Results revealed that endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity and extract viscosity content varied widely among different wheat lots. Thus, a trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of exogenous enzyme supplementation in broiler diets using wheats with different levels of extract viscosity and endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity. 4. The data revealed that exogenous enzyme supplementation was only effective when the wheat present in the diet had high levels of extract viscosity (14.8 cP) with low endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity (347.0 U/kg). Nevertheless, it is apparent that exogenous microbial xylanases reduce digesta extract viscosity and feed conversion ratio independently of the endogenous properties presented by different wheat lots. 5. The data suggest that extract viscosity and/or endogenous endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity affect the response to enzyme supplementation by poultry fed on wheat-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardoso
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - E A Fernandes
- b Instituto Superior de Agronomia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - H M M Santos
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - B Maçãs
- c Estação Nacional de Melhoramento de Plantas , Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Elvas , Portugal
| | - M M Lordelo
- b Instituto Superior de Agronomia , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Luis Telo da Gama
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - L M A Ferreira
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - C M G A Fontes
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - T Ribeiro
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda , Lisboa , Portugal
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Yegani M, Korver DR. Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yegani, M. and Korver, D. R. 2012. Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 261–273. Variations in physical and chemical characteristics of wheat can significantly influence the energy availability of this feed ingredient for poultry. These variations can result in inefficiencies in the form of over- or under-formulation of the diets at commercial feed mills or on poultry farms. Therefore, having a clear understanding of the variations is of paramount importance in the formulation of poultry diets as they can have negative consequences for production performance of birds. There are a large number of factors that can contribute to variations in energy availability of wheat for poultry. This review is intended to briefly discuss these factors and also practical approaches that can be used to predict these variations. These approaches include measuring physico-chemical characteristics, in vivo digestibility trials, in vitro digestibility techniques, and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). There are limitations associated with physico-chemical and in vivo measurements. However, in vitro digestibility techniques are simple and fast and can provide data for database development and ongoing calibrations of NIRS systems. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has enormous potential to predict variations in wheat apparent metabolizable energy, leading to more accurate diet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yegani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - D. R. Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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