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Ghaemmaghami SS, Rouhanipour H, Sharifi SD. Aflatoxin levels in poultry feed: a comparison of mash and pellet forms. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103254. [PMID: 38016406 PMCID: PMC10696386 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research was conducted to determine the aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates and the frequency of aflatoxin levels (B1, B2, G1, G2), in main feed ingredients (corn and soybean meal) and poultry finished feed (in mash and pellet forms). Eighty-five samples of corn, soybean meal, and poultry finished feed was randomly collected from feed mills in Iran. Regarding macro and microscopic morphological criteria, Aspergillus isolates were identified, and aflatoxins were determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All of poultry feed samples were contaminated with different levels of aflatoxins, ranging from ND (they were not detected in those samples) to 5.58 µg/kg. At all stages of processing, the poultry feed had lower levels of aflatoxins in comparison with the accepted/residue levels of poultry feed mills. Higher amounts of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and total) were detected in pelleted feed, compared to other poultry samples (P < 0.05). The total toxin level in mash feed samples reached a maximum of 3.31 ppb. The results indicate that finished feed samples in pellet form may pose a greater risk than their individual ingredients in poultry feed, particularly when suboptimal conditions exist for eliminating fungal populations. So, the prevention and reduction of (Aspergillus section Flavi) are highly important in maintaining quality control of poultry feed, as the production of aflatoxins can occur during the process of converting raw ingredients into finished feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Ghaemmaghami
- Institute of Agricultural Education and Extension, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, 3391-653775, Iran
| | - Hasan Rouhanipour
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, 3391-653775, Iran
| | - Seyed Davood Sharifi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, 3391-653775, Iran.
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Oketch EO, Kim YB, Yu M, Cho HM, Hong JS, Nawarathne SR, Wickramasuriya SS, Heo JM. Research Note: Evaluation of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102899. [PMID: 37473518 PMCID: PMC10371803 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in feedstuffs including corn, soybean meal (SBM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was investigated in White Pekin ducks. The test ingredients were the sole source of AA and CP. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated for determining endogenous losses of AA and nitrogen. Birds were fed a standard starter diet for the first 15 d posthatch. On d 16, 96 ducklings (860 ± 50 g BW) were selected and allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing the test ingredients with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. All the crumbled assay diets were offered ad-libitum for 5 d and contained chromic oxide as an indigestible marker at 0.05%. On d 21, ducks were euthanized to collect the ileal digesta for digestibility analysis. Basal endogenous losses were abundant in glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, and serine, consecutively. For apparent ileal digestibility (AID), lysine and methionine were the highest (P < 0.05) in SBM, followed by corn and DDGS. For threonine, the highest values (P < 0.05) were similarly noted for SBM, followed by DDGS and corn; the values were 80.44, 69.88, and 64.89%, consecutively. Considering standardized ileal digestibility (SID), higher values (P < 0.05) for SBM were similarly noted for all the amino acids including lysine, methionine, and threonine; the values were 89.40, 93.58, and 86.50%, respectively. Conclusively, improved AA and CP digestibility was noted with SBM. Dietary protein source affected the extent of digestibility at the distal ileum; and the utilization of digestible amino acid coefficients during ducks' feed formulation is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Ogola Oketch
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seon Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shan Randima Nawarathne
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Amiri N, Aberoumand A, Ziaei‐nejad S. Effect of Beta vulgaris L. as feed ingredient on muscle growth, nutritional factors, and quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5388-5395. [PMID: 37701224 PMCID: PMC10494646 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utilization of Beta vulgaris powder as feed ingredient in the diet of Cyprinus carpio for a period of 56 days. Common carp fry with an average weight of 20 ± 0.2 g were fed using the diet containing B. vulgaris leaves with different concentrations. Fry of Cyprinus carpio were equally distributed in four feeding groups having three replicates each. The study was conducted indoors, in FRP tanks, and aeration was provided to individual rearing units, and it was a flow-through system. The basal diet was replaced at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% with B. vulgaris powder. The basal diet without B. vulgaris powder (0%) served as control (T1). Significantly higher feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and fat and protein indices were recorded in fish fed with B. vulgaris powder in treatments. Different feeding groups showed greater acceptability of B. vulgaris powder mixed diet without any adverse behavioral response. The protein and fat average percentages were 43.32 and 10.79 g, when fish reached commercial weight (48.02, 11.85 g) after 56 days for treatment 2%. After fish feeding with the B. vulgaris, for treatment 2% lower moisture than the control was recorded. The carp fish diet containing 1% B. vulgaris leaf powder caused a significant decrease in the fish fat content. It can be concluded that the diet containing 2% B. vulgaris leaf powder in the common carp led to better growth performance. The presence of B. vulgaris leaves in the fish diet increased the fillet protein and ash content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Amiri
- Department of FisheriesBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
| | - Ali Aberoumand
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources CollegeBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
| | - Saeed Ziaei‐nejad
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources CollegeBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
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Wilson WC, Slingerland M, Baijukya FP, Giller KE, Oosting S. Feed gap analysis of dual-purpose chicken production in Tanzania: feed quantity and quality limited production. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102574. [PMID: 36881957 PMCID: PMC10009198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for chicken meat and eggs exceeds what can be produced in Tanzania, largely due to low productivity of the sector. Feed quantity and quality are the major factors determining the potential production and productivity of chickens. The present study explored the yield gap in chicken production in Tanzania and analyses the potential of increased chicken production as a result of closing the feed gaps. The study focused on feed aspects limiting dual-purpose chicken production in semi-intensive and intensive systems. A total of 101 farmers were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire and the amount of feed provided to chickens per day was quantified. Feed was sampled for laboratory analysis and physical assessments were made of weights of chicken bodies and eggs. The results were compared with the recommendations for improved dual-purpose crossbred chickens, exotic layers, and broilers. The results show that the feeds were offered in insufficient quantity compared with the recommendations for laying hens (125 g/chicken unit/d). Indigenous chickens were fed 111 and 67 while the improved crossbred chickens were fed 118 and 119 g/chicken unit/d under semi-intensive and intensive systems, respectively. Most feeds fed to dual-purpose chickens were of low nutritional quality, particularly lacking in crude protein and essential amino acids in both rearing systems and breeds. Maize bran, sunflower seedcake, and fishmeal were the main sources of energy and protein in the study area. The study findings show that the important feed ingredients: protein sources, essential amino acids, and premixes were expensive, and were not included in formulating compound feeds by most chicken farmers. Of all 101 respondents interviewed, only one was aware of aflatoxin contamination and its effects on animal and human health. All feed samples contained a detectable concentration of aflatoxins and 16% of them exceeded the allowed toxicity thresholds (>20 µg/kg). We highlight the need for a stronger focus on feeding strategies and ensuring the availability of suitable and safe feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C Wilson
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), Uyole Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Maja Slingerland
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ken E Giller
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Oosting
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Song M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ren C, Yan L, Xie J, Lai J, Zhou G, Li Y, Zhao F. The age-related metabolizable energy of cereal grains, oilseed meals, corn gluten meals, and feather meals for broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad051. [PMID: 36795069 PMCID: PMC10029845 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with two ages of broilers (11 to 14 or 25 to 28 d of age) and three samples of feed ingredients was utilized to compare metabolizable energy (ME) and ratio of ME to gross energy (GE) in each group of three cereal grains (CG, including one corn, two wheat flour), three oilseed meals (OM, including one soybean meal, one peanut meal, and one cottonseed meal), three corn gluten meals (CGM A, B, and C), and three feather meals (FM A, B, and C). Each treatment contained six replicates of four Arbor Acre male broilers in energy balance experiments. Trends toward interactions between age and source of CG were observed on the ME and ME/GE of CG (0.05
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youyou Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cong Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Newhope Liuhe Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | - Yong Li
- Newhope Liuhe Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Simões CT, da Silva CR, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Prediction of fumonisins B 1 and B 2 in corn distiller's dried grains with solubles through near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:4514-4521. [PMID: 35122263 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are coproducts of the biofuel industries that use corn as raw material. This cereal is commonly contaminated by mycotoxins, including fumonisins (FBs), which can pose a serious health threat to humans and animals. Corn DDGS are typically used as a protein-rich animal feed. As mycotoxins from the original cereal grains become concentrated in DDGS, mycotoxicological monitoring is highly required before their use as ingredient in the industry. RESULTS This work aimed to develop a methodology for predicting fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in corn DDGS using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology associated with chemometric methods. One hundred and ninety corn DDGS samples originating from Brazilian ethanol plants and feed mills were included in this assessment. Two datasets were created: one for calibration (132 samples) and another for external validation (58 samples). Partial least squares regression and a cross-validation approach were applied to build the models. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used as the reference methodology. Calibration results of correlation coefficient and residual prediction deviation for FB1 and FB2 were, respectively, 0.90 and 0.88; and 2.16 and 2.06. CONCLUSION Values of the external validation dataset were compared and no statistical difference was found between groups, indicating a satisfactory predictive ability and confirming the potential of NIRS to predict fumonisins in corn DDGS. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Tonial Simões
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Rosa da Silva
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Toomer OT, Livingston M, Wall B, Sanders E, Vu T, Malheiros RD, Livingston KA, Carvalho LV, Ferket PR, Dean LL. Feeding high-oleic peanuts to meat-type broiler chickens enhances the fatty acid profile of the meat produced. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2236-2245. [PMID: 32241509 PMCID: PMC7587852 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early feeding trials using peanut meal prepared from normal-oleic peanuts helped to identify peanuts as a suitable alternative feed ingredient for poultry. Yet no studies to date have examined the use of high-oleic peanuts (HO-PN) as a feed ingredient for meat type chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of feeding whole unblanched HO-PN on the fatty acid profile of the meat produced from broilers. At hatch male chicks were randomly placed in raised wire cages, in 10 replicate pens per treatment with 10 chicks per pen, and fed with one of the 3 isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets ad libitum for 42 days: (1) conventional control of soybean meal + corn, (2) 10 to 12% HO-PN and corn diet, or (3) control diet spiked with ≈6.0% oleic acid oil. All body weights (BW) were collected, and broiler selection for processing was determined by individual BW within one-half a standard deviation of the experiment 42-D mean BW, with one bird selected per pen (10 replicate pens per treatment, 3 treatments, 10 birds selected per treatment, yielding a total sample size of 30 birds). Performance was determined weekly and breast samples were analyzed for fatty acid and amino acid profile. All data was analyzed using analysis of variance, with t-test mean comparisons at P < 0.05. BW were similar between broilers fed the HO-PN and control diet, while feed conversion ratio of broilers fed the HO-PN diet was significantly higher at weeks 2, 4, and 6 in comparison to the other treatments (P ≤ 0.03). Broilers fed with HO-PN diet had reduced carcass and pectoralis major weights in comparison to the other treatments. Chicken breast from broilers fed the HO-PN diet had significantly reduced saturated and trans fatty acid content in comparison to the controls (P ≤ 0.0002). Although additional studies must be conducted, this study suggests that feeding whole unblanched HO-PN to broiler chickens may serve as a means to enrich the meat produced with unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondulla T Toomer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality & Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695.
| | - Matthew Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Brittany Wall
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Elliott Sanders
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Thien Vu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality & Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ramon D Malheiros
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Kim A Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Luiz Victor Carvalho
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Peter R Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Lisa L Dean
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality & Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Kostić AŽ, Milinčić DD, Barać MB, Ali Shariati M, Tešić ŽL, Pešić MB. The Application of Pollen as a Functional Food and Feed Ingredient-The Present and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E84. [PMID: 31948037 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen is recognized as an excellent dietary supplement for human nutrition, which is why it can be found in different forms on the market (granules, capsules, tablets, pellets, and powders). But, the digestibility of pollen’s nutrients is strongly affected by the presence of a pollen shell, which can decrease the bioavailability of nutrients by 50% and more. Since consumers have become more aware of the benefits of a healthy diet and the necessity to improve pollen digestibility, different pollen-based functional food products have been developed and extensive studies were done to estimate the beneficial effects of pollen-based feed on animal growth, health, and rigor mortise stage. Considering the positive effects of pollen nutrients and phytometabolites on human and animal health, the aim of this paper was to give an overview of recent achievements in the application of pollen in the formulation of functional food and animal diets. Special attention was paid to the effects of pollen’s addition on the nutritional, functional, techno-functional, and sensory properties of the new formulated food products. Anti-nutritional properties of pollen were also discussed. This review points out the benefits of pollen addition to food and feed and the possible directions in the further development of functional food and feed for the wellbeing of everyone.
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Wu SB, Choct M, Pesti G. Historical flaws in bioassays used to generate metabolizable energy values for poultry feed formulation: a critical review. Poult Sci 2020; 99:385-406. [PMID: 32416823 PMCID: PMC7587670 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary energy available to animals is key for formulating feed as it is required for all aspects of the animal's life. In poultry, apparent (AME) and true (TME) metabolizable energy (ME) values have been used for feed formulation with (AMEn or TMEn) or without correction for nitrogen balance. For the past 50 yr, the accuracy of ME has been an ongoing debate, and the comparability of data produced using different bioassay systems is often questionable. Overall, the ingredient matric ME values used in feed formulation are not consistent, and to some extent, confusing. This review was to examine ME data published in the past century to elucidate the accuracy of different bioassay systems and examine the values for accuracy and useability. A variety of flaws are identified in the literature, suggesting a thorough re-thinking of feedstuff ME values currently used in feed formulation and in developing prediction equations. Two protocols, namely multiple linear regression and basal diet substitution methods, are proposed as more accurate bioassays for feedstuff ME values. AME aligns more closely with the actual energy levels of feed ingredients likely available to growing birds, which should be used for poultry feed formulations instead of AMEn. It is suggested that nutritionists need to carefully apply any reported AME values and only use those in formulation practice after careful scrutinizing. Any in vitro, NIR or table values must be calibrated or computed based on the values produced from flawless bioassays so as to apply the derived values accurately. Flaws identified in this literature review can be avoided with care to achieve more accurate AME. However, the assumption that the energy of individual ingredients is additive in a complete diet is still untrue at least under some circumstances. This may require efforts from industry and researchers to investigate relations among the main ingredients in a complete diet so that more accurate formulation can be performed based on the outcomes that may fine-tune the additivity assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Gene Pesti
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia; Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2772
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Park J, Chang H, Kim D, Chung S, Lee C. Long-Term Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol in Feed and Feed Raw Materials with a Special Focus on South Korea. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030127. [PMID: 29547546 PMCID: PMC5869415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium fungi produce toxic substances called mycotoxins, which can cause disease and harmful effects in grains, livestock, and humans. Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of the Fusarium mycotoxins that is known to cause vomiting in livestock. This study shows the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in feedstuffs (compound feed and feed ingredients) between 2009 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 653 domestic samples were collected at five time points, including 494 compound feed samples and 159 feed ingredient samples. DON contamination levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pretreatment using an immunoaffinity column (IAC). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated at 1–10 µg/kg and 3–35 µg/kg, respectively. Two compound feeds (two gestating sow feed samples) out of 160 pig feed samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) guidance value, while no feed ingredient samples exceeded the EC or South Korean guidance values. There were statistically significant differences in the mean contamination levels of compound feed and feed ingredients that indicated a decreasing trend over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Park
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Hansub Chang
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
| | - Dongho Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Soohyun Chung
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Chan Lee
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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Alhotan RA, Vedenov DV, Pesti GM. Estimation of the maximum safe level of feed ingredients by spline or broken-line nonlinear regression models. Poult Sci 2017; 96:904-913. [PMID: 27702921 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-linear regression models in the analysis of biological data has led to advances in poultry nutrition. Spline or broken-line nonlinear regression models are commonly used to estimate nutritional requirements. One particular application of broken-line models is estimating the maximum safe level (MSL) of feed ingredients beyond which the ingredients become toxic, resulting in reduced performance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of broken-line models (broken-line linear or BLL; and broken-line quadratic or BLQ) in estimating the MSL; to identify the most efficient design of feeding trials by finding the optimal number of ingredient levels and replications; and to re-estimate the MSL of various test ingredients reported in the nutrition literature for comparison purposes. The Maximum Ingredient level Optimization Workbook (MIOW) was developed to simulate a series of experiments and estimate the MSL and the corresponding descriptive statistics (SD, SE, CI, and R2). The results showed that the broken-line models provided good estimates of the MSL (small SE and high R2) with the BLL model producing higher MSL values as compared to the BLQ model. Increasing the number of experimental replications or ingredient levels (independently of each other) reduced the SE of the MSL with diminishing returns. The SE of the MSL was reduced with increasing the size (total pens) of the simulated experiments by increasing either the number of replications or levels or both. The evaluation of MSLs reported in the existing literature revealed that the multiple range procedure used to determine the MSL in several reports can both overestimate and underestimate the MSL compared to the results obtained by the broken-line models. The results suggest that the broken-line linear models can be used in lieu of the multiple range test to estimate the MSL of feed ingredients along with the corresponding descriptive statistics, such as the SE of the MSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Alhotan
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - D V Vedenov
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - G M Pesti
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Aureli R, Ueberschlag Q, Klein F, Noël C, Guggenbuhl P. Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict phytate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and crude protein of common poultry feed ingredients. Poult Sci 2016; 96:160-168. [PMID: 27433015 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study that is presented herein was to develop near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations to predict total phosphorus (P), phytate-P, and protein concentrations of feed ingredients commonly used in monogastric feed formulation. Samples representing 14 vegetable ingredients (cereals, cereal by-products, and oilseed meals) were collected worldwide throughout 2013. The samples were assayed by standard wet chemical techniques for total P, phytate-P, and protein content. There was substantial variability in protein, phytate-P, and total P within and between ingredients used in the calibration set. Protein content varied from 76 to 487 g/kg. Total P ranged from 2.09 and 22.5 g/kg and phytate-P ranged from 0.99 and 13.8 g/kg. Within these broad ranges, NIRS values were highly correlated for determination of protein, total P, and phytate-P with a standard error of prediction equal to 9.06 g/kg, 0.80 g/kg, and 0.66 g/kg, respectively. The wide diversity and heterogeneity of the mix of feed ingredients allowed the development of NIRS calibrations of sufficient accuracy to help nutritionists control the nutritional composition of their feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aureli
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, F-68128, Village-Neuf, France
| | - Q Ueberschlag
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, F-68128, Village-Neuf, France
| | - F Klein
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, F-68128, Village-Neuf, France
| | - C Noël
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, F-68128, Village-Neuf, France
| | - P Guggenbuhl
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, F-68128, Village-Neuf, France
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Moroney NC, Wan AHL, Soler-Vila A, FitzGerald RD, Johnson MP, Kerry JP. Inclusion of Palmaria palmata (red seaweed) in Atlantic salmon diets: effects on the quality, shelf-life parameters and sensory properties of fresh and cooked salmon fillets. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:897-905. [PMID: 24852938 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Palmaria palmata (PP) as a natural ingredient in farmed Atlantic salmon diets was investigated. The effect of salmon diet supplementation with P. palmata (0, 5, 10 and 15%) or synthetic astaxanthin (positive control, PC) for 16 weeks pre-slaughter on quality indices of fresh salmon fillets was examined. The susceptibility of salmon fillets/homogenates to oxidative stress conditions was also measured. RESULTS In salmon fillets stored in modified atmosphere packs (60% N2 /40% CO2 ) for up to 15 days at 4 °C, P. palmata increased surface -a* (greenness) and b* (yellowness) values in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a final yellow/orange flesh colour. In general, the dietary addition of P. palmata had no effect on pH, lipid oxidation (fresh, cooked and fillet homogenates) and microbiological status. 'Eating quality' sensory descriptors (texture, odour and oxidation flavour) in cooked salmon fillets were not influenced by dietary P. palmata. Salmon fed 5% PP showed increased overall acceptability compared with those fed PC and 0% PP. CONCLUSION Dietary P. palmata was ineffective at providing red coloration in salmon fillets, but pigment deposition enhanced fillets with a yellow/orange colour. Carotenoids from P. palmata may prove to be a natural pigment alternative to canthaxanthin in salmon feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Moroney
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Ireland
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