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Kim H, Cho JE, Seo KJ, Lee J. Bilateral ankle deformities affects gait kinematics in chronic stroke patients. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1078064. [PMID: 36846122 PMCID: PMC9947404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1078064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Stroke patients suffer from ankle joint deformities due to spastic ankle muscles. This study evaluated the viability of using 3D scanned surface images of the feet of stroke victims to visually assess the deformities of a hemiparetic foot and investigated the influences of deformed ankle joints on gait kinematics. Methods A total of 30 subjects with stroke-induced hemiparesis and 11 age-matched healthy controls completed the clinical assessments. We analyzed their feet's morphometric characteristics using a 3D scanner, identified convenient anthropometric measurements, and conducted gait trials on even and uneven terrains. The 3D foot morphometric characteristics were evaluated using the geometric morphometrics method (GMM). Results Results showed that there were significant differences in bilateral foot shapes between the chronic stroke patients and healthy controls and between the paretic and non-paretic sides in the chronic stroke patients. In stroke patients, those with the smaller medial malleoli's vertical tilt angles showed significantly different ankle ranges of motion of dorsi-/plantar flexion during gaits on uneven terrains (p = 0.009). In addition, those with the greater medial malleoli's vertical tilt angles showed significantly different ankle ranges of motion of inversion/eversion during gaits on even and uneven terrains (p < 0.05). Conclusion Using 3D scanning technology, bilateral morphometric changes in the feet of chronic stroke patients were shown by GMM and the simple anthropometric measurements identified its shape deformities in the feet. Their possible effects on gait kinematics while walking on uneven terrains were investigated. Current methodology can be potentially useful in applying conventional productions of clinically manufactured, patient-fitted ankle-foot-orthosis in orthotics and prosthetics, and in detecting various unidentified pathological deformities in the feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hogene Kim
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation Research, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Translational Research Center on Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Hogene Kim ✉ ; ✉
| | - Ji-Eun Cho
- Translational Research Center on Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Seo
- Translational Research Center on Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shen S, Lam WK, Teng J, Jia SW, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC, Fekete G, Gu Y. Gender and leg-dominance differences in shoe properties and foot injuries in badminton: a cross-sectional survey. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 35369886 PMCID: PMC8978418 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
While the roles of injury prevention and performance enhancement have increasingly been investigated for badminton footwear, there is a lack of research on gender-specific badminton footwear. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in footwear demands and foot injuries in badminton.
Methods
The study was a cross-sectional survey, in which 326 recreational badminton players were recruited. The questionnaire was divided into four sections enquiring about the characteristics of (1) participant profiles, (2) importance of shoe properties (3) shoe complaints (4) and pain or discomfort in different foot regions. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were performed to determine the differences between genders and the differences between leg dominance, respectively. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results
Both males and females rated shoe fit as the most important features, followed by the overall comfort and injury protection. Females considered the shoe forefoot cushioning, comfort, breathability and colour as more important compared with the other properties, which showed distinct pattern differences from males. The shoe problem results indicated that plantar pain of the non-dominant foot was considered the most commonly reported footwear problem by both males and females. The problem of excessive arch-support on the dominant and non-dominant sides of male participants was significantly higher than females (p < 0.05). Occasional pain or frequent pain were mainly distributed in the forefoot, followed by the rearfoot and midfoot regions.
Conclusion
There were small differences in footwear demand between the dominant and non-dominant sides, but several differences existed between females and males. The results from gender differences suggested that female shoes prefer a specific shoe last for better fit, rather than a modified version of male shoes. In the future, the design of badminton shoes should consider footwear demands and foot discomfort profiles in respective male and female badminton players.
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Imai T, Okami K. Facial cues to age perception using three-dimensional analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209639. [PMID: 30759092 PMCID: PMC6373935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify cues for age perception, the three-dimensional head and face forms of Japanese women were analyzed. It is known that age-related transformations are mainly caused by changes in soft tissue during adulthood. A homologous polygon model was created by fitting template meshes to each study participant to obtain three-dimensional data for analyzing whole head and face forms. Using principal component analysis of the vertices coordinates of these models, 26 principal components were extracted (contribution ratios >0.5%), which accounted for more than 90% of the total variance. Among the principal components, five had a significant correlation with the perceived ages of the participants (p < 0.05). Transformations with these principal components in the age-related direction produced aged faces. Moreover, the older the perceived age, the larger the ratio of age-manifesting participants, namely participants who had one or more age-related principal component score greater than +1.0 σ in the age-related direction. Therefore, these five principal components were regarded as aging factors. A cluster analysis of the five aging factors revealed that all of the participants fell into one of four groups, meaning that specific combinations of factors could be used as cues for age perception in each group. These results suggest that Japanese women can be classified into four groups according to age-related transformations of soft tissue in the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Imai
- Skin Care Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyoko Okami
- Skin Care Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Wang CC, Yang CH, Wang CS, Xu D, Huang BS. Artificial neural networks in the selection of shoe lasts for people with mild diabetes. Med Eng Phys 2019; 64:37-45. [PMID: 30655221 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This research addressed the selection of shoe lasts for footwear design to help relieve the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy and foot ulcers. A reverse engineering (RE) technique was used to convert point clouds corresponding to scanned shoe lasts and diabetic foot data into stereo lithograph (STL) meshes. A slicing algorithm was developed and was used to find relevant girth features of diabetic foot and the shoe lasts. An artificial neural network, termed self-organizing map (SOM), classified 60 sets of shoe lasts into similar groups. Foot shapes of three mild diabetic patients were entered into the SOM feature categories to match with suitable shoe lasts. By conducting expert questionnaire analysis of the characteristic girths featured data with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the weights of the girths were obtained. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was then used to calculate the correlation between foot girth and the corresponding range of shoe lasts. The most suitable shoe last for each patient with a mild diabetic foot can be determined by calculating the relative fitness function for each patient. By correlating diabetic foot with suitable shoe lasts, this study demonstrated an effective strategy for designing shoes for patients with mild diabetes, which can then be manufactured to meet customized requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chuan Wang
- Department of Multimedia and Game Science, Chung-Chou University of Science and Technology, 6, Lane 2, Sec. 3, Shanjiao Rd., Yuanlin, Chung-Hwa 510, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hu Yang
- Department of Industrial Design, Tung-Hai University, P.O. Box 965, Taichung 407 Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Shing Wang
- Department of Industrial Design, Tung-Hai University, P.O. Box 965, Taichung 407 Taiwan.
| | - Dandan Xu
- The Graduate Institude of Design Science, Tatung University, 40, Sec. 3, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Shin Huang
- Department of Industrial Design, Tung-Hai University, P.O. Box 965, Taichung 407 Taiwan.
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Dobson JA, Riddiford-Harland DL, Bell AF, Steele JR. How do we fit underground coal mining work boots? ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:1496-1506. [PMID: 29920147 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1489069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acceptable footwear fit, particularly width, is subjective and vaguely quantified. Proper shoe fit is important because it affects both comfort and the potential to prevent injury. Although mismatches between the feet of underground coal miners and their internal boot dimensions are known, no research has been undertaken to determine the impact of these mismatches on worker perceptions of fit, comfort and pain. This study aimed to quantitatively assess mining work boot fit relative to underground coal miners' subjectively rated work boot fit and comfort, reported foot problems, lower limb pain and lower back pain in order to develop evidence-based work boot fit recommendations. Traditional footwear fitting methods based predominantly on foot length are insufficient for underground coal mining-specific footwear. Instead, fit at the heel, instep and forefoot must be considered when fitting underground coal mining work boots, in conjunction with the traditional length measurement.Practitioner summary: Underground coal miners report their work boots fit but are uncomfortable. This study assessed actual fit relative to perceived fit, comfort, foot problems, lower limb pain and lower back pain of 197 miners. Fit at the heel, instep and forefoot must be considered when fitting mining work boots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Dobson
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Diane L Riddiford-Harland
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Alison F Bell
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
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Buldt AK, Menz HB. Incorrectly fitted footwear, foot pain and foot disorders: a systematic search and narrative review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Res 2018; 11:43. [PMID: 30065787 PMCID: PMC6064070 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Correct footwear fitting is acknowledged as being vitally important, as incorrectly fitted footwear has been linked to foot pathology. The aim of this narrative review was to determine the prevalence of incorrectly fitted footwear and to examine the association between incorrectly fitted footwear, foot pain and foot disorders. Methods A database search of Ovid MEDLINE and CINAHL yielded 1,681 citations for title and abstract review. Eighteen articles were included. Findings were summarised under the categories of (i) children, (ii) adults, (ii) older people, (iii) people with diabetes and (iii) occupation- or activity-specific footwear. Differences in footwear fitting between sexes were also explored. Results Between 63 and 72% of participants were wearing shoes that did not accommodate either width or length dimensions of their feet. There was also evidence that incorrect footwear fitting was associated with foot pain and foot disorders such as lesser toe deformity, corns and calluses. Specific participant groups, such as children with Down syndrome and older people and people with diabetes were more likely to wear shoes that were too narrow (between 46 and 81%). Conclusion A large proportion of the population wear incorrectly sized footwear, which is associated with foot pain and foot disorders. Greater emphasis should be placed on both footwear fitting education and the provision of an appropriately large selection of shoes that can accommodate the variation in foot morphology among the population, particularly in relation to foot width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Buldt
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia.,2Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia.,2Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
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Dobson JA, Riddiford-Harland DL, Bell AF, Steele JR. The three-dimensional shapes of underground coal miners' feet do not match the internal dimensions of their work boots. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:588-602. [PMID: 29065793 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1397201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mining work boots provide an interface between the foot and the ground, protecting and supporting miners' feet during lengthy coal mining shifts. Although underground coal miners report the fit of their work boots as reasonable to good, they frequently rate their boots as uncomfortable, suggesting that there is a mismatch between the shape of their feet and their boots. This study aimed to identify whether dimensions derived from the three-dimensional scans of 208 underground coal miners' feet (age 38.3 ± 9.8 years) differed from the internal dimensions of their work boots. The results revealed underground coal miners wore boots that were substantially longer than their feet, possibly because boots available in their correct length were too narrow. It is recommended boot manufacturers reassess the algorithms used to create boot lasts, focusing on adjusting boot circumference at the instep and heel relative to increases in foot length. Practitioner Summary: Fit and comfort ratings suggest a mismatch between the shape of underground coal miners' feet and their boots exists. This study examined whether three-dimensional scans of 208 miners' feet differed from their boot internal dimensions. Miners wore boots substantially longer than their feet, possibly due to inadequate width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Dobson
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Diane L Riddiford-Harland
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Alison F Bell
- b School of Health & Society, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- a Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
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8
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Olaso Melis JC, Priego Quesada JI, Lucas-Cuevas AG, González García JC, Puigcerver Palau S. Soccer players' fitting perception of different upper boot materials. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2016; 55:27-32. [PMID: 26995033 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the influence of upper boot materials on fitting perception. Twenty players tested three soccer boots only differing in the upper boot material (natural calf leather, natural kangaroo leather and synthetic leather). Players reported fitting perception and preference on specific foot areas using a perceived fitting scale. Ratings were averaged for every foot area. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the differences between boots. The kangaroo leather boots were perceived tighter and closer to the preferred fitting in general fitting, metatarsals area and instep area. The synthetic leather boots were perceived as the loosest and as the most distant boot from the preferred fitting in medial front area and instep area. In conclusion, the type of upper boot material influences the fitting perception of soccer players. The kangaroo leather was the material whose fitting was perceived closest to the players fitting preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Olaso Melis
- Innovation Department, Grupo Yorga, Parque Tecnológico C/ Charles Robert Darwin, 34-36, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J I Priego Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - A G Lucas-Cuevas
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - J C González García
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia (IBV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - S Puigcerver Palau
- Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia (IBV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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9
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Jimeno-Morenilla A, García-Rodríguez J, Orts S, Davia-Aracil M. GNG based foot reconstruction for custom footwear manufacturing. COMPUT IND 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Menz HB, Auhl M, Ristevski S, Frescos N, Munteanu SE. Evaluation of the accuracy of shoe fitting in older people using three-dimensional foot scanning. J Foot Ankle Res 2014; 7:3. [PMID: 24456656 PMCID: PMC3903039 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ill-fitting footwear is a common problem in older people. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of shoe fitting in older people by comparing the dimensions of allocated shoes to foot dimensions obtained with a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. Methods The shoe sizes of 56 older people were determined with the Brannock device®, and weightbearing foot scans were obtained with the FotoScan 3D scanner (Precision 3D Ltd, Weston-super-mare, UK). Participants were provided with a pair of shoes (Dr Comfort®, Vista, CA, USA), available in three width fittings (medium, wide and extra wide). The dimensions (length, ball width and ball girth) of the allocated shoes were documented according to the last measurements provided by the manufacturer. Mean differences between last dimensions and foot dimensions obtained with the 3D scanner were calculated to provide an indication of shoe fitting accuracy. Participants were also asked to report their perception of shoe fit and comfort, using 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS). Results Shoe size ranged from US size 7 to 14 for men and 5.5 to 11 for women. The allocated shoes were significantly longer than the foot (mean 23.6 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1 to 25.2; t55 = 30.3, p < 0.001), however there were no significant differences in relation to ball width (mean 1.4 mm, 95% CI −0.1 to 2.9 mm; t55 = 1.9, p = 0.066) or ball girth (mean −0.7 mm, 95% CI −6.1 to 4.8 mm; t55 = −0.2, p = 0.810). Participants reported favourable perceptions of shoe fit (mean VAS = 90.7 mm, 95% CI 88.4 to 93.1 mm) and comfort (mean VAS = 88.4 mm, 95% CI 85.0 to 91.8 mm). Conclusion Shoe size selection using the Brannock device® resulted in the allocation of shoes with last dimensions that were well matched to the dimensions of the foot. Participants also considered the shoes to be well fitted and comfortable. Older people with disabling foot pain can therefore be dispensed with appropriately-fitted shoes using this technique, provided that the style and materials used are suitable and extra width fittings are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylton B Menz
- Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, VIC, Australia.
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Lam WK, Sterzing T, Cheung JTM. Influence of protocol complexity on fit perception of basketball footwear. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2013.789933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rao S, Ripa R, Lightbourne K. Predictors of walking speed and stride length in high- and low-heeled footwear. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2013.808707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Lam WK, Sterzing T, Cheung JTM. Reliability of a basketball specific testing protocol for footwear fit and comfort perception. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.630680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
One important extrinsic factor that causes foot deformity and pain in women is footwear. Women's sports shoes are designed as smaller versions of men's shoes. Based on this, the current study aims to identify foot shape in 1,236 Chinese young adult men and 1,085 Chinese young adult women. Three-dimensional foot shape data were collected through video filming. Nineteen foot shape variables were measured, including girth (4 variables), length (4 variables), width (3 variables), height (7 variables), and angle (1 variable). A comparison of foot measures within the range of the common foot length (FL) categories indicates that women showed significantly smaller values of foot measures in width, height, and girth than men. Three foot types were classified, and distributions of different foot shapes within the same FL were found between women and men. Foot width, medial ball length, ball angle, and instep height showed significant differences among foot types in the same FL for both genders. There were differences in the foot shape between Chinese young women and men, which should be considered in the design of Chinese young adults' sports shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Hong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, China
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Mickle KJ, Munro BJ, Lord SR, Menz HB, Steele JR. Foot shape of older people: implications for shoe design. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2010.487053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Krauss I, Valiant G, Horstmann T, Grau S. Comparison of Female Foot Morphology and Last Design in Athletic Footwear—Are Men's Lasts Appropriate for Women? Res Sports Med 2010; 18:140-56. [PMID: 20397116 DOI: 10.1080/15438621003627216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Krauss
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gordon Valiant
- b Nike Sports Research Laboratory , Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
- c Medical Park Bad Wiessee Gmb H & Co. , Bad Wiessee, Germany
| | - Stefan Grau
- a Medical Clinic, Department of Sports Medicine , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
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Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, Maiwald C, Horstmann T. A new approach to children's footwear based on foot type classification. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:999-1008. [PMID: 19629814 DOI: 10.1080/00140130902803549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current shoe designs do not allow for the comprehensive 3-D foot shape, which means they are unable to reproduce the wide variability in foot morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to capture these variations of children's feet by classifying them into groups (types) and thereby provide a basis for their implementation in the design of children's shoes. The feet of 2867 German children were measured using a 3-D foot scanner. Cluster analysis was then applied to classify the feet into three different foot types. The characteristics of these foot types differ regarding their volume and forefoot shape both within and between shoe sizes. This new approach is in clear contrast to previous systems, since it captures the variability of foot morphology in a more comprehensive way by using a foot typing system and therefore paves the way for the unimpaired development of children's feet. Previous shoe systems do not allow for the wide variations in foot morphology. A new approach was developed regarding different morphological foot types based on 3-D measurements relevant in shoe construction. This can be directly applied to create specific designs for children's shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mauch
- crossklinik, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Basel, Switzerland.
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XIONG SHUPING, GOONETILLEKE RAVINDRAS, ZHAO JIANHUI, LI WENYAN, WITANA CHANNAP. Foot deformations under different load-bearing conditions and their relationships to stature and body weight. ANTHROPOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.070915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHUPING XIONG
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai
| | - RAVINDRA S. GOONETILLEKE
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - JIANHUI ZHAO
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - WENYAN LI
- Department of Light Industry, Zhejiang Industry and Trade Polytechnic, Wenzhou
| | - CHANNA P. WITANA
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
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Krauss I, Grau S, Mauch M, Maiwald C, Horstmann T. Sex-related differences in foot shape. ERGONOMICS 2008; 51:1693-709. [PMID: 18941975 DOI: 10.1080/00140130802376026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate sex-related differences in foot morphology. In total, 847 subjects were scanned using a 3-D-footscanner. Three different analysis methods were used: (1) comparisons were made for absolute foot measures within 250-270 mm foot length (FL); (2) and for averaged measures (% FL) across all sizes; (3) the feet were then classified using a cluster analysis. Within 250-270 mm FL, male feet were wider and higher (mean differences (MD) 1.3-5.9 mm). No relevant sex-related differences could be found in the comparison of averaged measures (MD 0.3-0.6% FL). Foot types were categorised into voluminous, flat-pointed and slender. Shorter feet were more often voluminous, longer feet were more likely to be narrow and flat. However, the definition of 'short' and 'long' was sex-related; thus, allometry of foot measures was different. For shoe design, measures should be derived for each size and sex separately. Different foot types should be considered to account for the variety in foot shape. Improper footwear can cause foot pain and deformity. Therefore, knowledge of sex-related differences in foot measures is important to assist proper shoe fit in both men and women. The present study supplements the field of knowledge within this context with recommendations for the manufacturing of shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krauss
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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Witana CP, Feng J, Goonetilleke RS. Dimensional differences for evaluating the quality of footwear fit. ERGONOMICS 2004; 47:1301-1317. [PMID: 15370849 DOI: 10.1080/00140130410001712645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Very few standards exist for fitting products to people. Footwear is a noteworthy example. This study is an attempt to evaluate the quality of footwear fit using two-dimensional foot outlines. Twenty Hong Kong Chinese students participated in an experiment that involved three pairs of dress shoes and one pair of athletic shoes. The participants' feet were scanned using a commercial laser scanner, and each participant wore and rated the fit of each region of each shoe. The shoe lasts were also scanned and were used to match the foot scans with the last scans. The ANOVA showed significant (p < 0.05) differences among the four pairs of shoes for the overall, fore-foot and rear-foot fit ratings. There were no significant differences among shoes for mid-foot fit rating. These perceived differences were further analysed after matching the 2D outlines of both last and feet. The point-wise dimensional difference between foot and shoe outlines were computed and analysed after normalizing with foot perimeter. The dimensional difference (DD) plots along the foot perimeter showed that fore-foot fit was strongly correlated (R(2) > 0.8) with two of the minimums in the DD-plot while mid-foot fit was strongly correlated (R(2) > 0.9) with the dimensional difference around the arch region and a point on the lateral side of the foot. The DD-plots allow the designer to determine the critical locations that may affect footwear fit in addition to quantifying the nature of misfit so that design changes to shape and material may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channa P Witana
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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