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Lu Q, Mei Y, Wu Y, Lin H, Li Y. Effective Detection of Cu(II) Ions Based on Carbon Dots@Exfoliated Layered Double Hydroxides Composites Fluorescence Probe. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03597-w. [PMID: 38358445 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A series of carbon dots@exfoliated layered double hydroxides (CDs@LDH) composites were hydrothermally fabricated by Mg/Al LDH and formamide. The results of FTIR, UV-vis, and XPS spectra in company with HRTEM images showed that crystalline nano CDs formed on the single layer of LDH by Mg-C bond. With the increase of solvothermal reaction time from 2 to 6 h, the band gap and the binding energy of aminic and graphitic N species of CDs@LDH composites decreased, whereas the crystallinity increased. The fluorescence peaks of CDs@LDH composites could be deconvoluted into short-wavelength (416 nm) and large-wavelength (443 nm) components by Gaussian function, and the fluorescence intensities of both components enhanced with the extension of the solvothermal reaction time. The simultaneous enhancements of fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield resulted from the relatively high electron density in graphitic nitrogen of CDs@LDH, whereas the reduction of nonradiative rate was due to the high crystallinity in the carbon core of CDs@LDH. A strong exciton-lattice interaction also has been validated based on the excitation and emission spectra of CDs@LDH, so the fluorescence emission of CDs@LDH composite was heavily related to its crystalline carbon core and nitrogen-containing groups. CDs@LDH with high nitrogen-containing exhibited a superior detection property for Cu2+ ion sensing with the linear range of 26.90 ~ 192.20 μM and a limit of detection of 0.1957 μM. The photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process dominated the fluorescence quenching of CDs@LDH by Cu2+ ion since the fluorescence lifetime decreased with the increase of Cu2+ ion concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quliang Lu
- Chengxian College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210088, P. R. China.
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China.
| | - Yixian Mei
- Chengxian College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210088, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Chengxian College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210088, P. R. China
| | - Houjun Lin
- Chengxian College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210088, P. R. China
| | - YanLi Li
- Chengxian College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210088, P. R. China
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Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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3
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Zhu X, Pang H, Zheng N, Tian P, Ning G. High effects of smoke suppression and char formation of NiMo/Mg(OH)
2
for polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hongchang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Guiling Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian China
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Influence of the Characteristics of Expandable Graphite on the Morphology, Thermal Properties, Fire Behaviour and Compression Performance of a Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11010168. [PMID: 30960151 PMCID: PMC6401788 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of expandable graphite (EG) differing in particle size and expansion volume, are compared as flame retardant additives to rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). In this paper we discuss microstructure, thermal stability, fire behavior, and compression performance. We find that ell size distributions were less homogeneous and cell size was reduced. Furthermore, thermal conductivity increased along with EG loading. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that EG only increased residue yield differently. The results indicate that a higher expansion of EG increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, whereas a bigger particle size EG improved the rating of the vertical burning test (UL94). Results from the cone calorimeter test showed that a bigger particle size EG effectively reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR). Furthermore, a higher expansion, led to a decrease in smoke production (TSP). The combination of both characteristics gives extraordinary results. The physical–mechanical characterization of the EG/RPUF foams revealed that their compression performance decreased slightly, mostly due to the effect of a bigger size EG.
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Wang M, Li LT, Wang N, Chen XL, Guo JB. Influence of PA6 as a Charring Agent on Flame Retardancy, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of LGFR PP Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, the combustion, thermal, and mechanical performances of long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (LGFPP/IFR) composites with different contents of polyamide 6 (PA6) as a charring agent were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical property test. The results showed that LGFPP/IFR/PA6 composites exhibited much better flame retardancy due to the dense char layer structure, as proved by SEM. When 15 wt% PA6 was added, the LGFPP/IFR composites had the best flame retardancy, and LOI increased by 55.1 %, and the UL-94 reached V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter tests indicated that PA6 could prevent the transmission of heat and the volatilization of flammable substances, thereby reducing the heat release of “second burning”. According to TGA analysis, the carbon layer began to form at a lower temperature due to the synergistic effect between IFR and PA6. Moreover, the calculation of apparent active energy (Ea) revealed that PA6 effectively increased the Ea values of the composites, resulting in a better thermal stability and flame retardancy. In addition, PA6 enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- 1School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PRC
| | - L.-T. Li
- 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - N. Wang
- 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - X.-L. Chen
- 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - J.-B. Guo
- 1School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, PRC
- 3National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, Guizhou, PRC
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Zhou DF, Qi F, Chen XL, Guo JB, Zuo XL, Shao HJ. Effect of Brominated Epoxy Resins on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Long-Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6. INT POLYM PROC 2016. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, the compounds of brominated epoxy resins and antimony trioxide (BER/Sb2O3) additives are analyzed and added into long-glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/LGF) composites in order to solve the “candle-wick effect” caused by glass fibers. The thermal stability, flammability, and morphology of charred residues of the flame retardant PA6/LGF composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results show the addition of BER/Sb2O3 provides improvements in flame retardancy by increasing the LOI values, enhancing UL-94 rating, and reducing the heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion due to the formation of consolidated and thick charred residual structures on the surfaces of the LGF reinforced PA6 composites. When the content of BER/Sb2O3 is increased to 12 wt%, the LOI value and UL-94 rating of BER/PA6/LGF composites reach 24.8 and V-0, respectively. The TGA results exhibit that the decomposition temperature of the PA6/LGF composites decreases with the addition of BER/Sb2O3 additive, resulting in forming some high quality residual char layer. A possible flame retardant mechanism is proposed to illustrate the effect of the gaseous and condensed phases on the flame retardancy of the PA6/LGF composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.-F. Zhou
- 1School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, PRC
| | - F. Qi
- 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - X.-L. Chen
- 2Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - J.-B. Guo
- 3National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang, PRC
| | - X.-L. Zuo
- 3National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang, PRC
| | - H.-J. Shao
- 3National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang, PRC
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7
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Influence of polyamide 6 as a charring agent on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Xu Y, Chen M, Ning X, Chen X, Sun Z, Ma Y, Qin J, Yu J, Zhang Z, Yang L, Bo X, Chen Z. The Thermal Stability and Flammability of Expandable Graphite-Filled Polypropylene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.860307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Chen M, Xu Y, Chen X, Ma Y, He W, Yu J, Zhang Z. Thermal stability and combustion behavior of flame-retardant polypropylene with thermoplastic polyurethane-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313517910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, thermoplastic polyurethane-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MTAPP) is prepared and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MTAPP and APP are added onto polypropylene (PP) as a novel intumescent flame-retardant system to improve the flame retardancy of PP. The flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the flame-retardant PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), TGA, and mechanical properties tests. The results show that MTAPP exhibits better flame retardancy and thermal stability than that of the APP in the flame-retardant PP composites. The LOI value of the PP/MTAPP composite at the same loading level is higher than that of PP/APP composite. The dripping of MTAPP system disappears compared with APP system from UL-94 test. The results of the CCT also indicate that MTAPP is an effective flame retardant in PP. The improvement may be attributed to the better charring capacity of MTAPP from TGA. Additionally, the mechanical properties of MTAPP are better than those of APP in PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidi He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Li YL, Kuan CF, Hsu SW, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Lee FM, Yip MC, Chiang CL. Preparation, thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of halogen-free polypropylene composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008312443391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was prepared. This halogen-free flame retardant was blended with polypropylene (PP) by hot melting to improve the flame-retardant capability and thermal stability of the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, and UL-94 measurements were applied to characterize the structure and thermal and flame-retardant properties of the composites. When the flame-retardant concentration was 40 wt%, the LOI value of the composite was 40, passing the V-0 rating of the UL-94 test. The LOI and UL-94 data showed the composites have an excellent flame-retardant property. For a kinetic study of thermal degradation, Ozawa’s method was applied to calculate the activation energies of pure PP and the composites. Analytical results indicate that the composites had higher values, meaning they have better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Luen Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Feng Kuan
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chiang Kuan
- Department of Energy Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mei Lee
- Department of Child Care and Education, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuen Yip
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
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11
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Svoboda P, Theravalappil R, Poongavalappil S, Vilcakova J, Svobodova D, Mokrejs P, Blaha A. A study on electrical and thermal conductivities of ethylene-octene copolymer/expandable graphite composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Chen K, Huang X, Tang X, Zhu L. Study on the Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Polyphosphazene Nanotube as a Flame Retardant for Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2010.549435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyong Chen
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaozhen Tang
- b National Key Laboratory of metallic Matrix Composite Material, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Zhu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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