1
|
Jafary H, Ashrafi E. Attachment and Emotion Regulation: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Iranian and Dutch Gay Men. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:1348-1363. [PMID: 35030059 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.2020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Negative beliefs and stigmatization of all that is not heterosexual still have an adverse impact on the mental health of the homosexual population in many countries. The purpose of the present study was to comparatively assess how sociocultural differences regarding the level of homosexuality acceptance impact the adult attachment dimensions and emotion regulation strategies among three groups of Iranian and Dutch gay men. A community sample of 124 gay men (40 of Iranians residing in their home country, 41 of Iranians immigrated to the Netherlands and 43 Dutch) participated in the study and completed Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). MANOVA and follow-up post-hoc Tukey tests were conducted in order to analyze the data. Results demonstrated a noticeable difference in both studied variables, attachment dimensions (close, anxiety, and depend) and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), among the three groups of participants. As the Iranian (residing in Iran) group showed the greatest levels of anxiety and emotional suppression with the lowest levels of close (convenience of getting intimate to others), depend (trust and depend on others to be availabale when needed) and cognitive reappraisal (ability to alter the emotion caused by an event, before experiencing it by reinterpreting the situation), while the highest levels of depend, close and cognitive reappraisal and the lowest levels of anxiety and emotional suppression were seen in the Dutch group. Finally, Iranian gay immigrants came half way between. This data highlights the role of cultural differences in terms of homosexuality acceptance or stigmatization, in the way gay men exhibit their attachment and manage their emotions either by reappraisal or suppression. Comparative cross-cultural studies are possibly able to open paths to new research on psychological factors of non-heterosexuals in different countries with various cultures and religions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Jafary
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Ashrafi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mokhtari S, Shariat SV, Ardebili ME, Shalbafan M. Iranian students' attitudes toward premarital sex, marriage, and family in different college majors. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1186-1194. [PMID: 32672512 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1789150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study is performed to examine the attitudes regarding marriage, family, and premarital sex among the students of different majors. Participants: Four hundred fifty-seven students from four majors studying Medical Sciences, Arts, Humanities, and Mathematics/Engineering within the age range of 18- to 24-year old. Method: Participants were selected from different universities in Tehran using stratified nonprobability sampling method. Attitudes of our participants were examined using the premarital sexual, marital, child-rearing, and family attitude Survey and demographic variables, including major, age, gender, religious beliefs, family socioeconomic level, and marital status were evaluated. Results: Most of the results of the survey showed significant differences between different majors. Art students were open to premarital sex more than other students and believed that premarital sex would cause no harm in reputation for females. By contrast, Medical sciences students had the highest agreement regarding the bad influence on the reputation of females because of premarital sex and also regarding men's tendency to virgin girls. Art students mostly approved the acceleration of the divorce process while the highest disapproval in this regard was reported from Medical sciences students. Conclusion: Art students' beliefs about premarital sex were more liberal, while Medical sciences students' beliefs in this matter were more conservative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Mokhtari
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Shariat
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roomruangwong C, Epperson CN. Perinatal depression in Asian women: prevalence, associated factors, and cultural aspects. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0502.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objective: Although perinatal depression is a worldwide problem, most of the studies related to this issue have been conducted in Western countries. This paper summarizes the literature on the prevalence as well as associated factors among Asian countries where the cultural attitudes, customs, and norms are considerably different from those in Western countries.
Methods: We conducted a literature search using MEDLINE (PubMed) from 1968, PsychINFO from 1970, and SCOPUS database from 1982 using keywords “depression”, “antenatal”, “antepartum”, “pregnancy”, “postnatal”, “postpartum”, “perinatal”, “after childbirth” and “Asia”. Only the articles published in English were included.
Results: The overall prevalence of depression during pregnancy and postnatal period are about 20% and 21.8%, respectively. The factors related to perinatal depression can be grouped into the following categories, individual characteristics, husband/marital relationship, pregnancy-related, infant-related, and other psychosocial issues. While there is considerable overlap between Asian and Western countries with respect to risk factors for perinatal depression, premarital pregnancy, conflict with mother in-law, and dissatisfaction with infant’s gender are more specific to Asian cultures.
Conclusions: Studies conducted in Asian countries suggest that the prevalence of perinatal depression is slightly higher than in Western countries. There are several unique culturally related issues that clinicians treating pregnant and postpartum Asian women should be aware as they contribute to an increased risk of depression in these women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Roomruangwong
- MD, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics/ Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine United States of America
- The Penn Center for Women’s Behavioral Wellness, Pennsylvania 19107, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Hymenoplasty is a controversial surgery in Iran, where a woman's failure to present herself as virginal for marriage may result in severe social repercussions. Critical literature surrounding this clandestine surgery is sparse. During ethnographic fieldwork in Tehran, I interviewed women who have and have not undergone hymenoplasty and physicians who perform it. Using a Foucauldian framework, I argue that the medicalization of virginity is a form of female social control in Iran. The resulting narratives and discourses suggest that hymenoplasty is a covert form of resistance against socioculturally prescribed sexual inegalitarianism that restricts women to the social sphere of premarital chastity. By manipulating the medicalization of virginity, women inadvertently resist dichotomous gendered classifications that constrain them as either the deviant woman who has premarital sex or the normal woman who remains virginal until marriage. These women deviate from a fixed notion of gender embodiment, eroding socioculturally constituted categorical boundary markers regarding femininity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azal Ahmadi
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, The University of Oxford and The Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Predicting Attitudes Toward Gay Men with Ambivalence Toward Men, Questioning Religion, and Gender Differences. SEX ROLES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Fozooni B. Sexual Dysfunction(s) in Iran: Imaginary Encounters with Otto Gross and Wilhelm Reich. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND POLITICS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ppi.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
7
|
Mehta S, Mehta N. An Overview of Risk Factors Associated to Post-partum Depression in Asia. Ment Illn 2014; 6:5370. [PMID: 25478140 PMCID: PMC4253395 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2014.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post partum depression (PPD) is an important complication of child-bearing. It requires urgent interventions as it can have long-term adverse consequences if ignored, for both mother and child. If PPD has to be prevented by a public health intervention, the recognition and timely identification of its risk factors is must. We in this review have tried to synthesize the results of Asian studies examining the risk factors of PPD. Some risk factors, which are unique to Asian culture, have also been identified and discussed. We emphasize on early identification of these risk factors as most of these are modifiable and this can have significant implications in prevention of emergence of post partum depression, a serious health issue of Asian women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, SMS Medical College , Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Mehta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute , Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Analyzing Sexual Health-Related Beliefs Among Couples in Marriage Based on the Health Belief Model. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.20286/jech-010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
9
|
Abdolsalehi-Najafi E, Beckman LJ. Sex guilt and life satisfaction in Iranian-american women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:1063-1071. [PMID: 23546891 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the experience of sex guilt has been considered among a variety of ethnic groups, the area has not yet been empirically explored among Iranian American women. The present study investigated the relationship between sexual self-schema (i.e., beliefs about the sexual aspects of oneself), acculturation, and sex guilt, and it further examined the association between sex guilt and life satisfaction in Iranian American women. A total of 65 Iranian American women, with a mean age of 31.3 years (SD = 11.7), completed five self-administered questionnaires. Findings indicated a significant inverse correlation between sexual self-schema and sex guilt. More specifically, women who endorsed negative self-views regarding their sexual self reported higher levels sex guilt. Results revealed that acculturation was unrelated to sex guilt, when the effect of being Muslim or non-Muslim was controlled. Women with high sex guilt reported significantly lower levels of life satisfaction. Moreover, analyses for mediation effects supported sex guilt as a partially mediating variable between sexual self-schema and life satisfaction. Levels of sex guilt were higher among Muslim women when compared to women of other religious affiliations. Additionally, Muslim women appeared to be significantly less acculturated to Western ideals than other religious groups. The present findings suggest that mental health professionals who provide services to Iranian American women need to consider the negative effects of sex guilt, particularly among Muslim women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emon Abdolsalehi-Najafi
- California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, Los Angeles, Ph.D. Program, 1000 South Fremont Ave., Unit 5, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heydari A, Teymoori A, Haghish EF. Socioeconomic status, perceived parental control, and authoritarianism: Development of authoritarianism in Iranian society. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Heydari
- Faculty of Social Sciences; Allame Tabatabaei University of Tehran; Iran
| | - Ali Teymoori
- School of Psychology; University of Queensland; St Lucia; Australia
| | - E. F. Haghish
- Center of Child Language; University of Southern Denmark & Clinical Epidemiology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ng CG, Tan LK, Gill JS, Koh OH, Jambunathan S, Pillai SK, Sidi H. Reliability and validity of the Malay version of Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men (MVATL/MVATG): a study on a group of medical students in Malaysia. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2013; 5 Suppl 1:118-22. [PMID: 23857847 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Malay version of Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men (MVATL/MVATG) among a group of medical students in Malaysia. METHODS It is a cross-sectional study of 173 medical students in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The participants were given the MVATL/MVATG, Index of Attitudes toward Homosexuals (IATH), Homosexuality Attitude Scale (HAS) and the English version of Attitude toward Lesbians and Gay Men. Two weeks later, these students were given the MVATLG again. RESULTS Significant correlation was found between the individual scores of MVATL and MVATG with IATH and HAS in the results. The scale was able to differentiate Muslim and Non-Muslim subjects. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of both the MVATL and MVATG were good, at 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. The parallel form reliability (Pearson's correlation) of MVATL was 0.0.73 and 0.74 for MVATG. The test-retest reliability of MVATL/MVATG was good (Intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.67 for MVATL and 0.60 for MVATG). DISCUSSION The MVATLG demonstrated good psychometric properties in measuring attitudes toward homosexuality among a group of medical students in Malaysia and it could be used as a simple instrument on young educated Malaysian adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Guan Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Marjaneh MM, Mashhadi IE. Knowledge and attitudes of physicians in private practice towards HIV/AIDS in Mashhad, Iran. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:e11-6. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Being responsible for providing care for HIV/AIDS in a society, physicians should be knowledgeable and have favourable attitudes. We designed a cross-sectional study to assess knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS of private practicing physicians in Mashhad, Iran. A total of 346 general practitioners and specialists completed anonymous self-administered questionnaires with response rate of 91.1%. For knowledge questions, the mean proportion of correct responses was 53.5% (±13.2). Misconceptions about HIV transmission were the main areas of insufficient knowledge. Surprisingly only 20% knew how to manage a patient who had experienced sexual contact with an HIV-positive partner. While 84% disagreed that ‘HIV-infected individuals deserved to catch infection’ owing to high-risk behaviours, 38% sympathized less with people who were infected via extramarital sex. It seems that knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among the studied physicians is not favourable and is an area that requires attention to enable effective management of the disease in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Hedayati-Moghaddam
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Moradi Marjaneh
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - I Eftekharzadeh Mashhadi
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guruge S, Shirpak KR, Hyman I, Zanchetta M, Gastaldo D, Sidani S. A meta-synthesis of post-migration changes in marital relationships in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2010. [PMID: 21033548 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immigration to a new country constitutes a major life change and challenge that can directly and indirectly affect the health of individuals and families. A systematic review was conducted to identify post-migration changes and understand their impact on immigrants' marital relationships in Canada. METHOD Using Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnography steps and Paterson et al.'s meta-data method, we conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative articles. SYNTHESIS Four journal articles and one book chapter met the inclusion criteria. Our synthesis of these studies identified three key themes reflecting the major post-migration changes experienced by couples: changes in gender and sexual relations, loss of social networks and support, and de-skilling and de-professionalization. The importance of communication emerged as a fourth theme that cut across the three key themes. These post-migration changes were common across nine ethnic communities, and affected the couple as a unit as well as individuals within this unit, both negatively and positively. The changes were associated with four outcomes: abuse, separation/divorce, staying with each other, and resilience. The synthesis also showed various pathways that link the post-migration changes and their outcomes. CONCLUSION Understanding post-migration changes, their outcomes, and the pathways that link them is useful in developing health promotion activities to promote couples' resilience as well as health interventions to reduce the negative impact of the changes on couples and individuals. These activities and interventions must be planned at micro, meso, and macro levels of society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepali Guruge
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hojat M, Foroughi D, Mahmoudi H, Holakouee F. A Desire to Return to the Country of Birth as a Function of Language Preference: An Empirical Study with Iranian Immigrants in the United States. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|