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Dewi IP, Dachriyanus, Aldi Y, Ismail NH, Hefni D, Susanti M, Putra PP, Wahyuni FS. Comprehensive studies of the anti-inflammatory effect of tetraprenyltoluquinone, a quinone from Garcinia cowa Roxb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117381. [PMID: 37967776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Garcinia cowa Roxb. is called asam kandis in West Sumatra. This plant contains several quinone compounds, including tetraprenyltoluquinone (TPTQ). The bioactivity of this compound has been tested as an anticancer agent. However, reports regarding its anti-inflammatory effects are still limited, especially against coronavirus disease (Covid-19). AIM OF THE STUDY This study explores the anti-inflammatory effect of TPTQ in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In silico testing used the Gnina application, opened via Google Colab. The TPTQ structure was docked with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) protein (PDB: 2RAM). In vitro testing began with testing the cytotoxicity of TPTQ against Raw 264.7 cells, using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. A phagocytic activity test was carried out using the neutral red uptake method, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion tests were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In vivo, tests were carried out on mice by determining cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+), natural killer cell (NK cell), and IL-6 parameters, using the ELISA method. RESULTS TPTQ has a lower binding energy than the native ligand and occupies the same active site as the native ligand. TPTQ decreased the phagocytosis index and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α experimentally in vitro. TPTQ showed significant downregulation of CD8+ and slightly decreased NK cells and IL-6 secretion in vivo. CONCLUSION The potent inhibitory effect of TPTQ on the immune response suggests that TPTQ can be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent, especially in the treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Puspa Dewi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Akademi Farmasi Prayoga, Padang, 25111, Indonesia
| | - Dachriyanus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Yufri Aldi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dira Hefni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
| | - Meri Susanti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
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Bahsoun A, Fakih Y, Zareef R, Bitar F, Arabi M. Corticosteroids in COVID-19: pros and cons. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1202504. [PMID: 37644981 PMCID: PMC10461317 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1202504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide and rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has placed an unanticipated burden on the global healthcare sector. This necessitated a swift response from the international community to reach a solution. Efforts were made in parallel to develop preventative and therapeutic modalities. Since then, drug repurposing has blossomed as a potentially rapid resolution and has included various agents with anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. Corticosteroids, being potent anti-inflammatory agents, have been placed under extensive investigation. Various trials have recorded the beneficial outcome of corticosteroids in decreasing the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19. With the high pace of escalating events, the quality and study design of clinical trials are varied. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of corticosteroids in COVID-19 disease. It inspects the molecular, pharmacologic, and clinical proof behind this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Bahsoun
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yeva Fakih
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Zareef
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Pediatric Department, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Elmaaty AA, Binjubair FA, Al-Rashood ST, Mansour BS, Elkamhawy A, Eldehna WM, Mansour KA. Investigating the promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory activity of secoiridoids isolated from Jasminum humile; in silico and in Vitro assessments with structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37505066 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme 3 C-like protease (3Clpro or Mpro) is considered the most important target for SARS-CoV-2 which could be attributed to its crucial role in viral maturation and/or replication. Besides, natural phytoconstituents from plant origin are always promising lead compounds in the drug discovery area. Herein, the previously isolated and identified seven compounds from Jasminum humile (J. humile) were examined in vitro and in silico against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. First, the Vero E6 cells were utilized to pursue the potential of the investigated compounds (both in fractions and individual isolates) using the MTT assay. The total extract (T1) displayed the most significant activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 = 29.36 µg/mL. Besides, the fractions (Fr1 and Fr3) showed good activity against the SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 70.42, and 73.09 µg/mL, respectively. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory assay was utilized to emphasize the inhibitory potential of the investigated isolates. MJN, JMD, and IJM candidates displayed prominent Mpro inhibitory potentials with IC50 = 30.44, 30.24, and 56.25 µM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking of the identified seven compounds against the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 showed that the five secoiridoids achieved superior results. MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD showed higher affinities towards the Mpro target compared to the co-crystallized antagonist. Furthermore, the most active complexes (MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD-Mpro) were subjected to MD simulations run for 150 ns and MM-GBSA calculations, compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor (O6K-Mpro). Finally, the SAR study clarified that JMD achieved the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity followed by MJN.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Faizah A Binjubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University in Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Ferrarini A, Vacca A, Solimando AG, Tavio M, Acquaviva R, Rocchi M, Nitti C, Salvi A, Menditto V, Luchetti Gentiloni MM, Russo A, Moretti M, Pavani M, Giacometti A, Bonifazi M, Zuccatosta L, Romani L, Racanelli V, Moroncini G, Gabrielli A, Pomponio G. Early administration of tofacitinib in COVID-19 pneumonitis: An open randomised controlled trial. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e13898. [PMID: 36380693 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversies on sub-populations most sensitive to therapy and the best timing of starting the treatment still surround the use of immunomodulatory drugs in COVID-19. OBJECTIVES We designed a multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial to test the effect of prompt adding of tofacitinib to standard therapy for hospitalised patients affected by mild/moderate COVID-19 pneumonitis. METHODS Patients admitted to three Italian hospitals affected by COVID-19 pneumonitis not requiring mechanical ventilation were randomised to receive standard treatment alone or tofacitinib (10 mg/bid) for 2 weeks, starting within the first 24 h from admission. RESULTS A total of 116 patients were randomised; 49 in the experimental arm completed the 14-day treatment period, 9 discontinued tofacitinib as the disease worsened and were included in the analysis, and 1 died of respiratory failure. All 58 control patients completed the study. Clinical and demographic characteristics were similar between the study groups. In the tofacitinib group, 9/58 (15.5%) patients progressed to noninvasive ventilation (CPAP) to maintain SO2 > 93%, invasive mechanical ventilation or death by day 14 was 15.5%, significantly less than in the control group (20/58, 34.4%, RR 0,45, RRR -55%, NNT 5; p = .018). No differences in severe adverse effect incidence had been observed across the groups. CONCLUSION High-dose tofacitinib therapy in patients with COVID pneumonitis is safe and may prevent deterioration to respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ferrarini
- Clinica Medica, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy.,Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Fano, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana U.O.C, Medicina Interna Universitaria "G. Baccelli" A.O.U.C, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana U.O.C, Medicina Interna Universitaria "G. Baccelli" A.O.U.C, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Tavio
- Malattie Infettive, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossella Acquaviva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana U.O.C, Medicina Interna Universitaria "G. Baccelli" A.O.U.C, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Rocchi
- Statistica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Nitti
- Medicina Interna e Sub Intensiva, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Aldo Salvi
- Medicina Interna e Sub Intensiva, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Menditto
- Medicina Interna e Sub Intensiva, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Russo
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Università "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Moretti
- SOD Medicina di Laboratorio Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marianna Pavani
- SOD Medicina di Laboratorio Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacometti
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Romani
- Clinica Medica, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana U.O.C, Medicina Interna Universitaria "G. Baccelli" A.O.U.C, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Clinica Medica, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Jain NK, Tailang M, Jain HK, Chandrasekaran B, Sahoo BM, Subramanian A, Thangavel N, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Alagusundaram M, Kumar S, Selvam P. Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135145. [PMID: 37021053 PMCID: PMC10067607 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hyperinflammation induced by cytokine storm, ARDS leading to multiorgan failure and death. JAK-STAT signaling has been implicated in immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection under different stages such as viral entry, escaping innate immunity, replication, and subsequent inflammatory processes. Prompted by this fact and prior utilization as an immunomodulatory agent for several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions, Jakinibs have been recognized as validated small molecules targeting the rapid release of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, and GM-CSF. Various clinical trials are under investigation to evaluate Jakinibs as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. Till date, there is only one small molecule Jakinib known as baricitinib has received FDA-approval as a standalone immunomodulatory agent in treating critical COVID-19 patients. Though various meta-analyses have confirmed and validated the safety and efficacy of Jakinibs, further studies are required to understand the elaborated pathogenesis of COVID-19, duration of Jakinib treatment, and assess the combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlighted JAK-STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and clinically approved Jakinibs. Moreover, this review described substantially the promising use of Jakinibs and discussed their limitations in the context of COVID-19 therapy. Hence, this review article provides a concise, yet significant insight into the therapeutic implications of Jakinibs as potential anti-COVID agents which opens up a new horizon in the treatment of COVID-19, effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nem Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Tailang
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Jain
- Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Anandhalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Alagusundaram
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Palani Selvam
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jijiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
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Roig-Marín N, Roig-Rico P. Cardiac auscultation predicts mortality in elderly patients admitted for COVID-19. Hosp Pract (1995) 2022; 50:228-235. [PMID: 35468303 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2022.2069772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has had a great impact on the elderly population. All admitted patients underwent cardiac auscultation at the Emergency Department. However, to our knowledge, there is no literature that explains the implications of cardiac auscultation at the Emergency Department. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data collection from our hospital records. Our cohort consists of 300 admissions with a mean age of 81.6 years and 50.7% men. RESULTS Pathological cardiac auscultation at the Emergency Department was a risk factor for in-hospital mortality (RR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.8), heart failure (RR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.8-5.6), respiratory failure (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3-2.5), acute kidney injury (RR = 2.6; 95% CI = 2-3.2), and ICU admission (RR = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.3-8.2). The findings in patients with pathological cardiac auscultation were that oxygen saturation in the Emergency Department, arterial pH, and HCO3- were significantly lower, and the ALT/GPT, LDH, and lactate determinations were significantly higher, which is compatible and correlates with the fact that the main variable is indeed a risk factor for a more severe clinical course. Among the findings from pathological auscultation, arrhythmic tone/arrhythmia was the most frequent (50%) and a risk factor for in-hospital mortality (RR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.6-3.4). Logistic regression was performed from a multivariate analysis that showed that the initial ex novo arrhythmia correlated with pathological cardiac auscultation is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION Continuous rhythm monitoring makes it possible to detect ex novo arrhythmias and act proactively, and to offer greater care and attention to these patients who have a higher risk of in-hospital mortality and a worse prognosis. Cardiac auscultation can alert us in order to perform more electrocardiograms in these patients and thus have better monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Roig-Marín
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Roig-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de San Juan de Alicante, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Alicante, Spain
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Marino A, Munafò A, Augello E, Bellanca CM, Bonomo C, Ceccarelli M, Musso N, Cantarella G, Cacopardo B, Bernardini R. Sarilumab Administration in COVID-19 Patients: Literature Review and Considerations. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:360-371. [PMID: 35645219 PMCID: PMC9149900 DOI: 10.3390/idr14030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two years have passed since WHO declared a pandemic state for SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 pathogenesis consists of a first viral phase responsible for early symptoms followed by an inflammatory phase, cytokine-mediated, responsible for late-onset manifestations up to ARDS. The dysregulated immune response has an outstanding role in the progression of pulmonary damage in COVID-19. IL-6, through the induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, plays a key role in the development and maintenance of inflammation, acting as a pioneer of the hyperinflammatory condition and cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting both IL-6 and IL-6 receptors have been evaluated in order to blunt the abnormal SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine release. Sarilumab, a high-affinity anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, may represent a promising weapon to treat the fearsome hyperinflammatory phase by improving the outcome of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Further prospective and well-designed clinical studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to assess the efficacy and the safety of this therapeutic approach to achieve improved outcomes in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (C.B.); (N.M.)
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Antonio Munafò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.A.); (C.M.B.); (G.C.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Egle Augello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.A.); (C.M.B.); (G.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Carlo Maria Bellanca
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.A.); (C.M.B.); (G.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Carmelo Bonomo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (C.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.M.); (C.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.A.); (C.M.B.); (G.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Bruno Cacopardo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (E.A.); (C.M.B.); (G.C.); (R.B.)
- Unit of Clinical Toxicology, Policlinico G. Rodolico, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Mir I, Aamir S, Shah SRH, Shahid M, Amin I, Afzal S, Nawaz A, Khan MU, Idrees M. Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:84-100. [PMID: 35538681 PMCID: PMC9091641 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.
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