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Stewart JL, Burrows K, May AC, McNaughton BA, Smith R, Kuplicki R, Paulus MP, Figueroa-Hall L. C-reactive protein concentrations diverge as a function of substance use disorder: A pre-registered replication in a clinical sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 260:111323. [PMID: 38733735 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory biomarkers may differentiate clinical disorders, which could lead to more targeted interventions. Analyses within a clinical sample (May et al., 2021) revealed that females with substance use disorders (SUD) exhibited lower C-reactive protein (CRP) and higher interleukin (IL)-8 and -10 concentrations than females without SUD who met criteria for mood/anxiety disorders. We aimed to replicate these findings in a new sample. METHODS Hypotheses and analyses were preregistered. Treatment-seeking individuals with mood/anxiety disorders and/or SUD (N = 184) completed a blood draw, clinical interview, and questionnaires. Participants were categorized as SUD+ (45F, 43M) and SUD- (78F, 18M). Principal component analysis (PCA) of questionnaire data resulted in two factors reflecting appetitive and aversive emotional states. SUD group and nuisance covariates (PCA factors, age, body mass index [BMI], medication, nicotine [and hormones in females]) predicted biomarker concentrations (CRP, IL-8, and IL-10) in regressions. RESULTS In females, the omnibus CRP model [F(8, 114) = 8.02, p <.001, R²-adjusted =.32] indicated that SUD+ exhibited lower CRP concentrations than SUD- (β = -.33, t = -3.09, p =.002, 95% CI [-.54, -.12]) and greater BMI was associated with higher CRP levels (β =.58, t = 7.17, p <.001, 95% CI [.42,.74]). SUD+ exhibited higher IL-8 levels than SUD- in simple but not omnibus regression models. CONCLUSION Findings across two samples bolster confidence that females with SUD show attenuated CRP-indexed inflammation. As SUD+ comorbidity was high, replication is warranted with respect to specific SUD classes (i.e., stimulants versus cannabis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | | | - April C May
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Leandra Figueroa-Hall
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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2
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van Woudenbergh E, van Rooijen DM, Veldman-Wolf JJ, Nicolaie MA, Huynen MA, van der Klis FRM, de Jonge MI, den Hartog G. Effect of age and season on respiratory mucosal immune marker profiles. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1681-1691.e12. [PMID: 38142822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper respiratory tract is continuously exposed to microorganisms and noxious elements, leading to local immune responses and the secretion of immune markers. While several studies describe immune marker profiles in respiratory mucosal samples in defined patient cohorts, mucosal immune profiles from the general population during the different seasons are lacking. Such baseline profiles are essential to understand the effect of various exposures to the mucosal immune system throughout life. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish baseline local upper respiratory mucosal immune profiles in the general population and assess these profiles with regard to age, sex, seasonality, and basic health and lifestyle factors. METHODS We measured the concentrations of 35 immune markers involved in a broad range of immunological processes at the mucosa in nasopharyngeal swab samples from 951 individuals, aged 0 to 86 years, from a nationwide study. RESULTS Clustering analysis showed that immune marker profiles clearly reflected immunological functions, such as tissue regeneration and antiviral responses. Immune marker concentrations changed strongly with seasonality and age, with the most profound changes occurring in the first 25 years of life; they were also associated with sex, body mass index, smoking, mild symptoms of airway infection, and chronic asthma and hay fever. CONCLUSION Immunological analyses of noninvasive mucosal samples provide insight into mucosal immune responses to microbial and noxious element exposure in the general population. These data provide a baseline for future studies on respiratory mucosal immune responses and for the development of mucosal immune-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Woudenbergh
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie M van Rooijen
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J Veldman-Wolf
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mioara A Nicolaie
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Figueroa-Hall LK, Xu B, Kuplicki R, Ford BN, Burrows K, Teague TK, Sen S, Yeh HW, Irwin MR, Savitz J, Paulus MP. Psychiatric symptoms are not associated with circulating CRP concentrations after controlling for medical, social, and demographic factors. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:279. [PMID: 35821205 PMCID: PMC9276683 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum concentrations (>3 mg/L) of the acute-phase protein, C-reactive protein (CRP), is used as a clinical marker of inflammation and is reported to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In psychiatric populations, CRP concentration is reported to be higher in depressed versus healthy individuals. Positive associations between CRP and depression have been established in both clinical and community samples, but effect sizes are attenuated after controlling for confounding variables. Similarly, emerging research has begun to draw a link between inflammation, symptoms of anxiety, and substance abuse. Given the high level of comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders in many depressed populations, this study examined whether depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9 [PHQ-9]) and substance use-related (Drug Abuse Screening Test [DAST]) symptoms were associated with CRP concentrations in the blood after adjusting for relevant medical, social, and demographic covariates in a large sample undergoing screening for several transdiagnostic psychiatric research studies. A total of 1,724 participants were analyzed for association of CRP with variables using multivariate linear regression. An unadjusted model with no covariates showed that PHQ-9 was significantly associated with CRP in All (β = 0.125), Female (β = 0.091), and Male (β = 0.154) participants, but DAST was significantly associated with CRP in males only (β = 0.120). For the adjusted model, in both males and females, mood-stabilizer treatment (β = 0.630), opioid medication (β = 0.360), body mass index (β = 0.244), percent body fat (β = 0.289), nicotine use (β = 0.063), and self-reported sleep disturbance (β = 0.061) were significantly associated with increased CRP concentrations. In females, oral contraceptive use (β = 0.576), and waist-to-hip ratio (β = 0.086), and in males, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (β = 0.367) were also associated with increased CRP concentrations. There was no significant association between CRP and individual depressive, anxiety, or substance use-related symptoms when covariates were included in the regression models. These results suggest that associations between circulating CRP and the severity of psychiatric symptoms are dependent on the type of covariates controlled for in statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohan Xu
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Tandy School of Computer Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Bart N Ford
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma-School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA
| | - Sandip Sen
- Department of Computer Science, Tandy School of Computer Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Yeh
- Division of Health Services & Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
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4
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Rivara AC, Corley M, Choy CC, Duckham RL, Pomer A, Reupena MS, Viali S, Naseri T, Kershaw EE, Crouter S, McGarvey ST, Bribiescas RG, Valeggia C, Hawley NL. C-reactive protein in adult Samoans: Population variation and physiological correlates. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23646. [PMID: 34260111 PMCID: PMC8758804 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk in many populations but remains remarkably understudied in Pacific Islander populations. Here, we provide the first examination of correlates of CRP in adult Samoans (n = 108, ages 35-55 years) to test the hypotheses that CRP exhibits sex-dependent associations with measures of BMI, adiposity, and cardiometabolic disease risks. METHODS We analyzed associations between measures of adiposity (total fat mass, visceral fat mass, percent total body fat), body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risks, behaviors, demographics, and CRP. Unadjusted analyses of CRP were undertaken using Pearson's pairwise, and Spearman's rank correlations; one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed variables by CRP quartiles. Adjusted analyses of CRP correlates were examined using generalized linear regression. RESULTS Serum CRP ranged from 0.08 to 13.3 mg/L (median 1.4 mg/L) and varied significantly by sex t (108) = -2.47, p = .015. CRP was weakly to moderately associated with measures of adiposity and BMI (r and ρ ranged between 0.25 and 0.50, p < .05) and some cardiometabolic markers (including HbA1c, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance). CRP was significantly associated with percent body fat in women and men, adjusting for other variables. CONCLUSIONS These data are among the first to demonstrate CRP correlates in a sample of adult Samoans. CRP differed by sex and was associated with BMI, adiposity, and some cardiometabolic risk markers. These data align with findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margaret Corley
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Courtney C Choy
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rachel L Duckham
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia,Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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5
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Mayerhofer E, Ratzinger F, Kienreich NE, Stiel A, Witzeneder N, Schrefl E, Greiner G, Wegscheider C, Graf I, Schmetterer K, Marculescu R, Szekeres T, Perkmann T, Fondi M, Wagner O, Esterbauer H, Mayerhofer M, Holocher-Ertl S, Wojnarowski C, Hoermann G. A Multidisciplinary Intervention in Childhood Obesity Acutely Improves Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Markers Independent From Body Composition. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:52. [PMID: 32154197 PMCID: PMC7047334 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is an increasing health care problem associated with insulin resistance and low-level systemic inflammation, which can ultimately lead to diabetes. Evidence for efficacy of therapeutic intervention programs on the early development of obesity associated sequelae is moderate. This paper investigates the effect of a multidisciplinary short-term intervention program on insulin resistance and metaflammation in childhood obesity. Two hundred and 36 overweight or obese children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14 were included in a prospective 5 months intervention study, which included sports, psychotherapy, and nutritional counseling. Primary endpoints were the effects on body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), key secondary endpoints were the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin. At baseline, a substantial proportion of participants showed signs of insulin resistance (mean HOMA-IR 5.5 ± 3.4) despite not meeting the diagnostic criteria for diabetes, and low-level inflammation (mean CRP 3.9 mg/l ± 3.8 mg/l). One hundred and 95 participants (83%) completed the program resulting in a significant reduction in BMI-SDS, HOMA-IR, CRP, and leptin and a significant increase in adiponectin (mean change compared to baseline -0.14, -0.85, -1.0 mg/l, -2.8 ng/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively; p < 0.001 each). Effects on BMI-SDS, HOMA-IR, CRP, and adiponectin were largely independent whereas leptin was positively correlated with BMI-SDS and total fat mass before and after intervention (r = 0.56 and 0.61, p < 0.001 each). Short-term multidisciplinary intervention successfully improved body composition, insulin sensitivity, low-level systemic inflammation, and the adipokine profile in childhood obesity. Our findings highlight the immediate connection between obesity and the pathophysiology of its sequelae, and emphasize the importance of early intervention. Continued lifestyle modification is likely necessary to consolidate and augment the long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Mayerhofer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franz Ratzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Annika Stiel
- Austrian Social Health Insurance Fund, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Witzeneder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Schrefl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,FH Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Irene Graf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Szekeres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Fondi
- FH Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefana Holocher-Ertl
- Psychology Institute of the University Outpatient Department for Children and Adolescents, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Pettersson-Pablo P, Nilsson TK, Breimer LH, Hurtig-Wennlöf A. Body fat percentage is more strongly associated with biomarkers of low-grade inflammation than traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy young adults - the Lifestyle, Biomarkers, and Atherosclerosis study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:182-187. [PMID: 30767573 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1576219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim was to appraise the relationship between body fat percentage and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and orosomucoid in a population of young, non-smoking, healthy, Swedish adults, without any chronic diseases. A secondary aim was to compare whether these associations differed between the women using estrogen contraceptives and those who did not. We assessed the association in linear regression models between body fat percentage based on a bio-impedance measurement and plasma concentrations of CRP and orosomucoid in men and women aged 18-26 years, n = 834. Statistically significant associations were found between body fat percentage and both biomarkers of inflammation, with β coefficients of 0.30 (95% CI 0.24-0.37) and 0.28 (0.22-0.35) for CRP and orosomucoid, respectively (p < .001). Adjustment for established risk factors marginally lowered the effects sizes (partial betas, 0.28 and 0.20, respectively), while the strong statistically significant associations remained. In the female cohort, estrogen and non-estrogen using subpopulations did not significantly differ in the correlations between body fat percentage and the inflammatory biomarkers, even adjusted for established cardiometabolic risk factors. In conclusion, in healthy young adults, higher levels of body fat percentage are associated with elevations in plasma biomarkers of inflammation, suggesting that a systemic inflammatory process, promoting atherosclerosis, may commence already at this early stage in life. CRP and orosomucoid plasma concentrations differed between users and non-users of estrogen contraceptives, but both subgroups showed similar correlations between increasing body fat percentage and increasing plasma concentrations of the biomarkers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pettersson-Pablo
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Örebro University Hospital , Örebro , Sweden.,b Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden.,c Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Torbjörn K Nilsson
- c Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Lars H Breimer
- a Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Örebro University Hospital , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Anita Hurtig-Wennlöf
- d Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
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7
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Ter Horst R, Jaeger M, Smeekens SP, Oosting M, Swertz MA, Li Y, Kumar V, Diavatopoulos DA, Jansen AFM, Lemmers H, Toenhake-Dijkstra H, van Herwaarden AE, Janssen M, van der Molen RG, Joosten I, Sweep FCGJ, Smit JW, Netea-Maier RT, Koenders MMJF, Xavier RJ, van der Meer JWM, Dinarello CA, Pavelka N, Wijmenga C, Notebaart RA, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. Host and Environmental Factors Influencing Individual Human Cytokine Responses. Cell 2017; 167:1111-1124.e13. [PMID: 27814508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases are determined by variability in immune responses. In three studies within the Human Functional Genomics Project, we assessed the effect of environmental and non-genetic host factors of the genetic make-up of the host and of the intestinal microbiome on the cytokine responses in humans. We analyzed the association of these factors with circulating mediators and with six cytokines after stimulation with 19 bacterial, fungal, viral, and non-microbial metabolic stimuli in 534 healthy subjects. In this first study, we show a strong impact of non-genetic host factors (e.g., age and gender) on cytokine production and circulating mediators. Additionally, annual seasonality is found to be an important environmental factor influencing cytokine production. Alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations partially mediate the seasonality of cytokine responses, whereas the effect of vitamin D levels is limited. The complete dataset has been made publicly available as a comprehensive resource for future studies. PAPERCLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Anne F M Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lemmers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Helga Toenhake-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Janssen
- Department of Rheumatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Gelderland 6815AD, the Netherlands
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke M J F Koenders
- Elkerliek Hospital, Clinical Chemistry, Helmond, Noord-Brabant 5700AB, the Netherlands
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands; Division of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, the Netherlands; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Oslo 0027, Norway
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6500HB, the Netherlands.
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8
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Effect of oral and vaginal hormonal contraceptives on inflammatory blood biomarkers. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:379501. [PMID: 25861161 PMCID: PMC4378601 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of combined hormonal contraceptives has been reported to increase the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). We assessed the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on inflammatory cytokines including CRP, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD40 ligand. We used 79 female subjects (19 to 30 years old) who were combined oral contraceptives users (n = 29), combined vaginal contraceptive users (n = 20), and nonusers (n = 30) with CRP values of ≤1 (n = 46) or ≥3 (n = 33). Information on medical history, physical activities, and dietary and sleeping habits were collected. Both oral and vaginal contraceptive users had higher levels of CRP (P < 0.0001), compared to nonusers. Only oral contraceptive users exhibited elevated sCD40L (P < 0.01). When comparing the groups with CRP ≤ 1 and CRP ≥ 3, levels of IL-6 and sTNF-RI were positively correlated with CRP among oral contraceptive users. We did not observe the same elevation for other inflammatory biomarkers for the CRP ≥ 3 group among vaginal contraceptive users. The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. Longitudinal studies with larger sample size are required to better assess the true cause of CRP elevation among hormonal contraceptive users.
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Sørensen CJ, Pedersen OB, Petersen MS, Sørensen E, Kotzé S, Thørner LW, Hjalgrim H, Rigas AS, Møller B, Rostgaard K, Riiskjær M, Ullum H, Erikstrup C. Combined oral contraception and obesity are strong predictors of low-grade inflammation in healthy individuals: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). PLoS One 2014; 9:e88196. [PMID: 24516611 PMCID: PMC3916399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation. The level of CRP is affected by several lifestyle factors. A slightly increased CRP level, also known as low-grade inflammation (LGI), is associated with increased risk of several diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of increased CRP levels in healthy individuals. We therefore assessed CRP in a large cohort of blood donors. METHODS We measured plasma CRP levels in 15,684 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study. CRP was measured by a commercial assay. Furthermore, all participants completed a standard questionnaire on smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and various body measurements. Female participants also reported the use of contraception, childbirth, and menopausal status. The relationship between LGI (defined here as a plasma CRP level between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L) and predictors was explored by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS We found LGI in a total of 1,561 (10.0%) participants. LGI was more frequent in women using combined oral contraception (OC) (29.9%) than in men (6.1%) and women not using OC (7.9%). Among premenopausal women, OC was the strongest predictor of LGI (odds ratio = 8.98, p<0.001). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were positively associated with LGI. CONCLUSION High BMI and abdominal obesity strongly predicted LGI among healthy individuals. However, the most striking finding was the high prevalence of LGI among premenopausal women who used combined oral contraception. Although the significance of CRP as a marker of inflammation is well known, the role of CRP in pathogenesis is still uncertain. The impact of oral contraception on CRP levels should nevertheless be considered when CRP is used in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie J. Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole B. Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Sygehus, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Mikkel S. Petersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Kotzé
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise W. Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas S. Rigas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Møller
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rostgaard
- Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Riiskjær
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir/ritonavir. AIDS 2012; 26:1371-85. [PMID: 22546988 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328354f4fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of specific antiretrovirals on inflammation is unclear. METHODS A5224s was a substudy of A5202, which randomized HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients to blinded abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) with open-label efavirenz (EFV) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) in a factorial design. Our analysis compared changes in inflammation markers from baseline to week 24 between ABC/3TC and TDF/FTC. Secondary analyses included changes at week 96 and comparisons of EFV vs. ATV/r. RESULTS Analyses included 244 patients (85% male, 48% white non-Hispanic), median age 39 years, HIV-1 RNA 4.6 log10 copies/ml, CD4 240 cells/μl. TNF-α, soluble receptors of TNF-α (sTNFR)-I and II, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 decreased significantly at weeks 24 and 96, without significant differences between components (P ≥ 0.44). At week 24, ABC/3TC had a greater high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) mean fold change than TDF/FTC {1.43 vs. 0.88, estimated mean fold change percentage difference [Δ] 61.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.6%, 129.5%]; P = 0.008}. Similar results were seen at week 96 (P = 0.021). At week 24 (but not 96), EFV had a greater hsCRP mean fold change than ATV/r [1.41 vs. 0.88; Δ = 60.2% (12.6%, 127.7%); P = 0.009]. IL-6 decreased significantly at week 24 with TDF/FTC but not with ABC/3TC (between-components P = 0.019). At week 96, IL-6 decreased significantly in both nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor components (between-components P = 0.11). IL-6 changes were not significantly different between ATV/r and EFV at either time point (P ≥ 0.89). CONCLUSIONS Soluble TNF-receptors and adhesion molecules decreased following treatment initiation and did not differ by regimens. Differences were seen on hsCRP and IL-6 changes with ABC/3TC vs. TDF/FTC and on hsCRP with EFV vs. ATV/r.
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Divani AA, Luo X, Brandy KR, Meyer RM, Joseph MS, Flaherty JD, Rao GHR, Datta YH. Oral versus vaginal combined hormonal contraceptives' effect on coagulation and inflammatory biomarkers among young adult women. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012; 18:487-94. [PMID: 22431858 DOI: 10.1177/1076029612440036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to compare the effect of combined oral contraceptive (COC) and combined vaginal contraceptive (CVC) methods on the inflammation and procoagulation, we recruited female participants in 3 groups: control participants, COC users, and CVC users. We measured different blood biomarkers. The users of both COC and CVC had higher levels of C-reactive protein (P < .0001) and factor VII (P < .0001). However, CD40 ligand was only higher for COC users (P < .0001) and not the CVC users. Even though the levels of thrombin/antithrombin III were not higher for COC and CVC users, as compared to the controls, CVC users had higher levels as compared to COC users (P = .0327). As compared to the control group, we observed higher levels von Willebrand factor among CVC users but not the COC users. Longitudinal studies with larger sample size are needed to better assess the inflammatory and procoagulation response due to CVC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street S.E., MMC 295, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Shikuma CM, Ribaudo HJ, Zheng Y, Gulick RM, Meyer WA, Tashima KT, Bastow B, Kuritzkes DR, Glesby, and the AIDS Clinical Trial MJ. Change in high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels following initiation of efavirenz-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:461-8. [PMID: 20863238 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, increased HIV disease progression, and death in HIV-infected patients. Use of abacavir has been reported to increase CVD risk. We assessed the effect of virologically suppressive efavirenz (EFV)-based antiretroviral therapy on high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) levels over a 96-week period with particular attention to the effect of gender and abacavir use. Banked sera from entry and week 96 visits of AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5095 participants were assayed for hsCRP, then analyzed by gender, abacavir randomization, and for correlation with changes in fasting metabolic parameters. Analyses of hsCRP were conducted in two phases and involved a total of 145 men and 51 women. hsCRP did not differ by gender at baseline but higher levels were seen at week 96 in women (median 6 mg/liter; Q1, Q3, 1.8, 13.8) compared to men (median 1.6 mg/liter; Q1, Q3, 0.9, 4.2, p < 0.001), with an estimated shift in hsCRP by gender of 2.5 mg/liter (95% CI 1.0, 5.1). There was no difference in hsCRP levels by abacavir use. Changes in hsCRP did not correlate with changes in insulin resistance or with changes in fasting lipids. Durably virologically suppressive therapy with EFV-based regimens did not decrease hsCRP levels over a 96-week period. hsCRP levels increased significantly only in women. Randomization to abacavir had no effect on changes in hsCRP levels. Changes in hsCRP levels did not correlate with changes in fasting metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Zheng
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Bastow
- Social & Scientific Systems Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland
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Hormonal contraceptive use among adolescent girls in Germany in relation to health behavior and biological cardiovascular risk factors. J Adolesc Health 2011; 48:331-7. [PMID: 21402260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association between hormonal contraceptive (HC) use, and behavior-related and biological cardiovascular risk factors among teenage girls in Germany. METHODS HC use was assessed among 2,285 girls aged 13-17 years who participated in the health survey for children and adolescents (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS), between years 2003 and 2006. Prevalence of HC use was determined according to sociodemographic variables, behavior-related health risks, and overweight status. We compared HC users and nonusers with respect to biological cardiovascular risk factors, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homocysteine. RESULTS HC users were more likely than nonusers to combine several behavior-related health risks, independent of sociodemographic factors. In particular, HC use was strongly associated with current smoking (odds ratio: 3.4, 95% confidence interval: 2.7-4.3). HC use and behavioral factors showed an additive effect on biological cardiovascular risk factors, explaining between 6% and 30% of the population variance. Relative contributions of HC use ranged from <1% for systolic and diastolic blood pressure to 12% for hs-CRP. CONCLUSIONS HC use among 13-17-year-old girls in Germany is significantly correlated with a more unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile, which is partly explained by a clustering of behavioral risk factors among HC users. When prescribing HC to teenagers, physicians should systematically assess avoidable behavioral cardiovascular risk factors and provide counseling tailored to the risk profile of the individual patient.
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Soska V, Fiala J, Nebeska K, Jarkovsky J, Hruba D. The atherogenic index of plasma is increased by hormonal contraception. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011; 71:94-100. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.553240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gode F, Karagoz C, Posaci C, Saatli B, Uysal D, Secil M, Akdeniz B. Alteration of cardiovascular risk parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who were prescribed to ethinyl estradiol–cyproterone acetate. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 284:923-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zakharova MY, Meyer RM, Brandy KR, Datta YH, Joseph MS, Schreiner PJ, Rao GH, Divani AA. Risk Factors for Heart Attack, Stroke, and Venous Thrombosis Associated With Hormonal Contraceptive Use. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 17:323-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029610368670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a safe and effective method of contraception has been ongoing for centuries. During the last century, a variety of hormonal contraceptives, including combined hormonal oral contraceptives (COCs), have been introduced into the market. COCs have evolved through modifications of different hormonal components to minimize the risk of thrombotic events including stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thrombosis. The evolution of COC development led to the reduction in the estrogen dose, in an attempt to lower the risk of vascular diseases. Although the risk of thrombotic events due to COC use has been substantially reduced since their inception, the quest for developing safer methods of birth control continues. It is of great interest to study coagulation effects of newer COCs, as well as progestin only, as rigorously as older COCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y. Zakharova
- Minnesota Stroke Initiative, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel M. Meyer
- Minnesota Stroke Initiative, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyle R. Brandy
- Minnesota Stroke Initiative, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yvonne H. Datta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marilyn S. Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gundu H. Rao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Afshin A. Divani
- Minnesota Stroke Initiative, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,
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Arsenault BJ, Earnest CP, Després JP, Blair SN, Church TS. Obesity, coffee consumption and CRP levels in postmenopausal overweight/obese women: importance of hormone replacement therapy use. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:1419-24. [PMID: 19756031 PMCID: PMC2787671 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objective Obesity is associated with an inflammatory state that is often characterized by elevated plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Although coffee is broadly consumed in Western societies, few studies have examined the relationship between obesity, coffee consumption and CRP levels. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between obesity, coffee consumption and variation in CRP in postmenopausal, overweight/obese women with or without hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use. Subjects/Methods Cross-sectional analyses of 344 healthy sedentary, overweight/obese postmenopausal women (mean age=57.1±6.4 years and mean body mass index [BMI]=36.1±3.9 kg/m2). Plasma CRP levels were measured by a highly sensitive immunoassay that used monoclonal antibodies coated with polystyrene particles. Diet was assessed using the Food Intake and Analysis System semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results Plasma CRP was positively associated with BMI (p<0.001) and negatively associated with coffee consumption (p≤0.05). In women using HRT, plasma CRP was positively associated BMI in women consuming less than one cup of coffee per month (r2=0.15 [p<0.001]), one cup per day (0.14 [p=0.02]) and more than one cup per day (0.12 [p=0.03]). In women who did not use HRT, CRP was associated BMI only in women consuming less than one cup of coffee per day (r2=0.16 [p<0.001]) but not in women consuming one cup per day (0.06 [p=0.10]) or more than one daily cup of coffee (0.03 [p=0.27]). Conclusion Among overweight/obese postmenopausal women coffee consumption is negatively associated with CRP. Coffee consumption appears to attenuate the association between BMI and CRP, but only in women not using HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de Cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Cardiology, Québec, Canada
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Haarala A, Eklund C, Pessi T, Lehtimäki T, Huupponen R, Jula A, Viikari J, Raitakari O, Hurme M. Use of combined oral contraceptives alters metabolic determinants and genetic regulation of C‐reactive protein. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009; 69:168-74. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802449642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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