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Jiang W, Zhang Y, Yan J, He Z, Chen W. Differences of protein expression in enterococcus faecalis biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. Technol Health Care 2024:THC248033. [PMID: 38759062 DOI: 10.3233/thc-248033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was frequently found on the failed treated root canal wall, which survived by resisting disinfectant during endodontic treatment.Many researches have been conducted to explore the mechanisms of persistence of this pathogen in unfavorable conditions. However, no comprehensive proteomics studies have been conducted to investigate stress response in Enterococcus faecalis caused by alkali and NaOCl. OBJECTIVE Enterococcus faecalis (E.f) has been recognized as a main pathogen of refractory apical periodontitis, its ability to withstand environmental pressure is the key to grow in the environment of high alkaline and anti-bacterial drug that causes chronic infection in the root canal. This study aims to focus on the protein expression patterns of E.f biofilm under extreme pressure environment". METHODS Enterococcus faecalis biofilm model was established in vitro. Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)-based label free quantitative proteomics approach was applied to compare differential protein expression under different environmental pressures (pH 10 and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)). And then qPCR and Parallel Reaction Monitoring Verification (PRM) were utilized to verify the consequence of proteomics. RESULTS The number of taxa in this study was higher than those in previous studies, demonstrating the presence of a remarkable number of proteins in the groups of high alkaline and NaOCl. Proteins involved in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter were significantly enriched in experimental samples. We identified a total of 15 highly expressed ABC transporters in the high alkaline environment pressure group, with 7 proteins greater than 1.5 times. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed considerable changes in expression of proteins in E.f biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. The findings enriched our understanding of association between the differential expression proteins and environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jiang W, He Z, Zhang Y, Ran S, Sun Z, Chen W. Variations in protein expression associated with oral cancer. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:145-167. [PMID: 37038789 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential protein expression of the oral microbiome is related to human diseases, including cancer. OBJECTIVE In order to reveal the potential relationship between oral bacterial protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we designed this study. METHODS We obtained samples of the same patient from cancer lesion and anatomically matched normal site. Then, we used the label free quantitative technique based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze the bacteria in the samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma at the protein level, so as to detect the functional proteins. RESULTS Protein diversity in the cancer samples was significantly greater than in the normal samples. We identified a substantially higher number of the taxa than those detected in previous studies, demonstrating the presence of a remarkable number of proteins in the groups. In particular, proteins involved in energy production and conversion, proton transport, hydrogen transport and hydrogen ion transmembrane transport, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, PTS system, and L-serine dehydratase were enriched significantly in the experimental group. Moreover, some proteins associated with Actinomyces and Fusobacterium were highly associated with OSCC and provided a good diagnostic outcome. CONCLUSION The present study revealed considerable changes in the expression of bacterial proteins in OSCC and enrich our understanding in this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Eye & Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Eye & Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Prevalence of Genes Encoding Resistance to Aminoglycosides and Virulence Factors Among Intestinal Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-128003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are recognized as nosocomial pathogens with increased importance in recent years. These bacteria are frequently isolated from patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Enterococcal pathogenicity is enhanced by different antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of genes encoding resistance to antibiotics and virulence factors in intestinal VRE isolates from ICU patients. Methods: In this study, 23 VREs were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to nine antimicrobial agents were examined using E-test. Genes encoding vancomycin resistance (vanABCDMN), aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia, aph(2")-Ib, aph(2")-Ic, aph(2")-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(3')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, ant(6')-Ia), together with genes for various virulence factor (ace/acm, asa1, cylA, efaA, esp, gelE and hyl), were detected using multiplex PCR. Results: The species distribution of the tested VRE was as follows: Nine Enterococcus casseliflavus, seven E. gallinarum, and seven E. faecium. The vanA gene was found in all E. faecium, in six of which the classical VanA phenotype was observed. The vancomycin (vanC) phenotype was associated with the presence of vanC1 gene in E. gallinarum and the vanC2 gene in E. casseliflavus isolates. The aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia gene was encoding high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) in the studied VRE. All E. faecium were positive for acm and esp, while acm in combination with esp or hyl was detected in 2 vanC enterococci. Conclusions: According to the findings, there was a correlation between the phenotype and the genotype of glycopeptide resistance in the tested VRE. HLGR was more prevalent in E. faecium because of the presence of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia. The higher prevalence of virulence determinants was confirmed in vanA isolates compared to the studied vanC-carrying enterococci.
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Antibacterial activity of herbal extracts towards uropathogenic Enterococcus isolates as a natural approach in control of urinary tract infections. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bin-Asif H, Abid Ali S. The Genus Enterococcus and Its Associated Virulent Factors. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Woźniak-Biel A, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Burdzy J, Korzekwa K, Ploch S, Wieliczko A. Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Humans and Turkeys in Poland. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:277-286. [PMID: 30698495 PMCID: PMC6441282 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are a natural component of the intestinal flora of many organisms, including humans and birds. As opportunistic pathogens, they can cause fatal infections of the urinary tract and endocarditis in humans, whereas in poultry symptoms are joint disease, sepsis, and falls in the first week of life. The study covered 107 Enterococcus strains—56 isolated from humans and 51 from turkeys. Among the isolates investigated Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 80.36% of human and 80.39% of turkey samples. Enterococcus faecium was identified in 8.93% of human and 17.65% of turkey strains. The highest percentage of the strains was resistant to tetracycline as follows: 48 (85.71%) and 48 (94.12%) of human and turkey strains, respectively. Resistance to erythromycin occurred in 37.50% of the human and in 76.47% of turkey strains, otherwise 27.10% of all strains showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Our study revealed that 25% of human and 15.69% of turkey strains were resistant to vancomycin. Multidrug resistance showed in 32.14% and 43.14% of human and turkey strains, respectively. The tetracycline resistance gene, tetM, was detected in 82.24% of all strains analyzed, whereas the tetO gene was found in 53.57% of human but only in 7.84% of turkey strains. The vancomycin resistance gene (vanA) was detected in seven Enterococcus strains (six isolated from turkeys and one from humans). The ermB gene (resistance to macrolide) was detected in 55.14% of all isolates (42.86% of human and 68.63% of turkey strains), whereas the ermA gene was detected in 17.65% of turkey but only in 3.57% of human isolates. All the strains had the ability to form biofilms. A stronger biofilm was formed after 24-hour incubation by strains isolated from turkeys, whereas after 48 hours of incubation all examined strains produced strong biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Woźniak-Biel
- 1 Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Burdzy
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Ploch
- 3 IT Lab, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- 1 Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Rahimi N, Poursina F, Ghaziasgar FS, Sepehrpor S, Hassanzadeh A. Presence of virulence factor genes (gelE and esp) and biofilm formation in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from urinary tract infection in Isfahan, Iran. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lim SY, Teh CSJ, Thong KL. Biofilm-Related Diseases and Omics: Global Transcriptional Profiling of Enterococcus faecium Reveals Different Gene Expression Patterns in the Biofilm and Planktonic Cells. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 21:592-602. [PMID: 29049010 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is an opportunistic pathogen with a remarkable ability to acquire resistance toward multiple antibiotics, including those of last-resort drugs such as vancomycin and daptomycin. The occurrence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium is on the rise and there is a need to understand the virulence of this organism. One of the factors that contributes to the virulence is the ability to form biofilms. Since bacteria in biofilm state are more resistant to antibiotics and host immune response, understanding the molecular mechanism of biofilm development is important to control biofilm-related diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the global gene expression profiles of an E. faecium strain, VREr5, during the early event of sessile growth compared with its planktonic phase through RNA-sequencing approach. The results clearly illustrated distinct expression profiles of the planktonic and biofilm cells. A total of 177 genes were overexpressed in the biofilm cells. Most of them encode for proteins involved in adherence, such as the ebpABCfm locus. Genes associated with plasmid replication, gene exchange, and protein synthesis were also upregulated during the early event of biofilm development. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis also identified genes such as fsrB, luxS, and spx that might suppress biofilm formation in VREr5. The putative biofilm-related bee locus was found to be downregulated. These new findings could provide caveats for future studies on the regulation and maintenance of biofilm and development of biomarkers for biofilm-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yong Lim
- 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- 2 Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fallah F, Yousefi M, Pourmand MR, Hashemi A, Nazari Alam A, Afshar D. Phenotypic and genotypic study of biofilm formation in Enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:85-90. [PMID: 28483600 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent types of nosocomial and community acquired infections in humans. Management of multidrug-resistant Enterococci UTI due to the limited therapeutic options is a great challenge for physicians and clinical microbiologists. The role of bacterial biofilms in recurrent urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance has great importance for public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern as well as the phenotypic and genotypic biofilm formation ability of Enterococci isolates from patients with UTI. METHODS A total of 57 isolates of Enterococci were collected from patients with UTI. Enterococcus species were identified using conventional microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion. The Modified Congo red agar (MCRA) and Microtiter plate methods used to assess the ability of biofilm formation. All enterococcal isolates were examined for determination of biofilm-related genes, esp, asa1 and ebpR using PCR method. RESULTS Of 57 enterococcal isolates, 85.9% were recognized as E. faecalis and 14.1% of them were E. faecium. According to our results, linezolid, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin were the most effective agents against Enterococcus species. Overall, 26.5% of E. faecalis and 75% of E. faecium isolates were biofilm producers, respectively. Resistance to some antibiotics including penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin was significantly higher among biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers Enterococci. The esp, asa1 and ebpR genes were present in 84.2%, 91.2% and 100% isolates. In this study, there was not a significant relationship between presence of these genes and biofilm formation. CONCLUSION Our findings reinforce the role of biofilm formation in resistance to antimicrobial agents. Quinupristin/dalfopristin, tetracycline and rifampin may be used as an effective treatment for UTI caused by biofilm producers Enterococci. Our results suggest that biofilm formation is complex and depends on various factors but not just esp, asa1 and ebpR genes in Enterococcus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - M R Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Nazari Alam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - D Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Garg S, Mohan B, Taneja N. Biofilm formation capability of enterococcal strains causing urinary tract infection vis-a-vis colonisation and correlation with enterococcal surface protein gene. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:48-52. [PMID: 28303818 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding differences in biofilm formation among urinary isolates of enterococci causing nosocomial infection versus asymptomatic colonisation is lacking. Conflicting data are available for the role of enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene in the development of enterococcal biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 (25 each of asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection (UTI) isolates were collected from admitted patients who had nosocomial acquisition of enterococci in urine culture (≥105 cfu/ml). Biofilm assay was done by the quantitative adherence assay. Screening for esp gene was carried out by polymerase chain reaction, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine biofilms. RESULTS Out of 25 enterococcal isolates from asymptomatic patients, 9 (36%) isolates were found to be biofilm producers (6 weak [optical densities [OD]595 0.2] and three medium [OD595≥0.2 to595>0.5]). The esp gene was present in 30 (12 biofilm+, 18 biofilm-) isolates. Seventeen esp positive isolates were from asymptomatic cases whereas 13 were from UTI. However, we found that 100% of medium and strong biofilm producers were esp positive (P < 0.001). On comparing Enterococcus faecalis (n = 10) and E. faecium (n = 40) isolates, 70% of E. faecalis isolates were biofilm producers as compared to only 35% of E. faecium isolates (P > 0.05). The esp positivity was observed more in E. faecium isolates (65%) as compared to 40% in E. faecalis. Vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal and vancomycin-resistant enterococcal isolates and catheter-related and unrelated isolates showed similarity in biofilm production and esp positivity. CONCLUSION The esp gene is not compulsorily required to produce biofilm but when present may enhance the biofilm formation. We did not find any correlation between biofilm formation and the ability of the strain to cause symptomatic UTI be associated with catheters or vancomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Garg
- Department of Microbiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Detection of Virulence Genes in Enterococci Isolated From the Human Normal Flora by Multiplex-Polymerase Chain Reaction. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Dworniczek E, Piwowarczyk J, Bania J, Kowalska-Krochmal B, Wałecka E, Seniuk A, Dolna I, Gościniak G. Enterococcus in wound infections: virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2012; 59:263-9. [PMID: 22750786 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.59.2012.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci, a complex group of facultative pathogens have become increasingly isolated in various hospital settings. They are considerable frequently cultured from traumatic and surgical wounds. We investigated 57 strains of the species E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. casseliflavus isolated from infected wounds. Their ability to produce virulence factors and their sensitivity to antibiotics were evaluated using phenotypic and genotyping methods. In the phenotype studies, significant portion of the isolates produced biofilm (66.7%) and gelatinase (36.8%). Nearly 30% of the strains expressed hemolytic properties. Only a few produced DNAse (15.8%) and lipase (7.0%). The genes esp, gelE, cylA, cylB, cylM and agg were detected in most of the isolates (38.6-87.7%). All the isolated enterococci were susceptible to vancomycin and were characterized by their low resistance to antibiotics, except aminoglycosides (HLR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dworniczek
- 1 Wrocław Medical University Department of Microbiology Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Jacek Bania
- 2 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Ewa Wałecka
- 2 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wrocław Poland
| | - Alicja Seniuk
- 1 Wrocław Medical University Department of Microbiology Wrocław Poland
| | - Izabela Dolna
- 1 Wrocław Medical University Department of Microbiology Wrocław Poland
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- 1 Wrocław Medical University Department of Microbiology Wrocław Poland
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Sun J, Sundsfjord A, Song X. Enterococcus faecalis from patients with chronic periodontitis: virulence and antimicrobial resistance traits and determinants. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:267-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jahangiri S, Talebi M, Eslami G, Pourshafie MR. Prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from sewage and clinical samples in Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010; 28:337-41. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.71828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Heikens E, Leendertse M, Wijnands LM, van Luit-Asbroek M, Bonten MJM, van der Poll T, Willems RJL. Enterococcal surface protein Esp is not essential for cell adhesion and intestinal colonization of Enterococcus faecium in mice. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:19. [PMID: 19178704 PMCID: PMC2639590 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecium has globally emerged as a cause of hospital-acquired infections with high colonization rates in hospitalized patients. The enterococcal surface protein Esp, identified as a potential virulence factor, is specifically linked to nosocomial clonal lineages that are genetically distinct from indigenous E. faecium strains. To investigate whether Esp facilitates bacterial adherence and intestinal colonization of E. faecium, we used human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells) and an experimental colonization model in mice. Results No differences in adherence to Caco-2 cells were found between an Esp expressing strain of E. faecium (E1162) and its isogenic Esp-deficient mutant (E1162Δesp). Mice, kept under ceftriaxone treatment, were inoculated orally with either E1162, E1162Δesp or both strains simultaneously. Both E1162 and E1162Δesp were able to colonize the murine intestines with high and comparable numbers. No differences were found in the contents of cecum and colon. Both E1162 and E1162Δesp were able to translocate to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Conclusion These results suggest that Esp is not essential for Caco-2 cell adherence and intestinal colonization or translocation of E. faecium in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heikens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Virulence determinants in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium vanB: clonal distribution, prevalence and significance of esp and hyl in Australian patients with haematological disorders. J Hosp Infect 2008; 68:137-44. [PMID: 18079021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
European studies have suggested that the esp gene and other virulence factors have roles in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) infections. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the spectrum of clinical disease and putative virulence factors in vanB VREfm isolates. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify potential virulence genes (asa1, gel E, cylA, esp and hyl) in VREfm isolates obtained from an Australian population of haematology patients. Clonality was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and automated ribotyping. Infection, requirement for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and all-cause 30-day mortality were used as clinical indicators of organism virulence. Forty-one VREfm vanB isolates (41 patients; 14 infected and 27 colonised only) were analysed. Thirty-five of these isolates were typed by PFGE, 31 of which were represented by three clusters. The esp gene was identified in 22 of 27 (81.5%) screening and 11 of 14 (78.6%) infection-associated isolates. One isolate was hyl gene positive, and no isolate contained asa1, gel E or cylA genes. VREfm infection was independently associated with host factors (underlying diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia, age <or=60 years) but not with presence of the esp gene. ICU admission was negatively associated with presence of the esp gene (OR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01-0.61; P=0.02). There was no association between 30-day mortality and host factors or the presence of the esp gene. When compared to European and US reports, a high esp gene prevalence and low hyl gene prevalence was observed in polyclonal VRE isolates obtained from this immunocompromised population.
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Abstract
Enterococci are an important global cause of nosocomial infections, being increasingly associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, intra-abdominal and pelvic infections, catheter-related infections, surgical wound infections, and central nervous system infections. The two most common enterococci species are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Both are capable of producing biofilms, which consist of a population of cells attached irreversibly on various biotic and abiotic surfaces, encased in a hydrated matrix of exopolymeric substances. Many environmental and genetic factors are associated or have been proposed to be associated with the production of biofilm. This review discusses recent advances in knowledge about the biology and genetics of biofilm formation and the role of biofilms in enterococci pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal A Mohamed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David B Huang
- New Jersey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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Heikens E, Bonten MJM, Willems RJL. Enterococcal surface protein Esp is important for biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecium E1162. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8233-40. [PMID: 17827282 PMCID: PMC2168697 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01205-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens with resistance to multiple antibiotics. Adhesion to abiotic materials and biofilm formation on medical devices are considered important virulence properties. A single clonal lineage of Enterococcus faecium, complex 17 (CC17), appears to be a successful nosocomial pathogen, and most CC17 isolates harbor the enterococcal surface protein gene, esp. In this study, we constructed an esp insertion-deletion mutant in a clinical E. faecium CC17 isolate. In addition, initial adherence and biofilm assays were performed. Compared to the wild-type strain, the esp insertion-deletion mutant no longer produced Esp on the cell surface and had significantly lower initial adherence to polystyrene and significantly less biofilm formation, resulting in levels of biofilm comparable to those of an esp-negative isolate. Capacities for initial adherence and biofilm formation were restored in the insertion-deletion mutant by in trans complementation with esp. These results identify Esp as the first documented determinant in E. faecium CC17 with an important role in biofilm formation, which is an essential factor in infection pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heikens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lleo M, Bonato B, Tafi MC, Caburlotto G, Benedetti D, Canepari P. Adhesion to medical device materials and biofilm formation capability of some species of enterococci in different physiological states. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 274:232-7. [PMID: 17651395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci may survive in adverse environments including the human body where bacteriocins, antibiotics, iron-limitation and immune response represent stressing conditions for bacteria that cause division block. In those conditions, bacteria present in the human body would hardly be in an exponentially growing phase but would mostly be in physiological states such as starvation or the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. The possibility that the starved and VBNC bacteria can maintain their ability to adhere to living and inanimate substrates is the first mandatory step for them potentially to cause an infection process. In this study it is shown that starved and stationary enterococcal cells are able to form biofilms on plastic material albeit with reduced efficiency as compared to growing cells. Moreover, although VBNC enterococcal forms are not capable of forming biofilms, Enterococcus faecalis and other enterococcal species of medical interest maintain their ability to synthesize the polymeric matrix for a limited period of time under adverse environmental conditions. The data presented, together with those regarding the maintenance of the division recovery potential already proved in nonculturable bacteria, further support the possibility for the VBNC and other nondividing bacterial forms to have a role as infectious agents and to constitute a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Lleo
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy.
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