Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of some N-heterocycles derived from pyrazolyl-substituted 2(3H)-furanone

Hepatoprotective potential of coconut inflorescence sap against paracetamol induced toxicity in hep G2 cell lines

Coconut Inflorescence Sap (CIS) is the sweet, oyster-white colored, non-fermented juice obtained from the immature inflorescence of the Coconut tree. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, or paracetamol) is one of the most frequently used drugs worldwide as an antipyretic or analgesic. HepG2 cell lines were used as an experimental model for studying in vitro hepatotoxicity induced by Paracetamol. The present study aims to identify biologically active compounds of CIS using LCMS analysis and to elucidate the ameliorative potential of CIS in alleviating paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 bioactive compounds. HepG2 cells were pretreated with Paracetamol (20 mM) for inducing toxicity, and Silymarin at a concentration of 50 μg/ml was used as a standard drug. The morphological analysis and MTT assay showed effective recovery from toxicity in cells treated with CIS in a dose-dependent manner. CIS at 25 μg/ml potentially showed the highest percentage of inhibitory activity against the toxicity induced by paracetamol. The treatment with paracetamol significantly increased the indicators of liver toxicity - LDH, SGOT, SGPT, and Glut.S Transferase in the media.CIS administration also increased the total protein levels, SOD, and Catalase activity. The morphological analysis, MTT assay, cytocompatibility studies, determination of enzymatic activities, etc., confirms the significant hepatoprotective efficacy of CIS.

N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview

Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.

Utility of novel 2-furanones in synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds having anti-inflammatory activity with dual COX2/LOX inhibition

Inflammation is associated with the development of several diseases comprising cancer and cardiovascular disease. Agents that suppress cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, besides chemokines have been suggested to minimise inflammation. Here, a variety of novel heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds were prepared from novel three furanone derivatives. The structures of all synthesised compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis including mass, IR, and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Anti-inflammatory activities of these synthesised compounds were examined in vitro against COX enzymes, 15-LOX, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), using inhibition screening assays. The majority of these derivatives showed significant to high activities, with three pyridazinone derivatives (5b, 8b, and 8c) being the most promising anti-inflammatory agents with dual COX-2/15-LOX inhibition activities along with high TNF-α inhibition activity.

Utility of Certain 2-Furanone Derivatives for Synthesis of Different Heterocyclic Compounds and Testing their Anti-cancer Activity

BACKGROUND

2-Furanones attracted great attention due to their biological activities. They also have the ability to convert to several biologically active heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds, especially as anti-cancer agents.

OBJECTIVES

This research aims to assist in the development process of novel cytotoxic agents through synthesizing certain 2-furanone derivatives, using them as starting materials for the preparation of novel heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds, and then testing the synthesized derivatives for their anti-cancer activities.

METHODS

All the newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR, Mass, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 18 synthesized compounds were selected by National Cancer Institute (NCI) for testing against 60 cell lines, and the active compound was tested as MAPK14 and VEGFR2-inhibitor using Staurosporine as standard.

RESULTS

Compound 3a showed higher activity against several cell lines, including leukemia (SR), Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NCI-H460), colon cancer (HCT-116), ovarian cancer (OVCAR-4), renal cancer (786-0, ACHN and UO-31), and finally breast cancer (T-47D). It also had better inhibition activity against MAPK14 than the used reference.

CONCLUSION

Compound 3a has promising anti-cancer activities compared to the used standards and may need further modifications and investigations.

Evaluation of some new heterocycles bearing 2‐oxoquinolyl moiety as immunomodulator against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8)

The hydrazide obtained from furan‐2(3H)‐one integrated with a quinolin‐2(1H)‐one core reported previously by our research group was utilized as a building block synthon to obtain some pyrrolone, pyridazinone, oxadiazole, and triazole derivatives through treating with some carbon electrophilic reagents, for example, chloroacetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, acetic anhydride, carbon disulfide, 3,4‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and 2‐oxoquinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde to achieve the target heterocycles. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated as immunomodulator against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8). The compounds 1, 11, and 17 displayed the highest potency (100% protection).

Straightforward synthesis, antiproliferative screening, and density functional theory study of some pyrazolylpyrimidine derivatives

Tetrahydropyrimidinone derivative was synthesized through one‐pot three components condensation of 1,3‐diphenylpyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde with pentan‐2,4‐dione and urea under Biginelli reaction conditions. The corresponding chloro‐ and hydrazino derivatives were synthesized and utilized for the construction of some valuable N‐heterocycles encompassing both pyrazole and pyrimidine cores, such as triazolopyrimidine, tetrazolopyrimidine, pyrazole, and pyrazolone derivatives through condensation with nitrogen nucleophiles and carbon electrophiles. The antiproliferative activity evaluation of the synthesized compounds against four human carcinoma cell lines namely, liver carcinoma (HepG2), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), prostate cancer (PC3), and colon cancer (HCT‐116) cell lines revealed that some of them provided significant potency, as well as the density‐functional theory (DFT) was studied. The permeability of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic synthesized compounds across both normal and cancer cells is confirmed via DFT simulation in which the much higher permeability through aquaporin channels revealed the selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.

Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, and molecular docking of some N‐heterocycles bearing a pyrazole scaffold against liver and breast tumors

A new series of some 1,3‐diphenylpyrazole‐based heterocycles were constructed from 2‐cyano‐3‐(1,3‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)propenoyl chloride (1). The titled acid chloride was submitted to react with mono‐nucleophilic reagents, including oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, to afford new acrylate, thioacrylate, and acrylamide derivatives, respectively. Meanwhile, condensation of 1 with some 1,2‐ and 1,3‐binucleophiles led to the construction of oxadiazepine, pyridopyrimidine, and thiadiazolopyrimidine derivatives (16, 18, 20, 23). In turn, two benzoxazinone derivatives (27, 28) were synthesized upon treating 1 with substituted anthranilic acids followed by heating with acetic anhydride. The antiproliferative activity of the compounds developed against two tumors (HePG2 and MCF7) was evaluated. Compounds 4, 6, 11, 25, and 26 exhibited strong activity and compounds 3, 5, 16, 18, 27, and 28 exhibited moderate activity. A molecular modeling study was conducted by utilizing molecular modeling environment to test the binding free energies of the studied compounds toward human cyclin‐dependent kinase 2. The compounds, 4, 25, and 26, displayed the best docking score. The orientation and hydrogen bond pattern of these compounds in the active site correspond to that of PNU‐292137, which had been approved as a selective CDK2 inhibitor.

Synthesis of chromenone, pyrimidinone, thiazoline, and quinolone derivatives as prospective antitumor agents

Hydrazide‐hydrazone namely, 2‐cyano‐N′‐((1‐phenyl‐3‐[thiophen‐2‐yl]‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methylene)acetohydrazide (3) underwent a series of reactions with some chemical reagents to construct new biologically active N‐heterocycles, for example, chromenone, benzochromenone, thiazoline, and quinolone derivatives. Treating the nitrile derivative 3 with 2,4‐dichlorobenzaldehyde and pyrazole aldehyde 1 afforded the corresponding condensed products. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antitumor activities against two different human tumor cell lines including hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) activities. Compound 3 was the most potent against the two tumors.

Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of some novel heterocycles employing 6-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

A pyrimidinethione derivative namely, 6-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, was readily synthesized and reacted with carbon electrophiles in an attempt to synthesize selected fused heterocycles. The reactivity of 6-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile was investigated towards selected nitrogen nucleophiles. Thiation and hydrolysis reactions of the tetrahydropyrimidine derivative were investigated. Antitumor and antimicrobial activity evaluation of some of the synthesized products exhibited promising results.

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Novel Heterocycles Utilizing 1,3‐Diphenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone

A new series of heterocycles was synthesized via the reaction of readily obtainable 1,3‐diphenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with many carbon electrophiles, for example, chloroacetic acid, chloroacetyl chloride, ethyl chloroacetate, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, maleic anhydride, 3′‐nitro‐ω‐bromoacetophenone, malonic acid, acetylacetone, ethyl benzoylacetate, arylidene malononitrile, and ethyl cyanoacetate in attempt to construct imidazolidinone, thiazolidinone, thiazole, and pyrimidine derivatives. The behavior of the titled compound towards hydrazine hydrate was investigated, in addition to the ring closure under different conditions. Also, the reactions with 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carboxaldehyde and chromone‐3‐carboxaldehyde were discussed. The structures of all products obtained were substantiated from their analytical and spectral data. The antitumor and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were examined.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Some Novel Heterocycles Derived from Chromonyl-2(3H)-furanone

6-Chloro-3-((2-oxo-5-phenylfuran-3(2 H)-ylidene)methyl)-4 H-chromen-4-one was utilised for the construction of N-heterocycles. The proclivity of this furanone towards some nitrogen nucleophiles, i.e. glycine, thiosemicarbazide, thiocarbohydrazide, phenylhydrazine and o-phenylenediamine, was studied. The structures of all products obtained were established on the basis of their analytical and spectral data. All synthesised compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial (two strains of bacteria; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and antifungal (two fungus strains; Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) activities. Some products exhibited promising antimicrobial activities.

Ring Transformation of a 2(3H)‐furanone Derivative into Oxazinone and Pyrimidinone Heterocycles

The conversion of the 2(3H)‐furanone into the oxazinone and pyrimidinone derivatives is studied. A 2‐(furan‐2‐ylmethylene)‐4‐oxo‐4‐phenylbutanoyl azide 3 was synthesized to carry out these conversions through its thermolysis in dry benzene and/or base‐catalyzed decomposition of this azide in the presence of different amines. The structures of all compounds were demonstrated from their spectral data and elemental analyses.