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Llewelyn VK, Sitovs A, Tikhomirov M, Sartini I, Kim TW, Tabari MA, Poźniak B, Kadir AA, Milanova A, Vercelli C, Giorgi M. Journal clubs: an educational tool for veterinary practitioners. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:869-871. [PMID: 32223708 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.8.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Sparing the gut: COX-2 inhibitors herald a new era for treatment of horses with surgical colic. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019; 32:611-616. [PMID: 34305336 DOI: 10.1111/eve.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to manage a wide variety of conditions in horses, including management of colic. Flunixin meglumine is by far the most commonly used drug in the control of colic pain and inflammation and has become a go-to for not only veterinarians but also horse-owners and nonmedical equine professionals. NSAID use, however, has always been controversial in critical cases due to a high risk of adverse effects associated with their potent cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibition. There are two important COX isoenzymes: COX-1 is generally beneficial for normal renal and gastrointestinal functions and COX-2 is associated with the pain and inflammation of disease. Newer selective NSAIDs can target COX-2-driven pathology while sparing important COX-1-driven physiology, which is of critical importance in horses with severe gastrointestinal disease. Emerging research suggests that firocoxib, a COX-2-selective NSAID labelled for use in horses, may be preferable for use in colic cases in spite of the decades-long dogma that flunixin saves lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Rishniw M, White ME. The term 'Pilot Study' is misused in veterinary medicine: a critical assessment. Vet Rec 2019; 186:65. [PMID: 31427406 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Authors commonly use the term 'Pilot Study' in the veterinary literature. The term has a specific definition in medical literature, but is not defined in veterinary literature. Therefore, we sought to examine the frequency of the use of the term and the characteristics of studies using the term in the article title, and derive the intended meaning of the term. We identified all articles in veterinary literature using the term in the article title between 2008 and 2017. We then examined specific characteristics of articles published between 2008 and 2012. We found use of the term is increasing (P<0.0001). Of articles using the term between 2008 and 2012, only 20 per cent led to a larger, more comprehensive verifying study. Most garnered few citations, but 75 per cent were cited in review articles. Pilot studies had a median sample size of 10 subjects. We found comparable studies for each pilot study that did not incorporate the term into their titles. None of the authors of any of the pilot studies defined the term or explained why their study was termed a 'pilot study'. Journals and authors used the term haphazardly. Our findings indicate that the term 'Pilot Study' is meaningless because it meets no specific, consistently adhered-to criteria. We believe that authors use the term as a means of 'Deficiency signaling' to editors, reviewers and readers. We recommend that authors and journals abandon the term in veterinary literature because it serves no purpose, is not used consistently and might harm veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rishniw
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA .,Veterinary Information Network, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maurice Edward White
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Wang J, Gong X, Xue J, Zhang S, Li J, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of the novel COX-2 selective inhibitor vitacoxib in cats: The effects of feeding and dose. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:294-299. [PMID: 30737806 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose-scaling model of vitacoxib in either fed or fasted cats following either oral or intravenous administration. The concentration of the drug was quantified by UPLC-MS/MS on plasma samples. Relevant parameters were described using noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin 6.4 software). Vitacoxib is relatively slowly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration (2 mg/kg body weight), with a Tmax of approximately 4.7 hr. The feeding state of the cat was a statistically significant covariate for both area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) and mean absorption time (MATfed ). The absolute bioavailability (F) of vitacoxib (2 mg/kg body weight) after oral administration (fed) was 72.5%, which is higher than that in fasted cats (F = 50.6%). Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg body weight), Vd (ml/kg) was 1,264.34 ± 343.63 ml/kg and Cl (ml kg-1 hr-1 ) was 95.22 ± 23.53 ml kg-1 hr-1 . Plasma concentrations scaled linearly with dose, with Cmax (ng/ml) of 352.30 ± 63.42, 750.26 ± 435.54, and 936.97 ± 231.27 ng/ml after doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No significant undesirable behavioral effects were noted throughout the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Ziegler A, Fogle C, Blikslager A. Update on the use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:1271-1274. [PMID: 28509650 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.11.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and are highly effective for the treatment of pain and inflammation in horses. There are 2 clinically relevant isoforms of COX. Cyclooxygenase-1 is constitutively expressed and is considered important for a variety of physiologic functions, including gastrointestinal homeostasis. Thus, NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX-2 while sparing COX-1 may be associated with a lower incidence of adverse gastrointestinal effects. Various formulations of firocoxib, a COX-2-selective NSAID, labeled for use in horses are available in the United States. Equine practitioners should know that the FDA limits the use of firocoxib to formulations labeled for horses, regardless of price concerns. In addition, practitioners will benefit from understanding the nuances of firocoxib administration, including the importance of correct dosing and the contraindications of combining NSAIDs. Together with knowledge of the potential advantages of COX-2 selectivity, these considerations will help veterinarians select and treat patients that could benefit from this new class of NSAID.
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Bianco AW, Moore GE, Cooper BR, Taylor SD. In vitro anti-LPS dose determination of ketorolac tromethamine and in vivo safety of repeated dosing in healthy horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:98-104. [PMID: 28600856 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - G. E. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - B. R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - S. D. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
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Pharmacokinetic Assessment of the Marker Active Metabolites 4-Methyl-amino-antipyrine and 4-Acetyl-amino-antipyrine After Intravenous and Intramuscular Injection of Metamizole (Dipyrone) in Healthy Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Giorgi M, De Vito V, Poapolathep A, Rychshanova R, Sgorbini M, Owen H. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of flupirtine in the horse. Vet J 2015; 208:76-80. [PMID: 26681139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flupirtine (FLU) is a non-opioid analgesic drug, with no antipyretic or anti-inflammatory effects, used in the treatment of a wide range of pain states in human beings. It does not induce the side effects associated with the classical drugs used as pain relievers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administration in healthy horses. Six mixed breed adult mares were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using an open, single-dose, two-treatment, two-phase, paired, cross-over design (2 × 2 Latin-square). Group 1 (n = 3) received a single dose of 1 mg/kg of FLU injected IV into the jugular vein. Group 2 (n = 3) received FLU (5 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. The animals then swapped groups after a 1-week wash-out period and the doses were repeated. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36 and 48 h and plasma was then analysed by a validated HPLC method. Some mild and transient adverse effects (that spontaneously resolved within 5 min) were observed in 2/6 animals after IV administration. No adverse effects were noticed in the PO administration group. After IV and PO administrations, FLU was detectable in plasma for up to 36 h. The mean elimination half-life was longer after PO (10.27 h) than after IV (3.02 h) administration. The oral bioavailability was 71.4 ± 33.1%. After compartmental simulation/modelling, an oral dose of 2.6 mg/kg was calculated to give Cmax and AUC values in horses similar to those reported in humans after a clinical dose administration with a theoretical FLU effective plasma concentration of 187 ng/mL. These findings may form the basis for further studies concerning this active ingredient in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy.
| | - V De Vito
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - A Poapolathep
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Rychshanova
- Veterinary School, Kostanay State A. Baitursynov University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - M Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - H Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Schneider M, Kuchta A, Dron F, Woehrlé F. Disposition of cimicoxib in plasma and milk of whelping bitches and in their puppies. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:178. [PMID: 26228538 PMCID: PMC4521454 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caesarean section of bitches is a well recognized painful condition in dogs and it can be classified as a soft tissue surgery. Cimicoxib, a newly registered NSAID in European Union has a claim for the relief of pain in peri-operative conditions. However, in case of caesarean section, the main concerns of using NSAIDs are the transfer of the drugs into milk and its impact on the suckling pups. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the transfer of cimicoxib into the milk of 6 lactating bitches after a single oral administration of the drug on day 0 (just after whelping) and on day 28 at the target dose of 2 mg/kg. Another aim of the study was to evaluate the transfer of the drug from the milk into the suckling pups. Blood and milk samples were collected from the bitches after each administration on day 0 and day 28 and blood samples were drawn from the pups after suckling on day 28. RESULTS All bitches whelped without any complication and gave birth to 38 pups. After administration on D0, the mean observed plasma Cmax in bitches was 0.5323 μg/mL and the mean area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to the infinity, AUCINF, was 2.411 μg.h/mL. After administration on D28, only AUCINF was significantly higher with a value of 3.747 μg.h/mL. In milk, after administration on D0, the mean observed Cmax was 0.9974 μg/mL and the mean area under the concentration-time curve until the last measurable time point, AUClast, was 4.205 μg.h/mL. Out of 24 sampled pups on D28, only 2 animals had a sample with very low cimicoxib concentrations slightly above the limit of quantification (0.01 μg/mL). CONCLUSION The presented data show that cimicoxib given by oral route to lactating bitches at a single dose of 2 mg/kg had a high transfer rate into the milk with a milk to plasma ratio of 1.7 to 1.9. The transfer rate to the suckling pups was low and no clinical abnormalities were detected in both bitches and pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schneider
- Vétoquinol Global Development, 70200, Lure, France.
| | - A Kuchta
- Crosspatrick, Killala, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
| | - F Dron
- Vétoquinol Global Development, 70200, Lure, France.
| | - F Woehrlé
- Vétoquinol Global Development, 70200, Lure, France.
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