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Verma S, Dal NJK, Srivastava A, Bharti R, Siva Reddy DV, Sofi HS, Roy T, Verma K, Raman SK, Azmi L, Ray L, Mugale MN, Singh AK, Singh J, Griffiths G, Misra A. Inhaled Adjunct Therapy with Second-Line Drug Candidates for Dose Reduction in Chemotherapeutic Regimens for Multi-drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:130. [PMID: 37291443 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) requires prolonged administration of multiple drugs. We investigated whether pulmonary delivery of minute doses of drugs, along with reduced oral doses of the same agents, would affect preclinical efficacy. We prepared dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations comprising sutezolid (SUT), the second-generation pretomanid analog TBA-354 (TBA), or a fluorinated derivative of TBA-354 (32,625) in a matrix of the biodegradable polymer poly(L-lactide). We established formulation characteristics, doses inhaled by healthy mice, and preclinical efficacy in a mouse model of TB. Oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day or DPI doses of 0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day of drugs SUT, TBA-354, or 32,625 administered over 28 days were sub-optimally effective in reducing lung and spleen burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected mice. The addition of 0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day of SUT, TBA-354, or 32,625 as DPI to oral doses of 50 mg/kg/day was non-inferior in clearing Mtb from the lungs of infected mice. We concluded that adjunct therapy with inhaled second-line agents has the potential to reduce the efficacious oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Verma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | | | - Ashish Srivastava
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Reena Bharti
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - D V Siva Reddy
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Hasham Shafi Sofi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Trisha Roy
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Khushboo Verma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Sunil K Raman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Lubna Azmi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Lipika Ray
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Madhav N Mugale
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amit Misra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India.
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2
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Dal NJK, Schäfer G, Thompson AM, Schmitt S, Redinger N, Alonso-Rodriguez N, Johann K, Ojong J, Wohlmann J, Best A, Koynov K, Zentel R, Schaible UE, Griffiths G, Barz M, Fenaroli F. Π-Π interactions stabilize PeptoMicelle-based formulations of Pretomanid derivatives leading to promising therapy against tuberculosis in zebrafish and mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 354:851-868. [PMID: 36681282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the deadliest bacterial disease globally, threatening the lives of millions every year. New antibiotic therapies that can shorten the duration of treatment, improve cure rates, and impede the development of drug resistance are desperately needed. Here, we used polymeric micelles to encapsulate four second-generation derivatives of the antitubercular drug pretomanid that had previously displayed much better in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis than pretomanid itself. Because these compounds were relatively hydrophobic and had limited bioavailability, we expected that their micellar formulations would overcome these limitations, reduce toxicities, and improve therapeutic outcomes. The polymeric micelles were based on polypept(o)ides (PeptoMicelles) and were stabilized in their hydrophobic core by π-π interactions, allowing the efficient encapsulation of aromatic pretomanid derivatives. The stability of these π-π-stabilized PeptoMicelles was demonstrated in water, blood plasma, and lung surfactant by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and was further supported by prolonged circulation times of several days in the vasculature of zebrafish larvae. The most efficacious PeptoMicelle formulation tested in the zebrafish larvae infection model almost completely eradicated the bacteria at non-toxic doses. This lead formulation was further assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the susceptible C3HeB/FeJ mouse model, which develops human-like necrotic granulomas. Following intravenous administration, the drug-loaded PeptoMicelles significantly reduced bacterial burden and inflammatory responses in the lungs and spleens of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Jørgen K Dal
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Ojong
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Best
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
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3
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Luo W, Huang Z, Xu D, Yang M, Zhu Y, Shen L, Chen S, Tao X, Bin W, Hu Y, Franzblau SG, Jiang N, Wei Y, Wei X, Ding CZ. Discovery and preclinical evaluations of JBD0131, a novel nitrodihydro-imidazooxazole anti-tuberculosis agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128871. [PMID: 35777718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major health problem worldwide. The treatment for MDR-TB requires medications for a long duration (up to 20-24 months) with second-line drugs resulting in unfavorable outcomes. Nitroimidazoles are promising antimycobacterial agents known to inhibit both aerobic and anaerobic mycobacterial activity. Delamanid and pretomanid are two nitroimidazoles approved by the regulatory agencies for MDR-TB treatment. However, both agents possess unsatisfactory absorption and QTc prolongation. In our search for a safer nitroimidazole, we discovered JBD0131 (2). It exhibited excellent anti-mycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro and in vivo, improved PK and absorption, reduced QT prolongation potential of delamanid. JBD0131 is currently in clinical development in China for pulmonary tuberculosis (CTR20202308).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- WuXi AppTec, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- WuXi AppTec, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Deming Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Meng Yang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yusong Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xin Tao
- Changzhou Yinsheng Pharmacy Co., Ltd., Weitang Chemical Industry Zone, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Wang Bin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis, and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghu Hu
- WuXi AppTec, 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Ning Jiang
- Jumbo Drug Bank Co., Ltd., No.18, Section 2, Bio-city Middle Road, High-tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, No 17, The Third Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Jumbo Drug Bank Co., Ltd., No.18, Section 2, Bio-city Middle Road, High-tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
| | - Charles Z Ding
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China.
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4
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Belete TM. Recent Progress in the Development of Novel Mycobacterium Cell Wall Inhibitor to Combat Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221099878. [PMID: 35645569 PMCID: PMC9131376 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221099878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research in drug development against TB, it is still the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases. The long treatment duration, patient noncompliance coupled with the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to resist the current drugs increases multidrug-resistant tuberculosis that exacerbates the situation. Identification of novel drug targets is important for the advancement of drug development against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of an effective treatment course that could help us eradicates TB. Hence, we require drugs that could eliminate the bacteria and shorten the treatment duration. This review briefly describes the available data on the peptidoglycan component structural characterization, identification of the metabolic pathway, and the key enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis, like N-Acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, mur enzyme, alanine racemase as well as their inhibition. Besides, this paper also provides studies on mycolic acid and arabinogalactan synthesis and the transport mechanisms that show considerable promise as new targets to develop a new product with their inhibiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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5
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Singh R, Shaheer M, Sobhia ME. Molecular dynamic assisted investigation on impact of mutations in deazaflavin dependent nitroreductase against pretomanid: a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-23. [PMID: 35574601 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, TB drugs belonging to the nitroimidazole class, pretomanid and delamanid, have been authorised to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB. With a novel inhibition mechanism and a reduction in the span of treatment, it is now being administered in various combinations. This approach is not the ultimate remedy since the target protein Deazaflavin dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) has a high mutation frequency, and already pretomanid resistant clinical isolates are reported in various studies. Ddn is essential for M.tuberculosis to emerge from hypoxia, and point mutations in critical residues confer resistance to Nitro-imidazoles. Among the pool of available mutants, we have selected seven mutants viz DdnL49P, DdnY65S, DdnS78Y, DdnK79Q, DdnW88R, DdnY133C, and DdnY136S, all of which exhibited resistance to pretomanid. To address this issue, through computational study primarily by MD simulation, we attempted to elucidate these point mutations' impact and investigate the resistance mechanism. Hence, the DdnWT and mutant (MT) complexes were subjected to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns. Interestingly, we observed the escalation of the distance between cofactor and ligand in some mutants, along with a significant change in ligand conformation relative to the DdnWT. Moreover, we confirmed that mutations rendered ligand instability and were ejected from the binding pocket as a result. In conclusion, the results obtained provide a new structural insight and vital clues for designing novel inhibitors to combat nitroimidazole resistanceCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Singh
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Muhammed Shaheer
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - M Elizabeth Sobhia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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6
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Matsa R, Makam P, Sethi G, Thottasseri AA, Kizhakkandiyil AR, Ramadas K, Mariappan V, Pillai AB, Kannan T. Pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives: design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico antimycobacterial studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18333-18346. [PMID: 35799934 PMCID: PMC9215125 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives has been synthesized to discover novel chemotherapeutic agents for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The drug-likeness of pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives was validated using the Lipinski and Veber rules. The designed thiazole molecules have been synthesized through Hantzsch thiazole methodologies. The in vitro antimycobacterial studies have been conducted using Luciferase reporter phage (LRP) assay. Out of thirty pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives, the compounds 2b, 3b, 5b, and 8b have exhibited good antimycobacterial activity against Mtb, an H37Rv strain with the minimum inhibitory concentration in the range of 6.40–7.14 μM. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of active molecules has been observed against Human Embryonic Kidney Cell lines (HEK293t) using MTT assay. The compounds 3b and 8b are nontoxic and their cell viability is 87% and 96.71% respectively. The in silico analyses of the pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives have been studied to find the mode of binding of the active compounds with KasA protein of Mtb. The active compounds showed a strong binding score (−5.27 to −6.23 kcal mol−1). Thirty novel pyridine-appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antimycobacterial activity against Mictrobactrium tuberculosis, H37Rv strain.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkishore Matsa
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Dr Param Laboratories, Plot No. 478, BN. Reddy Nagar, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 051, India
- Division of Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Guneswar Sethi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | | | | | - Krishna Ramadas
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry 607 402, India
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry 607 402, India
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7
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Innovation in drug toxicology: Application of mass spectrometry imaging technology. Toxicology 2021; 464:153000. [PMID: 34695509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful molecular imaging technology that can obtain qualitative, quantitative, and location information by simultaneously detecting and mapping endogenous or exogenous molecules in biological tissue slices without specific chemical labeling or complex sample pretreatment. This article reviews the progress made in MSI and its application in drug toxicology research, including the tissue distribution of toxic drugs and their metabolites, the target organs (liver, kidney, lung, eye, and central nervous system) of toxic drugs, the discovery of toxicity-associated biomarkers, and explanations of the mechanisms of drug toxicity when MSI is combined with the cutting-edge omics methodologies. The unique advantages and broad prospects of this technology have been fully demonstrated to further promote its wider use in the field of pharmaceutical toxicology.
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8
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Chemical Classes Presenting Novel Antituberculosis Agents Currently in Different Phases of Drug Development: A 2010-2020 Review. PHARMACEUTICALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:ph14050461. [PMID: 34068171 PMCID: PMC8152995 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a curable airborne disease currently treated using a drug regimen consisting of four drugs. Global TB control has been a persistent challenge for many decades due to the emergence of drug-resistant Mtb strains. The duration and complexity of TB treatment are the main issues leading to treatment failures. Other challenges faced by currently deployed TB regimens include drug-drug interactions, miss-matched pharmacokinetics parameters of drugs in a regimen, and lack of activity against slow replicating sub-population. These challenges underpin the continuous search for novel TB drugs and treatment regimens. This review summarizes new TB drugs/drug candidates under development with emphasis on their chemical classes, biological targets, mode of resistance generation, and pharmacokinetic properties. As effective TB treatment requires a combination of drugs, the issue of drug-drug interaction is, therefore, of great concern; herein, we have compiled drug-drug interaction reports, as well as efficacy reports for drug combinations studies involving antitubercular agents in clinical development.
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Rice AM, Long Y, King SB. Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources. Biomolecules 2021; 11:267. [PMID: 33673069 PMCID: PMC7918234 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic antibiotics show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding use in the treatment of Heliobacter pylori infections, tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Despite this activity and a clear need for the development of new treatments for these conditions, the associated toxicity and lack of clear mechanisms of action have limited their therapeutic development. Nitroaromatic antibiotics require reductive bioactivation for activity and this reductive metabolism can convert the nitro group to nitric oxide (NO) or a related reactive nitrogen species (RNS). As nitric oxide plays important roles in the defensive immune response to bacterial infection through both signaling and redox-mediated pathways, defining controlled NO generation pathways from these antibiotics would allow the design of new therapeutics. This review focuses on the release of nitrogen oxide species from various nitroaromatic antibiotics to portend the increased ability for these compounds to positively impact infectious disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (A.M.R.); (Y.L.)
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10
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Mhlongo NZ, Ebenhan T, Driver CHS, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Govender T, Naicker T. Microwave-assisted synthesis of meso-carboxyalkyl-BODIPYs and an application to fluorescence imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7876-7883. [PMID: 32986056 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a significantly improved method for the synthesis of modular meso-BODIPY (boron dipyrromethene) derivatives possessing a free carboxylic acid group (which was subsequently coupled to peptides), is disclosed. This method provides a vastly efficient synthetic route with a > threefold higher overall yield than other reports. The resultant meso-BODIPY acid allowed for further easy incorporation into peptides. The meso-BODIPY peptides showed absorption maxima from 495-498 nm and emission maxima from 504-506 nm, molar absorptivity coefficients from 33 383-80 434 M-1 cm-1 and fluorescent quantum yields from 0.508-0.849. The meso-BODIPY-c(RGDyK) peptide was evaluated for plasma stability and (proved to be durable even up to 4 h) was then assessed for its fluorescence imaging applicability in vivo and ex vivo. The optical imaging in vivo was limited due to autofluorescence, however, the ex vivo tissue analysis displayed BODIPY-c(RGDyK) internalization and cancer detection thereby making it a novel tumor-integrin associated fluorescent probe while displaying the lack of interference the dye has on the properties of this ligand to bind the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neliswa Z Mhlongo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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11
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Singh SD, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Demonstrates the Regional Brain Distribution Patterns of Three First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21169-21177. [PMID: 31867510 PMCID: PMC6921606 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the development of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), even with chronic antiretroviral therapy. In order for antiretroviral therapy to be effective in protecting the CNS, these drugs should have the ability to localize in brain areas known to be affected by HIV. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the localization patterns of three first-line antiretroviral drugs, namely, efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine, in the rat brain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) were utilized to assess the pharmacokinetics and brain spatial distribution of the three drugs. Each drug was administered (50 mg/kg) to healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats via intraperitoneal administration. LC-MS/MS results showed that all three drugs could be delivered into the brain, although they varied in blood-brain barrier permeability. MALDI-MSI showed a high degree of efavirenz localization across the entire brain, while tenofovir localized mainly in the cortex. Emtricitabine distributed heterogeneously mainly in the thalamus, corpus callosum, and hypothalamus. This study showed that efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine might be a potential drug combination antiretroviral therapy for CNS protection against HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
- E-mail: . Tel: +27 31 260 81799. Cell: +27 84 562 1530(S.B.)
| | - Thavendran Govender
- AnSynth
Pty Ltd., 498 Grove End
Drive, Durban 4000, South Africa
- E-mail: (T.G.)
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Spatial distribution of elvitegravir and tenofovir in rat brain tissue: Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1643-1651. [PMID: 31240777 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The complexity of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery is the main obstacle with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) known to restrict access of most pharmaceutical drugs into the brain. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers possibilities for studying drug deposition into the CNS. METHODS The deposition and spatial distribution of the two antiretroviral drugs elvitegravir and tenofovir in the brain were investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intraperitoneal administration (50 mg/kg). This was achieved by the utilization of quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI. RESULTS LC/MS/MS showed that elvitegravir has better BBB penetration, reaching maximum concentration in the brain (Cmax brain) of 976.5 ng/g. In contrast, tenofovir displayed relatively lower BBB penetration, reaching Cmax brain of 54.5 ng/g. MALDI-MSI showed the heterogeneous distribution of both drugs in various brain regions including the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSIONS LC/MS/MS and MALDI-MSI provided valuable information about the relative concentration and the spatial distribution of the two common antiretroviral drugs. This study has also shown the capability of MALDI-MSI for direct visualization of pharmaceutical drugs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Investigating time dependent brain distribution of nevirapine via mass spectrometric imaging. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:593-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Baijnath S. Rilpivirine as a potential candidate for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). J Mol Histol 2019; 50:295-303. [PMID: 31011919 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV epidemic continues to contribute to global morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) also continues to be a major concern in infected individuals, despite the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, current antiretroviral drugs should be able to reach therapeutic levels in the brain for the treatment of HAND. The brain distribution of the next-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, rilpivirine (RPV) was investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The presented study involves the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to estimate the concentrations of RPV in plasma and brain homogenate samples. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) provided regional spatial distribution of RPV in brain tissue sections. The localization of RPV was found to be relatively high in the hypothalamus, thalamus and corpus callosum, brain regions known to be associated with neurodegeneration during HAND (including the cerebral cortex). This study has shown that RPV has an excellent blood-brain barrier penetrability. Thus, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, better central nervous system (CNS) protection against HAND can possibly be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Pamreddy A, Baijnath S, Naicker T, Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Lubanyana H, Kruger HG, Govender T. Bedaquiline has potential for targeting tuberculosis reservoirs in the central nervous system. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11902-11907. [PMID: 35539382 PMCID: PMC9079262 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ) is the first-in-class United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug, which is a novel diarylquinoline antibiotic that has recently been utilized as an effective adjunct to existing therapies for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). BDQ is especially promising due to its novel mechanism of action, activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in addition to having the potential to shorten treatment duration. Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major concern in TB chemotherapy, especially with the increasing cases of CNS-TB. In this study, we investigated the CNS penetration of BDQ in healthy rodent brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 27; 100 ± 20 g) received a single 25 mg kg-1 b.w dose of BDQ via intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, over a 24 h period. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine whole tissue drug concentrations and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) was utilized to evaluate drug distribution in the brain. BDQ reached peak concentrations (C max) of 134.97 ng mL-1 in the brain at a T max of 4 h, which is within the range required for therapeutic efficacy. BDQ was widely distributed in the brain, with a particularly high intensity in the corpus callosum and associated subcortical white matter including the striatal, globus pallidus, corticofugal pathways, ventricular system, basal forebrain region and hippocampal regions. Using MALDI MSI, this study demonstrates that due to BDQ's distribution in the brain, it has the potential to target TB reservoirs within this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Pamreddy
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Hlengekile Lubanyana
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
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