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Koatale P, Welling MM, Ndlovu H, Kgatle M, Mdanda S, Mdlophane A, Okem A, Takyi-Williams J, Sathekge MM, Ebenhan T. Insights into Peptidoglycan-Targeting Radiotracers for Imaging Bacterial Infections: Updates, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:270-286. [PMID: 38290525 PMCID: PMC10862554 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The unique structural architecture of the peptidoglycan allows for the stratification of bacteria as either Gram-negative or Gram-positive, which makes bacterial cells distinguishable from mammalian cells. This classification has received attention as a potential target for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Bacteria's ability to metabolically integrate peptidoglycan precursors during cell wall biosynthesis and recycling offers an opportunity to target and image pathogens in their biological state. This Review explores the peptidoglycan biosynthesis for bacteria-specific targeting for infection imaging. Current and potential radiolabeled peptidoglycan precursors for bacterial infection imaging, their development status, and their performance in vitro and/or in vivo are highlighted. We conclude by providing our thoughts on how to shape this area of research for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palesa
C. Koatale
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mick M. Welling
- Interventional
Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mankgopo Kgatle
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amanda Mdlophane
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ambrose Okem
- Department
of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Takyi-Williams
- Pharmacokinetic
and Mass Spectrometry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mike M. Sathekge
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear
Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
- DSI/NWU Pre-clinical
Drug Development Platform, North West University, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Naidoo V, Mdanda S, Ntshangase S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Naidoo P, Baijnath S. Corrigendum to "Brain penetration of ketamine: Intranasal delivery VS parenteral routes of administration" [J. Psychiatr. Res. 112 (2019) 7-11]. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:254. [PMID: 37536188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Naidoo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Panjasaram Naidoo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
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3
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Mdanda S, Ngema LM, Mdlophane A, Sathekge MM, Zeevaart JR. Recent Innovations and Nano-Delivery of Actinium-225: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1719. [PMID: 37376167 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The actinium-225 (225Ac) radioisotope exhibits highly attractive nuclear properties for application in radionuclide therapy. However, the 225Ac radionuclide presents multiple daughter nuclides in its decay chain, which can escape the targeted site, circulate in plasma, and cause toxicity in areas such as kidneys and renal tissues. Several ameliorative strategies have been devised to circumvent this issue, including nano-delivery. Alpha-emitting radionuclides and nanotechnology applications in nuclear medicine have culminated in major advancements that offer promising therapeutic possibilities for treating several cancers. Accordingly, the importance of nanomaterials in retaining the 225Ac daughters from recoiling into unintended organs has been established. This review expounds on the advancements of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) as an alternative anticancer treatment. It discusses the recent developments in the preclinical and clinical investigations on 225Ac as a prospective anticancer agent. Moreover, the rationale for using nanomaterials in improving the therapeutic efficacy of α-particles in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) with an emphasis on 225Ac is discussed. Quality control measures in the preparation of 225Ac-conjugates are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipho Mdanda
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Lindokuhle M Ngema
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform (WADDP) Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Amanda Mdlophane
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Radiochemistry, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Hartbeespoort 0240, South Africa
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Reddy N, Girdhari L, Shungube M, Gouws AC, Peters BK, Rajbongshi KK, Baijnath S, Mdanda S, Ntombela T, Arumugam T, Bester LA, Singh SD, Chuturgoon A, Arvidsson PI, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Govender T, Naicker T. Neutralizing Carbapenem Resistance by Co-Administering Meropenem with Novel β-Lactam-Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040633. [PMID: 37106995 PMCID: PMC10135050 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulent Enterobacterale strains expressing serine and metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) genes have emerged responsible for conferring resistance to hard-to-treat infectious diseases. One strategy that exists is to develop β-lactamase inhibitors to counter this resistance. Currently, serine β-lactamase inhibitors (SBLIs) are in therapeutic use. However, an urgent global need for clinical metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors (MBLIs) has become dire. To address this problem, this study evaluated BP2, a novel beta-lactam-derived β-lactamase inhibitor, co-administered with meropenem. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility results, BP2 potentiates the synergistic activity of meropenem to a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤1 mg/L. In addition, BP2 is bactericidal over 24 h and safe to administer at the selected concentrations. Enzyme inhibition kinetics showed that BP2 had an apparent inhibitory constant (Kiapp) of 35.3 µM and 30.9 µM against New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) and Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-β-lactamase (VIM-2), respectively. BP2 did not interact with glyoxylase II enzyme up to 500 µM, indicating specific (MBL) binding. In a murine infection model, BP2 co-administered with meropenem was efficacious, observed by the >3 log10 reduction in K. pneumoniae NDM cfu/thigh. Given the promising pre-clinical results, BP2 is a suitable candidate for further research and development as an (MBLI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakita Reddy
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Letisha Girdhari
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mbongeni Shungube
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Arnoldus C Gouws
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Byron K Peters
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Kamal K Rajbongshi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2020, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanil D Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery & Development Platform & Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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5
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Peters BK, Reddy N, Shungube M, Girdhari L, Baijnath S, Mdanda S, Chetty L, Ntombela T, Arumugam T, Bester LA, Singh SD, Chuturgoon A, Arvidsson PI, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Naicker T, Govender T. In Vitro and In Vivo Development of a β-Lactam-Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor: Targeting Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:486-496. [PMID: 36786013 PMCID: PMC10012271 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
β-lactams are the most prescribed class of antibiotics due to their potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. However, alarming rates of antimicrobial resistance now threaten the clinical relevance of these drugs, especially for the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales expressing metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Antimicrobial agents that specifically target these enzymes to restore the efficacy of last resort β-lactam drugs, that is, carbapenems, are therefore desperately needed. Herein, we present a cyclic zinc chelator covalently attached to a β-lactam scaffold (cephalosporin), that is, BP1. Observations from in vitro assays (with seven MBL expressing bacteria from different geographies) have indicated that BP1 restored the efficacy of meropenem to ≤ 0.5 mg/L, with sterilizing activity occurring from 8 h postinoculation. Furthermore, BP1 was nontoxic against human hepatocarcinoma cells (IC50 > 1000 mg/L) and exhibited a potency of (Kiapp) 24.8 and 97.4 μM against Verona integron-encoded MBL (VIM-2) and New Delhi metallo β-lactamase (NDM-1), respectively. There was no inhibition observed from BP1 with the human zinc-containing enzyme glyoxylase II up to 500 μM. Preliminary molecular docking of BP1 with NDM-1 and VIM-2 sheds light on BP1's mode of action. In Klebsiella pneumoniae NDM infected mice, BP1 coadministered with meropenem was efficacious in reducing the bacterial load by >3 log10 units' postinfection. The findings herein propose a favorable therapeutic combination strategy that restores the activity of the carbapenem antibiotic class and complements the few MBL inhibitors under development, with the ultimate goal of curbing antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Peters
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Nakita Reddy
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mbongeni Shungube
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Letisha Girdhari
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Chetty
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Research Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanil D Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery & Development Platform & Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa
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Omolabi KF, Reddy N, Mdanda S, Ntshangase S, Singh SD, Kruger HG, Naicker T, Govender T, Bajinath S. The in vitro and in vivo potential of metal-chelating agents as metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:6912242. [PMID: 36521842 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in beta-lactamase resistance has created superbugs, which pose a current and significant threat to public healthcare. This has created an urgent need to keep pace with the discovery of inhibitors that can inactivate these beta-lactamase producers. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo activity of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7 triacetic acid (NOTA)-a potential metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) inhibitor was evaluated in combination with meropenem against MBL producing bacteria. Time-kill studies showed that NOTA restored the efficacy of meropenem against all bacterial strains tested. A murine infection model was then used to study the in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy of this metal chelator. The coadministration of NOTA and meropenem (100 mg/kg.bw each) resulted in a significant decrease in the colony-forming units of Klebsiella pneumoniae NDM-1 over an 8-h treatment period (>3 log10 units). The findings suggest that chelators, such as NOTA, hold strong potential for use as a MBL inhibitor in treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterale infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde F Omolabi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nakita Reddy
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanil D Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Bajinath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001,Durban 4000, South Africa.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa.,School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Kondiah PPD, Mdanda S, Makhathini SS, Rants’o TA, Choonara YE. Development of a Eudragit-Chitosan Nanosystem for the pH-Dependent Transport of Duloxetine to the Brain: Synthesis, Characterization and In Silico Modeling Analysis. Nanofab 2022. [DOI: 10.37819/nanofab.007.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize duloxetine (DLX)- loaded Eudragit-Chitosan (Eud-CHT) nanoparticles enclosed in an oral gelatin capsule and to evaluate the potential to transport DLX to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)for improved neuro-availability. The utilization of Eudragit® with chitosan offers a pH-dependent controlled drug release. The physicochemical properties of the formulated DLX-loaded Eud-CHT nanosystem were confirmed using various characterization techniques. SEM confirmed the nanoparticle morphology and pore size distribution. The particle size was 100 ± 73,41 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0,283 and zeta potential of 16±2,79 mV. Drug entrapment efficacy (DEE) of 72% was attained, and molecular modelling predicted an efficient and controllable drug delivery system. The release of DLX from the nanosystem was evaluated at pH1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. At a pH of 6.8, 40 % of DLX was released, with only 20 % at pH 1.2 and 35% at pH 7.4. This demonstrated DLX's pH-dependent release and the Eud-CHT nanosystem's shielding effect at gastric pH. In addition, HEK 293 neural cells confirmed the non-toxicity of the DLX-Eud-CHT nanosystem. In silico modelling revealed a DLX-Eud-CHT composite with an outer cationic surface attributable to the EUD moieties on nanoparticles for preferential cell recognition and uptake at the anionic cell interface. The combined trials and results from the synthesis of DLX-Eud-CHT nanoparticles showed that these nanoparticles could be utilized as a potentially invaluable formulation for oral drug delivery of duloxetine with improved neuro-availability.
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Govender K, Mdanda S, Baijnath S, Kruger HG, Govender T, Naicker T. The analysis of alcohol content in hand sanitisers (in the Durban region) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry during the COVID-19 pandemic. S Afr j chem 2022. [DOI: 10.17159/0379-4350/2022/v76a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented surge in the demand for alcohol-based hand sanitisers (ABHS). The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) recommend alcohol, i.e., isopropanol or ethanol, at a 60-95% concentration in ABHS for sufficient antiviral protection. Consumers need to be vigilant of substandard hand sanitisers being marketed to the public. The frequent exposure of microorganisms to alcohol concentrations below the recommended range for infection prevention may lead to resistant mutations, and above the range may be ineffective. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the stated alcohol content in hand sanitisers from their respective labels. We analysed 50 hand sanitiser samples available to our region in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, using a Shimadzu GC-MS-QP2010 Ultra equipped with a Zebron ZB-wax capillary column. The hand sanitisers analysed had a range of 44-93% alcohol content. The data from our study also revealed that 32% (16) of hand sanitisers did not adhere to the stated alcohol indicated on their labels. 16% (8) contained >80% and 12% (6) contained <60%, while 6% (3) of the ABHS contained 1-propanol and ethyl acetate as contaminants, respectively. This study clearly emphasises manufacturers' exploitation of the pandemic and the need for stricter guidelines and regulations for consistency amongst ABHS manufacturers. The public should also be more alert to the % alcohol stated (ideal range 60-80%) on the sanitizer bottle and note one needs to rub their hands together until it feels dry. Keywords: alcohol-content, ethanol, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, hand sanitiser, 2-propanol (isopropanol)
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Mdanda S, Ubanako P, Kondiah PPD, Kumar P, Choonara YE. Recent Advances in Microneedle Platforms for Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152405. [PMID: 34372008 PMCID: PMC8348894 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many clinical applications, the transdermal route is used as an alternative approach to avoid the significant limitations associated with oral drug delivery. There is a long history for drug delivery through the skin utilizing transdermal microneedle arrays. Microneedles are reported to be versatile and very efficient devices. This technique has spurred both industrial and scientific curiosity, due to its outstanding characteristics such as painless penetration, affordability, excellent medicinal efficiency, and relative protection. Microneedles possess outstanding properties for diverse biomedical uses such as the delivery of very large substances with ionic and hydrophilic physicochemical properties. Importantly, microneedles are applicable in numerous biomedical fields such as therapy, diagnosis, and vaccine administration. Microneedles are emerging tools that have shown profound potential for biomedical applications. Transdermal microneedle technologies are likely to become a preferred route of therapeutic substances administration in the future since they are effective, painless, and affordable. In this review, we summarize recent advances in microneedles for therapeutic applications. We explore their constituent materials and fabrication methods that improve the delivery of critical therapeutic substances through the skin. We further discuss the practicality of advanced microneedles used as drug delivery tools.
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10
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Mdanda S, Ntshangase S, Singh SD, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Zidovudine and Lamivudine as Potential Agents to Combat HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 17:322-329. [PMID: 31634020 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system has been identified as an anatomical reservoir for HIV due the difficulties in delivering therapeutic agents into the brain and this complication results in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder that persists in infected patients. The brain regions that are potentially exposed to tissue deficits due to HIV have been reported in previous reports; therefore, it is important to determine the drugs that can enter and localize in brain regions that are known to be susceptible to HIV neurodegeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal doses of zidovudine and lamivudine (50 mg kg-1). Mass spectrometry methods were used to determine the pharmacokinetics, of zidovudine and lamivudine, in the brain using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), respectively. Zidovudine and lamivudine displayed complementary pharmacokinetic curves indicating a rapid absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration of both drugs reaching Cmax at 0.5 h after single dose. MSI of coronal brain sections showed that zidovudine and lamivudine are mostly distributed in corpus callosum, globus pallidus, striatum, and the neocortex region. Mass spectrometry techniques were used to demonstrate that zidovudine and lamivudine drugs are able to reach and localize in brain regions that are targets of HIV neurodegeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sanil D Singh
- Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,AnSynth Pty Ltd., Durban, South Africa
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Teklezgi B, Pamreddy A, Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Singh SD, Gopal ND, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Baijnath S. Mass Spectrometric Imaging of the Brain Demonstrates the Regional Displacement of 6-Monoacetylmorphine by Naloxone. ACS Omega 2020; 5:12596-12602. [PMID: 32548443 PMCID: PMC7288357 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overdose is the main cause of mortality among heroin users. Many of these overdose-induced deaths can be prevented through the timely administration of naloxone (NLX), a nonselective mu (μ)-, kappa (κ)-, and delta (δ)-opioid receptor antagonist. NLX competitively inhibits opioid-overdose-induced respiratory depression without eliciting any narcotic effect itself. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic action of NLX by comparing its distribution to that of 6-monacetylmorphine (6-MAM), heroin's major metabolite, in a rodent model using mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) received heroin (10 mg kg-1) intraperitoneally, NLX (10 mg kg-1) intranasally, and NLX injected intranasally 5 min after heroin administration. The animals were sacrificed 15 min after dose and brain tissues were harvested. The MSI image analysis showed a region-specific distribution of 6-MAM in the brain regions including the corpus callosum, hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, corticospinal tracts, caudate putamen, thalamus, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain regions of the brain. The antagonist had a similar biodistribution throughout the brain in both groups of animals that received NLX or NLX after heroin administration. The MSI analysis demonstrated that the intensity of 6-MAM in these brain regions was reduced following NLX treatment. The decrease in 6-MAM intensity was caused by its displacement by the antagonist and its binding to these receptors in these specific brain regions, consequently enhancing the opioid elimination. These findings will contribute to the evaluation of other narcotic antagonists that might be considered for use in the treatment of drug overdose via MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belin
G. Teklezgi
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Annapurna Pamreddy
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Science, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville
Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Nirmala D. Gopal
- Department
of Criminology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Richards Bay 3900, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
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12
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Singh SD, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Demonstrates the Regional Brain Distribution Patterns of Three First-Line Antiretroviral Drugs. ACS Omega 2019; 4:21169-21177. [PMID: 31867510 PMCID: PMC6921606 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the development of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), even with chronic antiretroviral therapy. In order for antiretroviral therapy to be effective in protecting the CNS, these drugs should have the ability to localize in brain areas known to be affected by HIV. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the localization patterns of three first-line antiretroviral drugs, namely, efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine, in the rat brain. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) were utilized to assess the pharmacokinetics and brain spatial distribution of the three drugs. Each drug was administered (50 mg/kg) to healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats via intraperitoneal administration. LC-MS/MS results showed that all three drugs could be delivered into the brain, although they varied in blood-brain barrier permeability. MALDI-MSI showed a high degree of efavirenz localization across the entire brain, while tenofovir localized mainly in the cortex. Emtricitabine distributed heterogeneously mainly in the thalamus, corpus callosum, and hypothalamus. This study showed that efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine might be a potential drug combination antiretroviral therapy for CNS protection against HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
- E-mail: . Tel: +27 31 260 81799. Cell: +27 84 562 1530(S.B.)
| | - Thavendran Govender
- AnSynth
Pty Ltd., 498 Grove End
Drive, Durban 4000, South Africa
- E-mail: (T.G.)
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13
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Spatial distribution of elvitegravir and tenofovir in rat brain tissue: Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019; 33:1643-1651. [PMID: 31240777 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The complexity of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery is the main obstacle with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) known to restrict access of most pharmaceutical drugs into the brain. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers possibilities for studying drug deposition into the CNS. METHODS The deposition and spatial distribution of the two antiretroviral drugs elvitegravir and tenofovir in the brain were investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intraperitoneal administration (50 mg/kg). This was achieved by the utilization of quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI. RESULTS LC/MS/MS showed that elvitegravir has better BBB penetration, reaching maximum concentration in the brain (Cmax brain) of 976.5 ng/g. In contrast, tenofovir displayed relatively lower BBB penetration, reaching Cmax brain of 54.5 ng/g. MALDI-MSI showed the heterogeneous distribution of both drugs in various brain regions including the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSIONS LC/MS/MS and MALDI-MSI provided valuable information about the relative concentration and the spatial distribution of the two common antiretroviral drugs. This study has also shown the capability of MALDI-MSI for direct visualization of pharmaceutical drugs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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Mdanda S, Ntshangase S, Singh SD, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Baijnath S, Govender T. Mass spectrometric investigations into the brain delivery of abacavir, stavudine and didanosine in a rodent model. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:570-579. [PMID: 31403353 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1655605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV replication in the brain is unopposed due to reduced antiretroviral drug penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has increased severely in patients living with HIV despite current treatments. The aims of this study were to evaluate the brain bio-distribution of alternative nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, abacavir, stavudine and didanosine in the CNS and to determine their localization patterns in the brain.Sprague-Dawley rats received 50 mg kg-1 single i.p dose of each drug. Mass spectrometric techniques were then used to investigate the pharmacokinetics and localization patterns of these drugs in the brain using LC-MS/MS and mass spectrometric imaging (MSI), respectively.Abacavir, stavudine and didanosine reached the Brain Cmax with concentration of 831.2, 1300 and 43.37 ngmL-1, respectively. Based on MSI analysis Abacavir and Stavudine were located in brain regions that are strongly implicated in the progression of HAND.Abacavir and Stavudine penetrated into CNS, reaching a Cmax that was above the IC50 for HIV (457.6 and 112.0 ngmL-1, respectively), however, it was noted ddI showed poor entry within the brain, therefore, it is recommended that this drug cannot be considered for treating CNS-HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Baijnath S. Rilpivirine as a potential candidate for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). J Mol Histol 2019; 50:295-303. [PMID: 31011919 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV epidemic continues to contribute to global morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) also continues to be a major concern in infected individuals, despite the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, current antiretroviral drugs should be able to reach therapeutic levels in the brain for the treatment of HAND. The brain distribution of the next-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, rilpivirine (RPV) was investigated in healthy female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The presented study involves the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to estimate the concentrations of RPV in plasma and brain homogenate samples. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) provided regional spatial distribution of RPV in brain tissue sections. The localization of RPV was found to be relatively high in the hypothalamus, thalamus and corpus callosum, brain regions known to be associated with neurodegeneration during HAND (including the cerebral cortex). This study has shown that RPV has an excellent blood-brain barrier penetrability. Thus, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, better central nervous system (CNS) protection against HAND can possibly be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-block, 6th floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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Pamreddy A, Baijnath S, Naicker T, Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Lubanyana H, Kruger HG, Govender T. Bedaquiline has potential for targeting tuberculosis reservoirs in the central nervous system. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11902-11907. [PMID: 35539382 PMCID: PMC9079262 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ) is the first-in-class United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug, which is a novel diarylquinoline antibiotic that has recently been utilized as an effective adjunct to existing therapies for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). BDQ is especially promising due to its novel mechanism of action, activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in addition to having the potential to shorten treatment duration. Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major concern in TB chemotherapy, especially with the increasing cases of CNS-TB. In this study, we investigated the CNS penetration of BDQ in healthy rodent brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 27; 100 ± 20 g) received a single 25 mg kg-1 b.w dose of BDQ via intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, over a 24 h period. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine whole tissue drug concentrations and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) was utilized to evaluate drug distribution in the brain. BDQ reached peak concentrations (C max) of 134.97 ng mL-1 in the brain at a T max of 4 h, which is within the range required for therapeutic efficacy. BDQ was widely distributed in the brain, with a particularly high intensity in the corpus callosum and associated subcortical white matter including the striatal, globus pallidus, corticofugal pathways, ventricular system, basal forebrain region and hippocampal regions. Using MALDI MSI, this study demonstrates that due to BDQ's distribution in the brain, it has the potential to target TB reservoirs within this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Pamreddy
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Hlengekile Lubanyana
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
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Mdanda S, Baijnath S, Shobo A, Singh SD, Maguire GE, Kruger HG, Arvidsson PI, Naicker T, Govender T. Lansoprazole-sulfide, pharmacokinetics of this promising anti-tuberculous agent. Biomed Chromatogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Biomedical Resource Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Per I. Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development Platform and Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Development of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus; Durban South Africa
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