1
|
Gonkowski S, Martín J, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Pomianowski A, Könyves L, Rytel L. Biomonitoring of benzophenones in guano samples of wild bats in Poland. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301727. [PMID: 38593171 PMCID: PMC11003676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are substances used in the production of sunscreens, cosmetics, and personal care products. However, there is a lack of knowledge of BPs in wild animals. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the concentration of selected BPs commonly used in the cosmetic industry in guano samples collected from 4 colonies of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine guano concentrations of benzophenone 1 (BP-1), benzophenone 2 (BP-2), benzophenone 3 (BP-3) and benzophenone 8 (BP-8). BP-1 levels above the method quantification limit (MQL) were noted in 97.5% of samples and fluctuated from <0.1 ng/g to 259 ng/g (mean 41.50 ng/g, median 34.8). The second most common was BP-3, which fluctuated from <0.1 ng/g to 19 ng/g (mean 6.67 ng/g, median 5.05), and its levels higher than MQL were observed in 40% of samples. BP-2 and BP-8 concentrations did not exceed the method detection limit (0.04 ng/g) in any analyzed sample. There were visible differences in the BP-1 and BP-3 levels among the studied bat colonies. Mean BP-1 concentration fluctuated from 11.23±13.13 ng/g to 76.71±65.51 ng/g and differed significantly between the colonies. Mean BP-3 concentration fluctuated from 5.03±6.03 ng/g to 9.18±7.65 mg/g, but it did not differ significantly between the colonies. The results show that guano is a suitable matrix for the assessment of wildlife exposure to BPs. This could be particularly advantageous in protected species, where not disturbing and stressing the animals are crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - László Könyves
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, Márquez S, Vrijheid M, Draskau MK, Taxvig C, Peinado FM, Berman T, Frederiksen H, Fernández MF, Marie Vinggaard A, Andersson AM. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107739. [PMID: 36805158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its major metabolite benzophenone-1 (BP-1) are widely used as UV filters in sunscreens and cosmetics to prevent sunburn and skin damage, or as stabilizers to prevent photodegradation in many commercial products. As a result, their presence is ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife and humans. Based on endocrine disruption concerns, international regulatory agencies are performing a closer evaluation. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This work aimed to comprehensively review the available human relevant evidence for safety issues in MEDLINE/PubMed in order to create a structured database of studies, as well as to conduct an integrative analysis as part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative. RESULTS A total of 1,635 titles and abstracts were screened and 254 references were evaluated and tabulated in detail, and classified in different categories: i) exposure sources and predictors; ii) human biomonitoring (HBM) exposure levels to perform a meta-analysis; iii) toxicokinetic data in both experimental animals and humans; iv) in vitro and in vivo rodent toxicity studies; and v) human data on effect biomarkers and health outcomes. Our integrative analysis showed that internal peak BP-3 concentrations achieved after a single whole-body application of a commercially available sunscreen (4% w/w) may overlap with concentrations eliciting endocrine disrupting effects in vitro, and with internal concentrations causing in vivo adverse female reproductive effects in rodents that were supported by still limited human data. The adverse effects in rodents included prolonged estrous cycle, altered uterine estrogen receptor gene expression, endometrium hyperplasia and altered proliferation and histology of the mammary gland, while human data indicated menstrual cycle hormonal alterations and increased risk of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Among the modes of action reported (estrogenic, anti-androgenic, thyroid, etc.), BP-3 and especially BP-1 showed estrogenic activity at human-relevant concentrations, in agreement with the observed alterations in female reproductive endpoints. The meta-analysis of HBM studies identified a higher concern for North Americans, showing urinary BP-3 concentrations on average 10 and 20 times higher than European and Asian populations, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our work supports that these benzophenones present endocrine disrupting properties, endorsing recent European regulatory efforts to limit human exposure. The reproducible and comprehensive database generated may constitute a point of departure in future risk assessments to support regulatory initiatives. Meanwhile, individuals should not refrain from sunscreen use. Commercially available formulations using inorganic UV filters that are practically not absorbed into systemic circulation may be recommended to susceptible populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Ria K Balogh
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Parisa Montazeri
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica K Draskau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco M Peinado
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Tamar Berman
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matouskova K, Bugos J, Schneider SS, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to Low Doses of Oxybenzone During Perinatal Development Alters Mammary Gland Stroma in Female Mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:910230. [PMID: 35669359 PMCID: PMC9163781 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.910230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary stroma is a prominent modulator of epithelial development, and a complex set of interactions between these tissue compartments is essential for normal development, which can be either permissive or restrictive in tumor initiation and progression. During perinatal development, exposures of mice to oxybenzone, a common UV filter, environmental pollutant and endocrine disruptor, induce alterations in mammary epithelium. Our prior research indicates that oxybenzone alters mammary epithelial structures at puberty and in adulthood. We had also previously observed changes in the expression of hormone receptors at puberty (e.g., oxybenzone induced a decrease in the number of epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor) and in adulthood (e.g., oxybenzone induced a decrease in the number of estrogen receptor-positive epithelial cells), and increased body weight in adulthood. Here, we investigated mammary stromal changes in BALB/c animals exposed during gestation and perinatal development to 0, 30, or 3000 μg oxybenzone/kg/day. In mice exposed to 30 μg/kg/day, we observed morphological changes in adulthood (e.g., a thicker periductal stroma and adipocytes that were considerably larger). We also observed an increased number of mast cells in the mammary stroma at puberty which may represent a transient influence of oxybenzone exposure. These results provide additional evidence that even low doses of oxybenzone can disrupt hormone sensitive outcomes in the mammary gland when exposures occur during critical windows of development, and some of these effects manifest in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Bugos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura N. Vandenberg,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han X, Lu T, Hu Y, Duan J, Guan Y, Huang X, Zhou J, Huang R, Tang M, Sun R, Wang Y, Song L, Xia Y, Wang X, Chen M, Chen T. A metabolomic study on the effect of prenatal exposure to Benzophenone-3 on spontaneous fetal loss in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113347. [PMID: 35219956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is widely used in a variety of cosmetics and is prevalent in drinking water or food, and women were under notable high exposure burden of BP-3. Reports show the associations between prenatal exposure to BP-3 and the risk of fetal loss, but its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Pregnant ICR mice were gavaged with BP-3 from gestational day (GD) 0 to GD 6 at doses of 0.1, 10 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The samples were collected on GD 12. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to detect metabolome changes in fetal mice, the uterus and the placenta to identify the underlying mechanism. The results showed that the body weight and relative organ weights of the liver, brain and uterus of pregnant mice were not significantly changed between the control group and the treatment group. BP-3 increased fetal loss, and induced placental thrombosis and tissue necrosis with enhancement of platelet aggregation. Metabolomic analysis revealed that fructose and mannose metabolism, the TCA cycle, arginine and proline metabolism in the fetus, arginine and proline metabolism and biotin metabolism in the uterus, and arginine biosynthesis and pyrimidine metabolism in the placenta were the key changed pathways involved in the above changes. Our study indicates that exposure to BP-3 can induce placental thrombosis and fetal loss via the disruption of maternal and fetal metabolism in mice, providing novel insights into the influence of BP-3 toxicity on the female reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Wujin District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Public Health, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiawei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yusheng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miaomiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watson ATD, Moeller BC, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner E, Blystone CR, McDonald JD, Waidyanatha S. Disposition and metabolism of ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether in Sprague Dawley rats, B6C3F1/N mice, and in vitro in rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:689-702. [PMID: 33683982 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1898062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether (EGEHE) is a solvent used in a variety of applications.We report disposition and metabolism of EGEHE following a single gavage or dermal administration of 50, 150 or 500 mg/kg [14C]EGEHE in rats and mice and in vitro in rat hepatocytes.EGEHE was cleared rapidly in rat hepatocytes (half-life ∼4 min) with no sex difference.EGEHE was well- and moderately absorbed following oral administration (rats: 80-96%, mice: 91-95%) and dermal application (rats: 25-37%, mice: 22-24%), respectively, and rapidly excreted in urine.[14C]EGEHE-derived radioactivity was distributed to tissues (oral: 2.3-7.2%, dermal: 0.7-2.2%) with liver and kidney containing the highest levels in both species.EGEHE was extensively metabolised with little to no parent detected in urine. The alkoxyacetic acid metabolite, which has previously been shown to mediate toxicities of other shorter-chain ethylene glycol ethers, was not detected.There were no apparent dose, species or sex differences in disposition and metabolism of EGEHE, except that the exhaled volatile compounds were greater in mice (19-20%) compared with rats (<2%).These studies address a critical gap in the scientific literature and provide data that will inform future studies designed to evaluate toxicity of EGEHE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AtLee T D Watson
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin C Moeller
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chad R Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Romanhole RC, Fava ALM, Tundisi LL, Macedo LMD, Santos ÉMD, Ataide JA, Mazzola PG. Unplanned absorption of sunscreen ingredients: Impact of formulation and evaluation methods. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120013. [PMID: 33132151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Permeation of sunscreens agents reduces its effectiveness and safety, leading to systemic circulation and causing unknown adverse effects. In order to maintain the sunscreen efficacy and safety, the filters must stay on the skin surface, with minimum penetration through dermis. Even facing the possibility of filters permeation, the use of sunscreen is important to avoid skin damage as erythema, free-radicals formation, skin ageing and skin cancer, caused by ultraviolet radiation. Aiming potential side effects caused by topical absorption of sunscreens, studies are carried to improve formulation characteristics and stability, reduce skin permeation and evaluate sun protections factor (SPF). Current assays to detect the permeation of sunscreens involve in vivo or in vitro studies, to simulate physiological conditions of use. The aim of this review is to revisit sunscreen skin permeation data over the last decade and the factors that can enhance skin permeation or improve the sunscreen efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Janaína Artem Ataide
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Gava Mazzola
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|