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Vermillion MS, Saari N, Bray M, Nelson AM, Bullard RL, Rudolph K, Gigliotti AP, Brendler J, Jantzi J, Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Burgert ME, Weber W, Sucoloski S, Behm DJ. Effect of TRPV4 Antagonist GSK2798745 on Chlorine Gas-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Swine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3949. [PMID: 38612759 PMCID: PMC11011849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As a regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) antagonism represents a promising strategy for reducing pulmonary edema secondary to chemical inhalation. In an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by exposure of anesthetized swine to chlorine gas by mechanical ventilation, the dose-dependent effects of TRPV4 inhibitor GSK2798745 were evaluated. Pulmonary function and oxygenation were measured hourly; airway responsiveness, wet-to-dry lung weight ratios, airway inflammation, and histopathology were assessed 24 h post-exposure. Exposure to 240 parts per million (ppm) chlorine gas for ≥50 min resulted in acute lung injury characterized by sustained changes in the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to the fraction of inspiratory oxygen concentration (PaO2/FiO2), oxygenation index, peak inspiratory pressure, dynamic lung compliance, and respiratory system resistance over 24 h. Chlorine exposure also heightened airway response to methacholine and increased wet-to-dry lung weight ratios at 24 h. Following 55-min chlorine gas exposure, GSK2798745 marginally improved PaO2/FiO2, but did not impact lung function, airway responsiveness, wet-to-dry lung weight ratios, airway inflammation, or histopathology. In summary, in this swine model of chlorine gas-induced acute lung injury, GSK2798745 did not demonstrate a clinically relevant improvement of key disease endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Nathan Saari
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Mathieu Bray
- GSK, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA; (M.B.); (S.S.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Andrew M. Nelson
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Robert L. Bullard
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Karin Rudolph
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Andrew P. Gigliotti
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jeffrey Brendler
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jacob Jantzi
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Philip J. Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | | | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; (N.S.); (A.M.N.); (R.L.B.); (K.R.); (A.P.G.); (J.B.); (J.J.); (P.J.K.); (J.D.M.); (W.W.)
| | | | - David J. Behm
- GSK, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA; (M.B.); (S.S.); (D.J.B.)
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Moore CF, Weerts EM, Kulpa J, Schwotzer D, Dye W, Jantzi J, McDonald JD, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO. Pharmacokinetics of Oral Minor Cannabinoids in Blood and Brain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S51-S61. [PMID: 37721988 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Minor cannabinoids are increasingly being consumed in oral formulations (i.e., edibles, tinctures) for medical and nonmedical purposes. This study examined the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC) after the first and last oral dose during a 14-day administration period. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (N=6 animals/dose, 50% female) were given an assigned dose of one of four cannabinoids (THCV=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBC=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBN=1-100 mg/kg, or D8-THC=0.32-10 mg/kg) or vehicle (medium-chain triglyceride oil) through oral gavage once daily for 14 days. Blood was collected 45 min and 1.5, 3, and 24 h following the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral cannabinoid treatment for PK analysis. Outcomes of interest included time to maximum concentration (Tmax), maximum concentration (Cmax), and area under the concentration versus time curve (AUClast). Dose-normalized (DN) Cmax and DN AUClast were also calculated. Brain tissue was collected 24 h post-administration of the first (day 1) and the last (day 14) dose of each cannabinoid to determine concentrations in brain. Results: All cannabinoids tested were detectable in plasma after single and 14-day repeated dosing. DN Cmax and DN AUClast were highest for D8-THC, followed by CBC, CBN, and THCV. There was no sex difference observed in cannabinoid kinetics. Accumulation of D8-THC in plasma was observed after 14 days of administration. THCV levels in plasma were lower on day 14 compared to day 1, indicating potential adaptation of metabolic pathways and increased drug elimination. Cannabinoids were detected in brain tissue 24 h post-administration of the first and the last dose of 17-100 mg/kg THCV, 3.2-100 mg/kg CBC, 10-100 mg/kg CBN, and 10 mg/kg D8-THC. Conclusions: THCV, CBC, CBN, and D8-THC produced detectable levels in plasma and translocated to brain tissue after the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral dosing. Examination of PKs of these minor cannabinoids in blood and brain provides a critical step for informing target dose ranges and dosing schedules in future studies that evaluate the potential effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justyna Kulpa
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Dye
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jacob Jantzi
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Jenkins BW, Moore CF, Covey D, McDonald JD, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO, Weerts EM. Evaluating Potential Anxiolytic Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes After Acute and Chronic Oral Administration in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S11-S24. [PMID: 37721993 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis and its primary psychoactive constituent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) produce biphasic, dose-dependent effects on anxiety. In addition to D9-THC, cannabis contains other "minor" cannabinoids and terpenes with purported therapeutic potential for the treatment of anxiety. Empirical data on potential therapeutic effects of these compounds is limited. The current study evaluated the effects of selected minor cannabinoids and terpenes in a battery of tests sensitive to anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Methods: In Experiment 1, adult male Sprague Dawley rats (N=7-8/group) were administered acute oral doses of one of five minor cannabinoids: delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC; 10 mg/kg), tetrahydrocannabivarin (32 mg/kg), cannabidiolic acid (32 mg/kg), cannabidivarin (32 mg/kg), and cannabigerol (100 mg/kg), or one of five terpenes: D-limonene (17 mg/kg), ⍺-pinene (100 mg/kg), ⍺-terpineol (10 mg/kg), bisabolol (100 mg/kg), and β-caryophyllene (17 mg/kg), or vehicle (medium-chain triglycerides [MCT] oil). Ethyl alcohol was tested as an active comparator. Thirty minutes post-administration, the marble burying test, the three-chamber social interaction test, and the novelty-induced hypophagia test were completed; motor activity was assessed throughout testing. Experiment 2 examined the potential anxiolytic effects of minor cannabinoids when administered chronically; rats administered MCT oil or minor cannabinoids in Experiment 1 continued receiving once-daily doses for 21 days and were assessed using the same test battery after 7, 14, and 21 days of administration. Results and Conclusions: When compared to vehicle, acute administration of bisabolol and D-limonene increased the amount of food consumed and bisabolol-, D-limonene-, ⍺-pinene-, and β-caryophyllene decreased percent time spent in the outer zone in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, suggestive of an anxiolytic effect. Only ethanol increased social interaction. After acute administration, anxiogenic effects in the marble burying test were observed for D8-THC, but not for other minor cannabinoids and terpenes. Throughout chronic administration, only D8-THC displayed anxiogenic effects in the novelty-induced hypophagia test. The other cannabinoids did not show anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects in any of the tests at the doses or times tested. The minor cannabinoids and terpenes did not impair or stimulate general motor activity. These data provide a foundation for future studies investigating cannabinoid/terpene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Jenkins
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Covey
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lichtiger L, Jezioro J, Rivera J, McDonald JD, Terry MB, Sahay D, Miller RL. Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, altered regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar)γ, and links with mammary cancer. Environ Res 2023; 231:116213. [PMID: 37224940 PMCID: PMC10330651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been shown to be associated with chronic disease outcomes through multiple mechanisms including altered regulation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Ppar) γ. Because PAH exposure and Pparγ each have been associated with mammary cancer, we asked whether PAH would induce altered regulation of Pparγ in mammary tissue, and whether this association may underlie the association between PAH and mammary cancer. Pregnant mice were exposed to aerosolized PAH at proportions that mimic equivalent human exposures in New York City air. We hypothesized that prenatal PAH exposure would alter Pparγ DNA methylation and gene expression and induce the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary tissue of offspring (F1) and grandoffspring (F2) mice. We also hypothesized that altered regulation of Pparγ in mammary tissue would associate with biomarkers of EMT, and examined associations with whole body weight. We found that prenatal PAH exposure lowered Pparγ mammary tissue methylation among grandoffspring mice at postnatal day (PND) 28. However, PAH exposure did not associate with altered Pparγ gene expression or consistently with biomarkers of EMT. Finally, lower Pparγ methylation, but not gene expression, was associated with higher body weight among offspring and grandoffspring mice at PND28 and PND60. Findings suggest additional evidence of multi-generational adverse epigenetic effects of prenatal PAH exposure among grandoffspring mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lichtiger
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jezioro
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Janelle Rivera
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Debashish Sahay
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.
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Ruzycki CA, Montoya D, Irshad H, Cox J, Zhou Y, McDonald JD, Kuehl PJ. Inhalation delivery of nucleic acid gene therapies in preclinical drug development. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1097-1113. [PMID: 37732957 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2261369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled gene therapy programs targeting diseases of the lung have seen increasing interest in recent years, though as of yet no product has successfully entered the market. Preclinical research to support such programs is critically important in maximizing the chances of developing successful candidates. AREAS COVERED Aspects of inhalation delivery of gene therapies are reviewed, with a focus on preclinical research in animal models. Various barriers to inhalation delivery of gene therapies are discussed, including aerosolization stresses, aerosol behavior in the respiratory tract, and disposition processes post-deposition. Important aspects of animal models are considered, including determinations of biologically relevant determinations of dose and issues related to translatability. EXPERT OPINION Development of clinically-efficacious inhaled gene therapies has proven difficult owing to numerous challenges. Fit-for-purpose experimental and analytical methods are necessary for determinations of biologically relevant doses in preclinical animal models. Further developments in disease-specific animal models may aid in improving the translatability of results in future work, and we expect to see accelerated interests in inhalation gene therapies for various diseases. Sponsors, researchers, and regulators are encouraged to engage in early and frequent discussion regarding candidate therapies, and additional dissemination of preclinical methodologies would be of immense value in avoiding common pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor A Ruzycki
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Derek Montoya
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Kuehl PJ, Corr S, Farrar J, McDonald JD, Wermer T, Weber D, Leach C. HS-GC-FID method for quantification of HFA-152a in cell culture media, and plasma from a range of species and regulatory compliant validations. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 122:107271. [PMID: 37196729 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1,1-Difluoroethane (HFA-152a) is being developed as an alternative propellant in pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). As a part of the regulatory development pathway, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical studies have been conducted with inhaled HFA-152a. These studies require fit for purpose regulatory compliant (GxP validated) methods for quantification of HFA-152a from blood. METHODS As HFA-152a is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, novel methods were developed to support the analysis across the wide range of species and concentrations required for regulatory filing. RESULTS The developed methods utilized a headspace auto sampler coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC) with flame ionization detection. Key factors in the successful method included bringing together fit for purpose approaches to the head space vials, volume of matrix (blood), detection range required for species/study objective, handling / transfer of blood into head space vials and the stability/storage required for the analysis of the samples. The species-specific assays were fully validated under regulatory (GLP) conditions for mouse, rat, rabbit, canine and human and non-regulatory (non GLP) validations for guinea pig and cell culture media. DISCUSSION Overall the novel approach of head space analysis of whole blood allowed for the development and validation of assays used to generate the toxicokinetic data that supported clinical testing of HFA-152a as a new pMDI propellant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America.
| | | | - Jabari Farrar
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America
| | - Tim Wermer
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America
| | - Derek Weber
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America
| | - Chet Leach
- Lovelace Biomedical, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States of America
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Irshad H, Kulpa J, Kuehl PJ, Lefever T, McDonald JD. Characterization of aerosols from hemp-derived pre-roll joints. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:169-174. [PMID: 37159420 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2206448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Availability and consumer use of hemp products is rapidly increasing, but little work has been done to assess aerosol emissions of hemp pre-rolls. The objective of this research was to characterize the aerosol of pre-rolled joints from hemp material enriched for production of cannabigerol (CBG) that were smoked on a test system mimicking human use patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aerosol emissions were collected and analyzed using glass microfiber filters and charcoal cartridges. The aerosol was screened for nine phytocannabinoids and 19 terpenes. RESULTS Three phytocannabinoids (CBG, cannabichromene (CBC), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) were detected and quantified at a mean (SD) concentration of 19.4 (4.7), 0.48 (0.01), and 0.40 (0.04) mg per pre-roll, respectively. Five terpenes ((-)-α-bisabolol, (-)-guaiol, β-caryophyllene, nerolidol, and α-humulene) were detected and quantified at an average concentration of 352.7 (112.0), 194.3 (66.4), 106.0 (50.4), 28.3 (9.3), and 27.7 (11.2) µg per pre-roll, respectively. Particle size distribution testing via aerodynamic particle sizer and inertial impactor showed that average size of emitted aerosols was 0.77 (0.0) and 0.54 (0.1) µm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study describes methodology for characterization of cannabinoid and terpene dose in emitted aerosols and aerosolization efficiency from hemp pre-rolls. It also presents these data for one of the marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim Lefever
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Canada
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Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Weber DT, Khlystov A, Nystoriak MA, Conklin DJ. Composition of aerosols from thermal degradation of flavors used in ENDS and tobacco products. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:319-328. [PMID: 35913821 PMCID: PMC9830633 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The cardiovascular toxicity of unheated and heated flavorants and their products as commonly present in electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) was evaluated previously in vitro. Based on the results of in vitro assays, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, menthol, and vanillin were selected to conduct a detailed chemical analysis of the aerosol generated following heating of each compound both at 250 and 750 °C. Materials and Methods: Each flavoring was heated in a drop-tube furnace within a quartz tube. The combustion atmosphere was captured using different methods to enable analysis of 308 formed compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were captured with an evacuated Summa canister and assayed via gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) were captured using a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge and assayed via a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet (HPLC-UV) assay. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were captured using an XAD cartridge and filter, and extracts were assayed using GC-MS/MS. Polar compounds were assayed after derivatization of the XAD/filter extracts and analyzed via GC-MS. Conclusion: At higher temperature, both cinnamaldehyde and menthol combustion significantly increased formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels. At higher temperature, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and menthol resulted in increased benzene concentrations. At low temperature, all four compounds led to higher levels of benzoic acid. These data show that products of thermal degradation of common flavorant compounds vary by flavorant and by temperature and include a wide variety of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew A. Nystoriak
- American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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Adivi A, JoAnn L, Simpson N, McDonald JD, Lund AK. Traffic-generated air pollution - Exposure mediated expression of factors associated with demyelination in a female apolipoprotein E -/- mouse model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 90:107071. [PMID: 35016995 PMCID: PMC8904307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies suggest that exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathophysiology of MS results from an autoimmune response involving increased inflammation and demyelination in the CNS, which is higher in young (adult) females. Exposure to traffic-generated air pollution is associated with neuroinflammation and other detrimental outcomes in the CNS; however, its role in the progression of pathologies associated with demyelinating diseases has not yet been fully characterized in a female model. Thus, we investigated the effects of inhalation exposure to mixed vehicle emissions (MVE) in the brains of both ovary-intact (ov+) and ovariectomized (ov-) female Apolipoprotein (ApoE-/-) mice. Ov + and ov- ApoE-/- mice were exposed via whole-body inhalation to either filtered air (FA, controls) or mixed gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions (MVE: 200 PM μg/m3) for 6 h/d, 7 d/wk., for 30 d. We then analyzed MVE-exposure mediated alterations in myelination, the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS), myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG), and expression of estrogen (ERα and ERβ) and progesterone (PROA/B) receptors in the CNS. MVE-exposure mediated significant alterations in myelination across multiple regions in the cerebrum, as well as increased CD4+ and CD8+ staining. There was also an increase in ROS production in the CNS of MVE-exposed ov- and ov + ApoE-/- mice. Ov- mice displayed a reduction in cerebral ERα mRNA expression, compared to ov + mice; however, MVE exposure resulted in an even further decrease in ERα expression, while ERβ and PRO A/B were unchanged across groups. These findings collectively suggest that inhaled MVE-exposure may mediate estrogen receptor expression alterations associated with increased CD4+/CD8+ infiltration, regional demyelination, and ROS production in the CNS of female ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adivi
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA, 76201
| | - Lucero JoAnn
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA, 76201
| | - Nicholas Simpson
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA, 76201
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87108
| | - Amie K. Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA, 76201.,Corresponding author at: University of North Texas, EESAT – 215, 1704 W. Mulberry, Denton, TX 76201,
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Sahay D, Lloyd SE, Rivera JA, Jezioro J, McDonald JD, Pitiranggon M, Yan B, Szabolcs M, Terry MB, Miller RL. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, altered ERα pathway-related methylation and expression, and mammary epithelial cell proliferation in offspring and grandoffspring adult mice. Environ Res 2021; 196:110961. [PMID: 33675803 PMCID: PMC8119355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) possess carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting properties linked to mammary tumorigenesis. These effects may be initiated during a prenatal period of susceptibility to PAH activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and through downstream effects on estrogen receptor (Er) α. PURPOSE We hypothesized prenatal airborne PAH exposure induces sustained effects in female adult wild type BALB/cByj mice detected in the offspring (F1) and grandoffspring (F2) generation. We hypothesized these effects would include altered expression and epigenetic regulation of Erα and altered expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (Ahrr, Ahrr/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), and breast cancer type 1 susceptibility (Brca1). Further, we hypothesized that PAH would induce precancerous outcomes such as epithelial cell proliferation and epithelial cell hyperplasia in mammary glands of adult female offspring and grandoffspring. RESULTS Prenatal ambient PAH exposure lowered Erα mRNA expression (F1 and F2: p<0.001 for each) and induced methylation in the Erα promoter in mammary tissue in offspring and grandoffspring mice on postnatal day (PND) 60. Prenatal PAH lowered Brca1 mRNA (F1: p=0.002, F2: p=0.02); Erα mRNA was correlated with Brca1 (F1: r=0.42, p=0.02; F2: r=0.53, p=0.005). Prenatal PAH lowered Ahrr (F1: p=0.03, F2: p=0.009) and raised Arnt mRNA expression (F1: p=0.01, F2: p=0.03). Alterations in Erα mRNA (F2: p<0.0001) and Ahrr (F2: p=0.02) in the grandoffspring mice also occured by PND 28, and similarly occurred in the dam on postpartum day (PPD) 28. Finally, prenatal PAH was associated with higher mammary epithelial cell proliferation in the offspring (p=0.02), but not grandoffspring mice, without differences in the frequency of mammary cell hyperplasia. These results did not differ after adjustment by each candidate gene expression level. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal PAH exposure induces DNA methylation and alters gene expression in the Erα-mediated pathway across generations, and suggests that functional outcomes such as mammary cell proliferation also may occur in offspring as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Sahay
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Susan E Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Janelle A Rivera
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jezioro
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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11
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Watson ATD, Moeller BC, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner E, Blystone CR, McDonald JD, Waidyanatha S. Disposition and metabolism of ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether in Sprague Dawley rats, B6C3F1/N mice, and in vitro in rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:689-702. [PMID: 33683982 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1898062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether (EGEHE) is a solvent used in a variety of applications.We report disposition and metabolism of EGEHE following a single gavage or dermal administration of 50, 150 or 500 mg/kg [14C]EGEHE in rats and mice and in vitro in rat hepatocytes.EGEHE was cleared rapidly in rat hepatocytes (half-life ∼4 min) with no sex difference.EGEHE was well- and moderately absorbed following oral administration (rats: 80-96%, mice: 91-95%) and dermal application (rats: 25-37%, mice: 22-24%), respectively, and rapidly excreted in urine.[14C]EGEHE-derived radioactivity was distributed to tissues (oral: 2.3-7.2%, dermal: 0.7-2.2%) with liver and kidney containing the highest levels in both species.EGEHE was extensively metabolised with little to no parent detected in urine. The alkoxyacetic acid metabolite, which has previously been shown to mediate toxicities of other shorter-chain ethylene glycol ethers, was not detected.There were no apparent dose, species or sex differences in disposition and metabolism of EGEHE, except that the exhaled volatile compounds were greater in mice (19-20%) compared with rats (<2%).These studies address a critical gap in the scientific literature and provide data that will inform future studies designed to evaluate toxicity of EGEHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- AtLee T D Watson
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin C Moeller
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chad R Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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12
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Adivi A, Lucero J, Simpson N, McDonald JD, Lund AK. Exposure to traffic-generated air pollution promotes alterations in the integrity of the brain microvasculature and inflammation in female ApoE -/- mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:39-50. [PMID: 33373663 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-generated air pollutants have been correlated with alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, which is associated with pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS). Much of the existing literature investigating the effects of air pollution in the CNS has predominately been reported in males, with little known regarding the effects in females. As such, this study characterized the effects of inhalation exposure to mixed vehicle emissions (MVE), as well as the presence of female sex hormones, in the CNS of female ApoE-/- mice, which included cohorts of both ovariectomized (ov-) and ovary-intact (ov+) mice. Ov + and ov- were placed on a high-fat diet and randomly grouped to be exposed to either filtered-air (FA) or MVE (200 PM/m3: 50 μg PM/m3 gasoline engine + 150 μg PM/m3 from diesel engine emissions) for 6 h/d, 7d/wk, for 30d. MVE-exposure resulted in altered cerebral microvascular integrity and permeability, as determined by the decreased immunofluorescent expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, occludin, and claudin-5, and increased IgG extravasation into the cerebral parenchyma, compared to FA controls, regardless of ovary status. Associated with the altered cerebral microvascular integrity, we also observed an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2/9 activity in the MVE ov+, MVE ov-, and FA ov- groups, compared to FA ov+. There was also elevated expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, inflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) mRNA in the cerebrum of MVE ov + and MVE ov- animals. IκB kinase (IKK) subunits IKKα and IKKβ mRNA expressions were upregulated in the cerebrum of MVE ov- and FA ov- mice. Our findings indicate that MVE exposure mediates altered integrity of the cerebral microvasculature correlated with increased MMP-2/9 activity and inflammatory signaling, regardless of female hormones present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adivi
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Nicholas Simpson
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
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13
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Garner CE, Wegerski CJ, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD, Sanders JM, Moeller BC, Waidyanatha S. Disposition and metabolism of 2',2'"-Dithiobisbenzanilide in rodents following intravenous and oral administration and dermal application. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:883-892. [PMID: 32760656 PMCID: PMC7390853 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. Humane exposure to DTBBA is possible via oral and dermal routes. DTBBA is well-absorbed in rodents following oral and dermal administration. Absorbed DTBBA was extensively metabolized and excreted mainly via urine. N-(2-mercaptophenyl)benzamide accounted for more than 50% of radioactivity in urine.
2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a high-production-volume chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. The disposition and metabolism of [14C]DTBBA were determined in male and female rats and mice following oral (4, 40, or 400 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV) (4 mg/kg) administration and dermal application (0.4 or 4 mg/kg). [14C]DTBBA was well absorbed following oral administration (> 60%) and dermal application (∼40–50%) in rats and mice. Following oral administration, the majority of radioactivity was excreted in urine (29 − 70%) and feces (16 − 45%). Unlike rats, mice excreted ∼1-5% of the dose as exhaled CO2. The residual radioactivity in tissues was <1% in both species and sexes. The pattern of disposition following IV administration in male rats was similar to that following oral. When [14C]DTBBA was administered via IV to rats, a significant portion of the dose was recovered in bile (∼13%) suggesting that at least a portion of the dose recovered in feces following oral administration was likely the absorbed dose. The profiles of urine from rats and mice were similar and consisted of four major metabolites and three minor metabolites. The predominant metabolite in urine was the S-glucuronide of the thiol/sulfide cleavage product N-(2-mercaptophenyl)benzamide, which accounted for more than 50% of radioactivity in the radiochromatogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - J Michael Sanders
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Suwannasual U, Lucero J, Davis G, McDonald JD, Lund AK. Mixed Vehicle Emissions Induces Angiotensin II and Cerebral Microvascular Angiotensin Receptor Expression in C57Bl/6 Mice and Promotes Alterations in Integrity in a Blood-Brain Barrier Coculture Model. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:525-535. [PMID: 31132127 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-generated pollution is associated with alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and exacerbation of cerebrovascular disorders. Angiotensin (Ang) II signaling through the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor is known to promote BBB disruption. We have previously reported that exposure to a mixture of gasoline and diesel vehicle engine emissions (MVE) mediates alterations in cerebral microvasculature of C57Bl/6 mice, which is exacerbated through consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that inhalation exposure to MVE results in altered central nervous system microvascular integrity mediated by Ang II-AT1 signaling. Three-month-old male C57Bl/6 mice were placed on an HF or low-fat diet and exposed via inhalation to either filtered air (FA) or MVE (100 μg/m3 PM) 6 h/d for 30 days. Exposure to HF+MVE resulted in a significant increase in plasma Ang II and expression of AT1 in the cerebral microvasculature. Results from a BBB coculture study showed that transendothelial electrical resistance was decreased, associated with reduced expression of claudin-5 and occludin when treated with plasma from MVE+HF animals. These effects were attenuated through pretreatment with the AT1 antagonist, Losartan. Our BBB coculture showed increased levels of astrocyte AT1 and decreased expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and glutathione peroxidase-1, associated with increased interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-β in the astrocyte media, when treated with plasma from MVE-exposed groups. Our results indicate that inhalation exposure to traffic-generated pollutants results in altered BBB integrity, mediated through Ang II-AT1 signaling and inflammation, which is exacerbated by an HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usa Suwannasual
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201
| | - Griffith Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201
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15
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Waidyanatha S, McDonald JD, Sanders JM, Doyle-Eisele M, Moeller BC, Garner CE. Disposition and metabolism of 2,2'-dimorpholinodiethyl ether in sprague dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice after oral, intravenous administration, and dermal application. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1341-1351. [PMID: 32501166 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1779389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The specialty amine catalyst 2,2'-dimorpholinodiethyl ether (DMDEE) is a high-production volume chemical used in the production of flexible foam, high-resilient molded foam, and in coatings and adhesives. The disposition and metabolism of [14C]DMDEE (20 or 200 mg/kg) were determined in male ane female rats and mice after oral and intravenous administration and dermal application. In male and female rats, following a single oral administration, [14C]DMDEE was well-absorbed and excreted rapidly and extensively via urine (75-93%) and some in feces (∼4-8%). The total radioactivity in tissues at 24 h and 72 h (males only) following oral administration was 8-10% and ∼4%, respectively, suggesting considerable tissue distribution. A moderate amount of the total tissue radioactivity in kidney and liver were unextractable suggesting covalent binding of [14C]DMDEE-derived products in tissue macromolecules. Absorption following a single dermal application in rats was significant (∼64%) with a similar disposition pattern to oral. The oral and dermal disposition of [14C]DMDEE in male and female mice was similar to rats. Urinary products of DMDEE identified were oxidative metabolism of the morpholine ring. Coadministration of DMDEE with nitrite in rats didn't produce the rodent carcinogen, N-nitrosomorpholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - J Michael Sanders
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - C Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Zychowski KE, Tyler CRS, Sanchez B, Harmon M, Liu J, Irshad H, McDonald JD, Bleske BE, Campen MJ. Vehicular Particulate Matter (PM) Characteristics Impact Vascular Outcomes Following Inhalation. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 20:211-221. [PMID: 31410643 PMCID: PMC7015791 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Roadside proximity and exposure to mixed vehicular emissions (MVE) have been linked to adverse pulmonary and vascular outcomes. However, because of the complex nature of the contribution of particulate matter (PM) versus gases, it is difficult to decipher the precise causative factors regarding PM and the copollutant gaseous fraction. To this end, C57BL/6 and apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-) were exposed to either filtered air (FA), fine particulate (FP), FP+gases (FP+G), ultrafine particulate (UFP), or UFP+gases (UFP+G). Two different timeframes were employed: 1-day (acute) or 30-day (subchronic) exposures. Examined biological endpoints included aortic vasoreactivity, aortic lesion quantification, and aortic mRNA expression. Impairments in vasorelaxation were observed following acute exposure to FP+G in C57BL/6 animals and FP, UFP, and UFP+G in ApoE-/- animals. These effects were completely abrogated or markedly reduced following subchronic exposure. Aortic lesion quantification in ApoE-/- animals indicated a significant increase in atheroma size in the UFP-, FP-, and FP+G-exposed groups. Additionally, ApoE-/- mice demonstrated a significant fold increase in TNFα expression following FP+G exposure and ET-1 following UFP exposure. Interestingly, C57BL/6 aortic gene expression varied widely across exposure groups. TNFα decreased significantly following FP exposure and CCL-5 decreased in the UFP-, FP-, and FP+G-exposed groups. Conversely, ET-1, CCL-2, and CXCL-1 were all significantly upregulated in the FP+G group. These findings suggest that gas-particle interactions may play a role in vascular toxicity, but the contribution of surface area is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Zychowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | | | - Bethany Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Molly Harmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - June Liu
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Barry E Bleske
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Administrative Sciences, The University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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17
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Fitch MN, Phillippi D, Zhang Y, Lucero J, Pandey RS, Liu J, Brower J, Allen MS, Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Lund AK. Effects of inhaled air pollution on markers of integrity, inflammation, and microbiota profiles of the intestines in Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Environ Res 2020; 181:108913. [PMID: 31753468 PMCID: PMC6982581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is known to contribute to the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and there is increasing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CVD, including atherosclerosis. To date, the effects of inhaled air pollution mixtures on the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), and microbiota profiles are not well characterized, especially in susceptible individuals with comorbidity. Thus, we investigated the effects of inhaled ubiquitous air-pollutants, wood-smoke (WS) and mixed diesel and gasoline vehicle exhaust (MVE) on alterations in the expression of markers of integrity, inflammation, and microbiota profiles in the intestine of atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. To do this, male 8 wk-old ApoE-/- mice, on a high-fat diet, were exposed to either MVE (300 μg/m3 PM), WS; (∼450 μg/m3 PM), or filtered air (FA) for 6 h/d, 7 d/wk, for 50 d. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were used to quantify the expression of IEB components and inflammatory factors, including mucin (Muc)-2, tight junction (TJ) proteins, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β, as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. Microbial profiling of the intestine was done using Illumina 16S sequencing of V4 16S rRNA PCR amplicons. We observed a decrease in intestinal Muc2 and TJ proteins in both MVE and WS exposures, compared to FA controls, associated with a significant increase in MMP-9, TLR-4, and inflammatory marker expression. Both WS and MVE-exposure resulted in decreased intestinal bacterial diversity, as well as alterations in microbiota profiles, including the Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level. Our findings suggest inhalation exposure to either MVE or WS result in alterations in components involved in mucosal integrity, and also microbiota profiles and diversity, which are associated with increased markers of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Fitch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Danielle Phillippi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Ravi S Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - June Liu
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Jeremy Brower
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Michael S Allen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
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18
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Mutlu E, Garner CE, Wegerski CJ, McDonald JD, McIntyre BS, Doyle-Eisele M, Waidyanatha S. Metabolism and disposition of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, a sunscreen ingredient, in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice; a species and route comparison. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:689-704. [PMID: 31613170 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1680906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is a common ingredient in personal care products and used as an UV stabilizer. In these studies, disposition and metabolism of [14C]HMB in rats and mice was assessed following single gavage administration (10, 100, or 500 mg/kg), single IV administration (10 mg/kg), or dermal application (0.1, 1, 10, or 15 mg/kg).Following gavage administration, [14C]HMB was well absorbed and excreted mainly in urine (39-57%) and feces (24-42%) with no apparent difference between doses, species or sexes. Distribution of HMB in tissues was minimal in rats (0.36%) and mice (<0.55%).Distribution of HMB following dermal application was comparable to that following gavage administration; no differences between doses, sexes, or species were observed but absorption varied between dose vehicles. Light paraffin oil had the highest absorption and excretion (98% of the HMB dose absorbed).In rats, HMB slowly appeared in the systemic circulation (Tmax ∼2-6 h) and had poor bioavailability (F%<1).Urine metabolites for both species and all routes included HMB, HMB-glucuronide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), DHB-glucuronide, and DHB-sulfates, and novel minor dihydroxy metabolites including 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone.In vitro hepatic metabolism in mice differed from human and in vivo metabolism especially for phase II conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Barry S McIntyre
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Kuehl PJ, Chand R, McDonald JD, Hava DL, DeHaan WH. Pulmonary and Regional Deposition of Nebulized and Dry Powder Aerosols in Ferrets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:242. [PMID: 31264190 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of ferrets as a non-clinical model for disease is rapidly increasing within drug development. Many of these models include respiratory diseases that involve targeted drug delivery via nose-only inhalation. While the deposition patterns within other non-clinical models (mice, rats, canines, and non-human primates) have been well studied, the local and regional deposition of aerosols in ferrets has not been well characterized. Therefore, inhalation aerosols were developed, radiolabeled and the radiolabeling methods validated to support SPECT-CT imaging and quantification of regional deposition within ferrets. The studies were conducted with one liquid formulation and one dry powder formulation (two concentrations of dry powder). Additionally, both aerosols were polydisperse and therefore reflect the majority of pharmaceutical aerosols. Overall, the studies showed lung deposition fractions between 5 and 10% with median aerodynamic particle sizes of 2.5 and 2.8 μm. The lung deposition fraction of the liquid aerosol was ~ 9%, nearly double observed in rats with a similarly sized aerosol. Analysis of respiratory tract (oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, bifurcation area, and lung) deposition indicates increased deposition of the liquid aerosol compared to the dry powder aerosol, however, when this analysis was refined to the pulmonary region (trachea, bifurcation, and lung) the deposition was similar between formulations. These data provide the first description of the regional deposition of inhalation aerosols in ferrets with standard nose-only inhalation procedures. These data can be used for calculations of both total and regional doses within ferret inhalation drug delivery.
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Shipkowski KA, Sanders JM, McDonald JD, Garner CE, Doyle-Eisele M, Wegerski CJ, Waidyanatha S. Comparative disposition of dimethylaminoethanol and choline in rats and mice following oral or intravenous administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114592. [PMID: 31100288 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) and its salts have been used to treat numerous disorders in humans and hence safety of its use is a concern. DMAE is a close structural analog of choline, an essential nutrient. Exposure to DMAE may affect choline uptake and synthesis. The current investigation characterizes: 1) the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of DMAE in Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1 mice following a single gavage or intravenous (IV) administration of 10, 100 or 500 mg/kg [14C]DMAE, and 2) the ADME of [14C]choline (160 mg/kg) and the effect on its disposition following pre-treatment with DMAE (100 or 500 mg/kg). In both rats and mice, following gavage administration, DMAE was excreted in urine (16-69%) and as exhaled CO2 (3-22%). The tissue retention was moderate (21-44%); however, the brain concentrations were low and there was no accumulation. Serum choline levels were not elevated following administration of DMAE. The DMAE metabolites in urine were DMAE N-oxide and N,N-dimethylglycine; the carcinogen, N-N-dimethylnitrosamine, was not detected. The pattern of disposition of [14C]choline following gavage administration was similar to that of [14C]DMAE. Prior treatment with DMAE had minimal effects on choline disposition. The pattern of disposition of [14C]DMAE and [14C]choline following IV administration was similar to gavage administration. There were minimal dose-, sex- or species-related effects following gavage or IV administration of [14C]DMAE or [14C]choline. Data from the current study did not support previous reports that: 1) DMAE alters choline uptake and distribution, or 2) that DMAE is converted into choline in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shipkowski
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - J M Sanders
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - J D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - C E Garner
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - M Doyle-Eisele
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - C J Wegerski
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - S Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
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21
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Shipkowski KA, Sanders JM, McDonald JD, Walker NJ, Waidyanatha S. Disposition of fullerene C60 in rats following intratracheal or intravenous administration. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1078-1085. [PMID: 30257131 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1528646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene C60 is used in a variety of industrial and consumer capacities. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of fullerene C60 by the National Toxicology Program, the disposition following intratracheal (IT) instillation and intravenous (IV) administration of 1 or 5 mg/kg b.wt. fullerene C60 was investigated in male Fischer 344 rats. Following IT instillation, fullerene C60 was detected in the lung as early as 0.5 h post-exposure with minimal clearance over the 168 h period; the concentration increased ≥20-fold with a 5-fold increase in the dose. Fullerene C60 was not detected in extrapulmonary tissues. Following IV administration, fullerene C60 was rapidly eliminated from the blood and was undetectable after 0.5 h post-administration. The highest tissue concentrations of fullerene C60 occurred in the liver, followed by the spleen, lung and kidney. Fullerene C60 was cleared slowly from the kidney and the lung with estimated half-lives of 24 and 139 h, respectively. The liver concentration of fullerene C60 did not change much with time; over 90% of the fullerene C60 remained there over the study duration up to 168 h. Fullerene C60 was also not detected in urine or feces. These data support the hypothesis that fullerene C60 accumulates in the body and therefore has the potential to induce detrimental health effects following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shipkowski
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA.,b ICF International, Inc , Durham , NC , USA
| | - J M Sanders
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - J D McDonald
- c Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - N J Walker
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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22
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Moeller B, Espelien B, Weber W, Kuehl P, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner CE, McDonald JD, Garcia E, Raulli R, Laney J. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular injection to F344 rats. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:68-76. [PMID: 30027605 PMCID: PMC6538562 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that is a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic. It has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment along with other drugs (atropine, midazolam, pralidoxime) used in the current standard of care (SOC) for organophosphate and nerve agent exposures. Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent that is readily available to most clinicians in emergency departments and possesses a broad therapeutic index with well-characterized effects in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, in F344 rats following single or repeated intramuscular administrations of subanesthetic levels (7.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) of ketamine with or without the SOC. Following administration, plasma and brain tissues were collected and analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantitate ketamine and norketamine. Following sample analysis, the pharmacokinetics were determined using non-compartmental analysis. The addition of the current SOC had a minimal impact on the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular administration and repeated dosing at 7.5 mg/kg every 90 minutes allows for sustained plasma concentrations above 100 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine with and without the SOC in rats supports further investigation of the efficacy of ketamine co-administration with the SOC following nerve agent exposure in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Moeller
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Philip Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | | | - Efrain Garcia
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Robert Raulli
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Judith Laney
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
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Davis G, Lucero J, Fellers C, McDonald JD, Lund AK. The effects of subacute inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure on signaling pathways associated with cholesterol transport and inflammatory markers in the vasculature of wild-type mice. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:48-62. [PMID: 30081225 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been associated with detrimental cardiovascular outcomes; however, underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Thus, we investigated alterations in proatherogenic and proinflammatory signaling pathways in C57Bl6/ mice exposed to MWCNTs (1 mg/m3) or filtered air (FA-Controls), via inhalation, for 6 h/day, 14d. Expression of mediators of cholesterol transport, namely the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX)-1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA)-1, inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-6, nuclear-factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), intracellular/vascular adhesion molecule(s) (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), and miRNAs (miR-221/-21/-1), associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), were analyzed in cardiac tissue and coronary vasculature. Cardiac fibrotic deposition, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP)-2/9, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also assessed. MWCNT-exposure resulted in increased coronary ROS production with concurrent increases in expression of LOX-1, VCAM-1, TNF-α, and MMP-2/9 activity; while ABCA-1 expression was downregulated, compared to FA-Controls. Additionally, trends in fibrotic deposition and induction of cardiac TNF-α, MMP-9, IκB Kinase (IKK)-α/β, and miR-221 mRNA expression were observed. Analysis using inhibitors for nitric oxide synthase or NADPH oxidase resulted in attenuated coronary ROS production. These findings suggest that subacute inhalation MWCNT-exposure alters expression of cholesterol transporter/receptors, and induces signaling pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and CVD in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffith Davis
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
| | - Caitlin Fellers
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA.
| | - Amie K Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA.
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24
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Waidyanatha S, Ryan K, Sanders JM, McDonald JD, Wegerski CJ, Doyle-Eisle M, Garner CE. Disposition of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (L-BMAA), a neurotoxin, in rodents following a single or repeated oral exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 339:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Suwannasual U, Lucero J, McDonald JD, Lund AK. Exposure to traffic-generated air pollutants mediates alterations in brain microvascular integrity in wildtype mice on a high-fat diet. Environ Res 2018; 160:449-461. [PMID: 29073573 PMCID: PMC5705467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution-exposure is associated with detrimental outcomes in the central nervous system (CNS) such as cerebrovascular disorders, including stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. While the mechanisms of these CNS-related outcomes involved have not been fully elucidated, exposure to traffic-generated air pollutants has been associated with altered blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability. The current study investigated whether inhalation exposure to mixed vehicle emissions (MVE) alters cerebral microvascular integrity in healthy 3 mo old C57BL/6 mice, as well as whether exposure-mediated effects were exacerbated by a high-fat (HF) vs. low-fat (LF) diet. Mice on each diet were randomly assigned to be exposed to either filtered air (FA) or MVE [100PM/m3 vehicle emissions mixture: 30µg PM/m3 gasoline engine + 70µg PM/m3 diesel engine emissions; median size ~ 60nm; particle mass size distribution median of ~ 1µm (range: < 0.5-20µm)] for 6h/d, 7d/wk, for 30d. Using sodium fluorescein as a tracer, we observed a significant increase in BBB permeability in both HF + MVE exposed and HF + FA animals, compared to LF + FA controls. Exposure to HF + MVE also led to a significant increase plasma ox-LDL and ox-LDL scavenger receptors (LOX-1 and CD-36) expression in the cerebral vasculature. Histological analysis revealed decreased expression of TJ protein, claudin-5, associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity and oxidative stress in the cerebral vasculature of HF + MVE mice, compared to LF + MVE. Such findings indicate that inhalation exposure to traffic-generated pollutants, coupled with a HF diet, results in altered BBB integrity and increased ox-LDL signaling in the cerebral vasculature in a wildtype animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usa Suwannasual
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
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26
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Lucero J, Suwannasual U, Herbert LM, McDonald JD, Lund AK. The role of the lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1) in traffic-generated air pollution exposure-mediated alteration of the brain microvasculature in Apolipoprotein (Apo) E knockout mice. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:266-281. [PMID: 28816559 PMCID: PMC6732220 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1357774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between air pollution-exposure and detrimental outcomes in the central nervous system, including alterations in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms mediating these pathologies have not yet been fully elucidated. We have previously reported that exposure to traffic-generated air pollution results in increased circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), associated with alterations in BBB integrity, in atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) mice. Thus, we investigated the role of the lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX)-1 in mediating these deleterious effects in ApoE-/- mice exposed to a mixture of gasoline and diesel engine exhaust (MVE: 100 PM µg/m3) for 6 h/d, 7d/week, for 30 d by inhalation. Concurrent with exposures, a subset of mice were treated with neutralizing antibodies to LOX-1 (LOX-1 Ab) i.p., or IgG (control) i.p., every other day during exposures. Resulting brain microvascular integrity, tight junction (TJ) protein expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/-2 activity, ROS, and markers of cellular adhesion and monocyte/macrophage sequestration were assessed. MVE-exposure resulted in decreased BBB integrity and alterations in microvascular TJ protein expression, associated with increased LOX-1 expression, MMP-9/-2 activities, and lipid peroxidation, each of which was attenuated with LOX-1 Ab treatment. Furthermore, MVE-exposure induced cerebral microvascular ROS and adhesion molecules, expression of which was not normalized through LOX-1 Ab-treatment. Such findings suggest that alterations in brain microvascular structure and integrity observed with MVE-exposure may be mediated, at least in part, via LOX-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Lucero
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Usa Suwannasual
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Herbert
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Amie K. Lund
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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27
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Crosley DR, Araps CJ, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD. Gas-phase photolytic production of hydroxyl radicals in an ultraviolet purifier for air and surfaces. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2017; 67:231-240. [PMID: 27629801 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1229236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have measured the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (OH) produced in the gas phase by a commercially available purifier for air and surfaces, using the time rate of decay of n-heptane added to an environmental chamber. The hydroxyl generator, an Odorox® BOSS™ model, produces the OH through 185-nm photolysis of ambient water vapor. The steady-state concentration of OH produced in the 120 m3 chamber is, with 2σ error bars, (3.25 ± 0.80) × 106 cm-3. The properties of the hydroxyl generator, in particular the output of the ultraviolet lamps and the air throughput, together with an estimation of the water concentration, were used to predict the amount of OH produced by the device, with no fitted parameters. To relate this calculation to a steady-state concentration, we must estimate the OH loss rate within the chamber owing to reaction with the n-heptane and the 7 ppb of background hydrocarbons that are present. The result is a predicted steady-state concentration in excellent agreement with the measured value. This shows we understand well the processes occurring in the gas phase during operation of this hydroxyl radical purifier. IMPLICATIONS Hydroxyl radical air purifiers are used for cleaning both gaseous contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hazardous gases, and biological pathogens, both airborne and on surfaces. This is the first chemical kinetic study of such a purifier that creates gas-phase OH by ultraviolet light photolysis of H2O. It shows that the amount of hydroxyls produced agrees well with nonparameterized calculations using the purifier lamp output and device airflow. These results can be used for designing appropriate remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Crosley
- a Private consultant to HGI Industries (Boynton Beach, Florida) , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- c Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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28
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Aragon MJ, Chrobak I, Brower J, Roldan L, Fredenburgh LE, McDonald JD, Campen MJ. Inflammatory and Vasoactive Effects of Serum Following Inhalation of Varied Complex Mixtures. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016; 16:163-71. [PMID: 25900702 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-015-9325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cardiovascular disease is associated with air pollution exposure in epidemiology and toxicology studies. Inhaled toxicants can induce changes in serum bioactivity that impact endothelial inflammatory gene expression in vitro and impair vasorelaxation ex vivo, which are common precursors to atherosclerosis. Comparisons between single pollutants and common combustion mixtures, in terms of driving such serum inflammatory and vasoactive effects, have not been characterized. Healthy C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single 6-h period of contrasting pollutant atmospheres: road dust, mixed vehicle emissions (MVE; a combination of gasoline and diesel engine emissions) particulate matter, mixed vehicle emissions gases, road dust plus ozone, road dust plus MVE, and hardwood smoke. Serum obtained from mice 24 h after these exposures was used as a stimulus to assess inflammatory potential in two assays: incubated with primary murine cerebrovascular endothelial cells for 4 h to measure inflammatory gene expression or applied to naïve aortic rings in an ex vivo myographic preparation. Road dust and wood smoke exposures were most potent at inducing inflammatory gene expression, while MVE atmospheres and wood smoke were most potent at impairing vasorelaxation to acetylcholine. Responses are consistent with recent reports on MVE toxicity, but reveal novel serum bioactivity related to wood smoke and road dust. These studies suggest that the compositional changes in serum and resultant bioactivity following inhalation exposure to pollutants may be highly dependent on the composition of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Aragon
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 1, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Izabela Chrobak
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Brower
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Luis Roldan
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 1, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 1, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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29
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, MacKenzie D, McClain S, Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Harrod KS. Changes in HPBMC markers of immmune function following controlled short-term inhalation exposures of humans to hardwood smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:61-70. [PMID: 26895307 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that complex mixtures containing particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produce systemic immunotoxicity in animal models following inhalation exposures. While we and others have shown that emissions associated with hardwood smoke (HWS), cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust can suppress the immune systems of animals in vitro and in vivo, there have been few immune function studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC) following exposure of humans to HWS. Our work shows that T cells are an important targets of PM and PAH immunotoxicity. These studies were conducted on HPBMC from 14 human volunteers receiving four 2 h nightly exposures to clean air or HWS at a concentration of 500 ug/m(3). We measured anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated T-cell proliferation and HPBMC cytokine production in cell supernatants, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), TH1 cytokines γIFN and IL-2, TH2 cytokine IL-4, Th17 cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). We analyzed results using analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results showed that there was significant variation in the amount of T-cell proliferation observed following polyclonal activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in both the air and HWS-exposed groups. There was not a significant effect of HWS on T-cell proliferation. However, we did find a strong relationship between the presence of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, but not IL-8) and the amount of T-cell proliferation seen in individual donors, demonstrating that brief exposures of humans to HWS can produce changes in systemic immunity that is associated with proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Debra MacKenzie
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Shea McClain
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA , and.,c Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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30
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Tyler CR, Zychowski KE, Sanchez BN, Rivero V, Lucas S, Herbert G, Liu J, Irshad H, McDonald JD, Bleske BE, Campen MJ. Surface area-dependence of gas-particle interactions influences pulmonary and neuroinflammatory outcomes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:64. [PMID: 27906023 PMCID: PMC5131556 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deleterious consequences of exposure to traffic emissions may derive from interactions between carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) and gaseous components in a manner that is dependent on the surface area or complexity of the particles. To determine the validity of this hypothesis, we examined pulmonary and neurological inflammatory outcomes in C57BL/6 and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) male mice after acute and chronic exposure to vehicle engine-derived particulate matter, generated as ultrafine (UFP) and fine (FP) sizes, with additional exposures using UFP or FP combined with gaseous copollutants derived from fresh gasoline and diesel emissions, labeled as UFP + G and FP + G. Results The UFP and UFP + G exposure groups resulted in the most profound pulmonary and neuroinflammatory effects. Phagocytosis of UFP + G particles via resident alveolar macrophages was substantial in both mouse strains, particularly after chronic exposure, with concurrent increased proinflammatory cytokine expression of CXCL1 and TNFα in the bronchial lavage fluid. In the acute exposure paradigm, only UFP and UFP + G induced significant changes in pulmonary inflammation and only in the ApoE−/− animals. Similarly, acute exposure to UFP and UFP + G increased the expression of several cytokines in the hippocampus of ApoE−/− mice including Il-1β, IL-6, Tgf-β and Tnf-α and in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice including Ccl5, Cxcl1, Il-1β, and Tnf-α. Interestingly, Il-6 and Tgf-β expression were decreased in the C57BL/6 hippocampus after acute exposure. Chronic exposure to UFP + G increased expression of Ccl5, Cxcl1, Il-6, and Tgf-β in the ApoE−/− hippocampus, but this effect was minimal in the C57BL/6 mice, suggesting compensatory mechanisms to manage neuroinflammation in this strain. Conclusions Inflammatory responses the lung and brain were most substantial in ApoE−/− animals exposed to UFP + G, suggesting that the surface area-dependent interaction of gases and particles is an important determinant of toxic responses. As such, freshly generated UFP, in the presence of combustion-derived gas phase pollutants, may be a greater health hazard than would be predicted from PM concentration, alone, lending support for epidemiological findings of adverse neurological outcomes associated with roadway proximity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0177-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Tyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Katherine E Zychowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bethany N Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Valeria Rivero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - June Liu
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Barry E Bleske
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Administrative Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Filipczak PT, Thomas C, Chen W, Salzman A, McDonald JD, Lin Y, Belinsky SA. Abstract 3731: TSC deficiency unmasks a novel protective role of RIP1/RIP3 signaling against mitochondrial and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic multi-organ disorder characterized by the development of neoplastic lesions in kidney, lung, brain, heart and skin. It is caused by an inactivating mutation in tumor suppressor genes coding the TSC1/TSC2 complex, resulting in hyperactivation of mTOR- and Raf/MEK/MAPK-dependent signaling that stimulates tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Despite its oncogenic effect, cells with TSC deficiency were more sensitive to oxidative stress and dependent on mitochondrial metabolism, providing a rationale for a new therapeutic approach. The presented study shows that simultaneous inhibition of two major pathways regulating redox homeostasis using L-Buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO, glutathione synthesis inhibitor) and auranofin (thioredoxin reductase inhibitor) induces oxidative burst, mitochondrial damage and necrotic cell death in TSC2 deficient cells in a highly synergistic and cell context-specific manner. Furthermore, blocking RIP1/RIP3-dependent signaling using chemical inhibitors necrostatin-1 and necrosulfonamide (NSA), reported by others to protect from some cytotoxic stimuli, synergizes with BSO and auranofin in killing TSC2 deficient cells. Expression analysis demonstrated that RIP1 and RIP3 protein levels are elevated in cells with TSC2 deficiency, and their inactivation enhances mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, supplementation with the mitochondrial metabolite alpha-ketoglutarate, whose synthesis is regulated by RIP1/RIP3, rescues cells from the sensitizing effect of necrostatin-1 and NSA. Together, this study identifies a novel TSC context-dependent role of RIP1/RIP3 signaling in regulating mitochondrial and oxidative homeostasis, and substantiates glutathione, thioredoxin and RIP1/RIP3 pathways targeting as a promising therapeutic approach against TSC-associated tumors.
Citation Format: Piotr T. Filipczak, Cindy Thomas, Wenshu Chen, Andrew Salzman, Jacob D. McDonald, Yong Lin, Steven A. Belinsky. TSC deficiency unmasks a novel protective role of RIP1/RIP3 signaling against mitochondrial and oxidative stress-induced cell death. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3731.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Thomas
- 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Wenshu Chen
- 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | - Yong Lin
- 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
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Matalon R, Surendran S, McDonald JD, Okorodudu AO, Tyring SK, Michals-Matalon K, Harris P. Abnormal Expression of Genes Associated with Development and Inflammation in the Heart of Mouse Maternal Phenylketonuria Offspring. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:557-65. [PMID: 16164837 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study descibes gene expression in the fetus hearts obtained from mouse model for Phenylketonuria. These hearts have cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore genes involved in CVD were examined. Several genes associated with heart development and inflammation were found to be altered. In order to investigate whether the abnormal gene expression alters transcription and translation, the levels of troponin mRNA and protein were determined. One step real time RT-PCR showed a reduction in cardiac troponin I, troponin T2 and ryanodine receptor 2. Determination of troponin I and T protein levels showed reduced levels of these proteins. Our results suggest that altered gene expression affects protein production. These changes are likely involved in the cardiovascular defects seen in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matalon
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555-0632, USA
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33
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Liu F, Haeger CM, Dieffenbach PB, Sicard D, Chrobak I, Coronata AMF, Suárez Velandia MM, Vitali S, Colas RA, Norris PC, Marinković A, Liu X, Ma J, Rose CD, Lee SJ, Comhair SAA, Erzurum SC, McDonald JD, Serhan CN, Walsh SR, Tschumperlin DJ, Fredenburgh LE. Distal vessel stiffening is an early and pivotal mechanobiological regulator of vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27347562 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial (PA) stiffness is associated with increased mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH); however, the role of PA stiffening in the pathogenesis of PH remains elusive. Here, we show that distal vascular matrix stiffening is an early mechanobiological regulator of experimental PH. We identify cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) suppression and corresponding reduction in prostaglandin production as pivotal regulators of stiffness-dependent vascular cell activation. Atomic force microscopy microindentation demonstrated early PA stiffening in experimental PH and human lung tissue. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) grown on substrates with the stiffness of remodeled PAs showed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, exaggerated contraction, enhanced matrix deposition, and reduced COX-2-derived prostanoid production compared with cells grown on substrates approximating normal PA stiffness. Treatment with a prostaglandin I2 analog abrogated monocrotaline-induced PA stiffening and attenuated stiffness-dependent increases in proliferation, matrix deposition, and contraction in PASMC. Our results suggest a pivotal role for early PA stiffening in PH and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of interrupting mechanobiological feedback amplification of vascular remodeling in experimental PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Mallarino Haeger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul B Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Izabela Chrobak
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Anna Maria F Coronata
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margarita M Suárez Velandia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sally Vitali
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul C Norris
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chase D Rose
- Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seon-Jin Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suzy A A Comhair
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Brower JB, Doyle-Eisele M, Moeller B, Stirdivant S, McDonald JD, Campen MJ. Metabolomic changes in murine serum following inhalation exposure to gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:241-50. [PMID: 27017952 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1155003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of environmental exposure to gaseous and particulate components of vehicular emissions are a major concern among urban populations. A link has been established between respiratory exposure to vehicular emissions and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms driving this interaction remain unknown. Chronic inhalation exposure to mixed vehicle emissions has been linked to CVD in animal models. This study evaluated the temporal effects of acute exposure to mixed vehicle emissions (MVE; mixed gasoline and diesel emissions) on potentially active metabolites in the serum of exposed mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to a single 6-hour exposure to filtered air (FA) or MVE (100 or 300 μg/m(3)) by whole body inhalation. Immediately after and 18 hours after the end of the exposure period, animals were sacrificed for serum and tissue collection. Serum was analyzed for metabolites that were differentially present between treatment groups and time points. Changes in metabolite levels suggestive of increased oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione, cysteine disulfide, taurine), lipid peroxidation (13-HODE, 9-HODE), energy metabolism (lactate, glycerate, branched chain amino acid catabolites, butrylcarnitine, fatty acids), and inflammation (DiHOME, palmitoyl ethanolamide) were observed immediately after the end of exposure in the serum of animals exposed to MVE relative to those exposed to FA. By 18 hours post exposure, serum metabolite differences between animals exposed to MVE versus those exposed to FA were less pronounced. These findings highlight complex metabolomics alterations in the circulation following inhalation exposure to a common source of combustion emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Brower
- a Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | - Benjamin Moeller
- a Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- a Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- c College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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35
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Mumaw CL, Levesque S, McGraw C, Robertson S, Lucas S, Stafflinger JE, Campen MJ, Hall P, Norenberg JP, Anderson T, Lund AK, McDonald JD, Ottens AK, Block ML. Microglial priming through the lung-brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors. FASEB J 2016; 30:1880-91. [PMID: 26864854 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is implicated in neurodegenerative disease risk and progression and in microglial activation, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, microglia remained activated 24 h after ozone (O3) exposure in rats, suggesting a persistent signal from lung to brain. Ex vivo analysis of serum from O3-treated rats revealed an augmented microglial proinflammatory response and β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) neurotoxicity independent of traditional circulating cytokines, where macrophage-1 antigen-mediated microglia proinflammatory priming. Aged mice exhibited reduced pulmonary immune profiles and the most pronounced neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to mixed vehicle emissions. Consistent with this premise, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)(-/-) mice exhibited impaired pulmonary immune responses concurrent with augmented neuroinflammation and microglial activation in response to O3 Further, aging glia were more sensitive to the proinflammatory effects of O3 serum. Together, these findings outline the lung-brain axis, where air pollutant exposures result in circulating, cytokine-independent signals present in serum that elevate the brain proinflammatory milieu, which is linked to the pulmonary response and is further augmented with age.-Mumaw, C. L., Levesque, S., McGraw, C., Robertson, S., Lucas, S., Stafflinger, J. E., Campen, M. J., Hall, P., Norenberg, J. P., Anderson, T., Lund, A. K., McDonald, J. D., Ottens, A. K., Block, M. L. Microglial priming through the lung-brain axis: the role of air pollution-induced circulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen L Mumaw
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shannon Levesque
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Constance McGraw
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Jillian E Stafflinger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey P Norenberg
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck-University of New Mexico Small-Animal Imaging Resource, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tamara Anderson
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck-University of New Mexico Small-Animal Imaging Resource, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA; and
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew K Ottens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle L Block
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA;
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Cui Y, Wilder J, Rietz C, Gigliotti A, Tang X, Shi Y, Guilmette R, Wang H, George G, Nilo de Magaldi E, Chu SG, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD, Rosas IO, El-Chemaly S. Radiation-induced impairment in lung lymphatic vasculature. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 12:238-50. [PMID: 25412238 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic vasculature has been shown to play important roles in lung injury and repair, particularly in lung fibrosis. The effects of ionizing radiation on lung lymphatic vasculature have not been previously reported. METHODS AND RESULTS C57Bl/6 mice were immobilized in a lead shield exposing only the thoracic cavity, and were irradiated with a single dose of 14 Gy. Animals were sacrificed and lungs collected at different time points (1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks) following radiation. To identify lymphatic vessels in lung tissue sections, we used antibodies that are specific for lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE-1), a marker of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). To evaluate LEC cell death and oxidative damage, lung tissue sections were stained for LYVE-1 and with TUNEL staining, or 8-oxo-dG respectively. Images were imported into ImageJ v1.36b and analyzed. Compared to a non-irradiated control group, we observed a durable and progressive decrease in the density, perimeter, and area of lymphatic vessels over the study period. The decline in the density of lymphatic vessels was observed in both subpleural and interstitial lymphatics. Histopathologically discernible pulmonary fibrosis was not apparent until 16 weeks after irradiation. Furthermore, there was significantly increased LEC apoptosis and oxidative damage at one week post-irradiation that persisted at 16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS There is impairment of lymphatic vasculature after a single dose of ionizing radiation that precedes architectural distortion and fibrosis, suggesting important roles for the lymphatic circulation in the pathogenesis of the radiation-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cui
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Leach CL, Kuehl PJ, Chand R, McDonald JD. Respiratory Tract Deposition of HFA-Beclomethasone and HFA-Fluticasone in Asthmatic Patients. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 29:127-33. [PMID: 26061801 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The asthmatic patient's respiratory tract deposition of HFA fluticasone (Flovent HFA(™)) has not been established. There is a known large particle size difference with another commercial inhaled HFA steroid (QVAR(™)). This study compared the 2D and 3D respiratory tract deposition of each inhaled steroid. METHODS This study was an open label, crossover study in eight patients diagnosed with asthma. The regional respiratory and oropharyngeal deposition of the two steroids were compared and contrasted using planar and SPECT imaging following delivery of the (99m)Tc-radiolabeled drug in each product. The SPECT images were merged with computed tomography images to quantify regional deposition within the patients. RESULTS Two-dimensional (2D) planar images indicated that 24% of the Flovent HFA dose and 55% of the QVAR dose deposited in the lungs. 2D oropharyngeal deposition indicated that 75% of the Flovent HFA dose was deposited in the oropharynx, while 42% of the QVAR dose deposited in the oropharynx. Three-dimensional (3D) SPECT data indicated that 22% of the Flovent HFA dose and 53% of the QVAR dose deposited in the lungs. 3D oropharyngeal and gut deposition indicated 78% of the Flovent HFA dose was deposited in the oropharynx, while 47% of the QVAR dose deposited in the oropharynx. The increased lung deposition and decreased oropharynx deposition for both 2D and 3D image data of QVAR were statistically different from Flovent HFA. CONCLUSIONS QVAR exhibited a significant increase in lung delivery compared to Flovent HFA. Conversely, QVAR delivered a significantly lower dose to the oropharynx than Flovent HFA. The findings were presumed to be driven by the smaller particle size of QVAR (0.7 microns MMAD) compared with Flovent HFA (2.0 microns MMAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet L Leach
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Kuehl PJ, Boyden T, Dobry DE, Doyle-Eisele M, Friesen DT, McDonald JD, Murri BG, Vodak DT, Lyon DK. Inhaled PYY(3-36) dry-powder formulation for appetite suppression. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:150-156. [PMID: 26006332 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1036067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptide YY3-36 [PYY(3-36)] has shown efficacy in appetite suppression when dosed by injection modalities (intraperitoneal (IP)/subcutaneous). Transitioning to needle-free delivery, towards inhalation, often utilizes systemic pharmacokinetics as a key endpoint to compare different delivery methods and doses. Systemic pharmacokinetics were evaluated for PYY3-36 when delivered by IP, subcutaneous, and inhalation, the systemic pharmacokinetics were then used to select doses in an appetite suppression pharmacodynamic study. METHODS Dry-powder formulations were manufactured by spray drying and delivered to mice via nose only inhalation. The systemic plasma, lung tissue, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid pharmacokinetics of different inhalation doses of PYY(3-36) were compared to IP and subcutaneous efficacious doses. Based on these pharmacokinetic data, inhalation doses of 70:30 PYY(3-36):Dextran T10 were evaluated in a mouse model of appetite suppression and compared to IP and subcutaneous data. RESULTS Inhalation pharmacokinetic studies showed that plasma exposure was similar for a 2 × higher inhalation dose when compared to subcutaneous and IP delivery. Inhalation doses of 0.22 and 0.65 mg/kg were for efficacy studies. The results showed a dose-dependent (not dose proportional) decrease in food consumption over 4 h, which is similar to IP and subcutaneous delivery routes. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics results substantiate the ability of pharmacokinetic data to inform pharmacodynamics dose selection for inhalation delivery of the peptide PYY(3-36). Additionally, engineered PYY(3-36):Dextran T10 particles delivered to the respiratory tract show promise as a non-invasive therapeutic for appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kuehl
- a Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- a Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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Mauderly JL, Barrett EG, Day KC, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Harrod KS, Lund AK, Reed MD, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ, Seilkop SK. The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: II. Comparison of responses to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts, hardwood smoke and simulated downwind coal emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:651-67. [PMID: 25162719 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.925523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The NERC Program conducted identically designed exposure-response studies of the respiratory and cardiovascular responses of rodents exposed by inhalation for up to 6 months to diesel and gasoline exhausts (DE, GE), wood smoke (WS) and simulated downwind coal emissions (CE). Concentrations of the four combustion-derived mixtures ranged from near upper bound plausible to common occupational and environmental hotspot levels. An "exposure effect" statistic was created to compare the strengths of exposure-response relationships and adjustments were made to minimize false positives among the large number of comparisons. All four exposures caused statistically significant effects. No exposure caused overt illness, neutrophilic lung inflammation, increased circulating micronuclei or histopathology of major organs visible by light microscopy. DE and GE caused the greatest lung cytotoxicity. WS elicited the most responses in lung lavage fluid. All exposures reduced oxidant production by unstimulated alveolar macrophages, but only GE suppressed stimulated macrophages. Only DE retarded clearance of bacteria from the lung. DE before antigen challenge suppressed responses of allergic mice. CE tended to amplify allergic responses regardless of exposure order. GE and DE induced oxidant stress and pro-atherosclerotic responses in aorta; WS and CE had no such effects. No overall ranking of toxicity was plausible. The ranking of exposures by number of significant responses varied among the response models, with each of the four causing the most responses for at least one model. Each exposure could also be deemed most or least toxic depending on the exposure metric used for comparison. The database is available for additional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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Mauderly JL, Kracko D, Brower J, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD, Lund AK, Seilkop SK. The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: IV. Vascular effects of repeated inhalation exposure to a mixture of five inorganic gases. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:691-6. [PMID: 25162721 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.947448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that a mixture of five inorganic gases could reproduce certain central vascular effects of repeated inhalation exposure of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice to diesel or gasoline engine exhaust. The hypothesis resulted from preceding multiple additive regression tree (MART) analysis of a composition-concentration-response database of mice exposed by inhalation to the exhausts and other complex mixtures. The five gases were the predictors most important to MART models best fitting the vascular responses. Mice on high-fat diet were exposed 6 h/d, 7 d/week for 50 d to clean air or a mixture containing 30.6 ppm CO, 20.5 ppm NO, 1.4 ppm NO₂, 0.5 ppm SO₂, and 2.0 ppm NH₃ in air. The gas concentrations were below the maxima in the preceding studies but in the range of those in exhaust exposure levels that caused significant effects. Five indicators of stress and pro-atherosclerotic responses were measured in aortic tissue. The exposure increased all five response indicators, with the magnitude of effect and statistical significance varying among the indicators and depending on inclusion or exclusion of an apparent outlying control. With the outlier excluded, three responses approximated predicted values and two fell below predictions. The results generally supported evidence that the five gases drove the effects of exhaust, and thus supported the potential of the MART approach for identifying putative causal components of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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Filipczak PT, Senft AP, Seagrave J, Weber W, Kuehl PJ, Fredenburgh LE, McDonald JD, Baron RM. NOS-2 Inhibition in Phosgene-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:89-100. [PMID: 25870319 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosgene exposure via an industrial or warfare release produces severe acute lung injury (ALI) with high mortality, characterized by massive pulmonary edema, disruption of epithelial tight junctions, surfactant dysfunction, and oxidative stress. There are no targeted treatments for phosgene-induced ALI. Previous studies demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2) is upregulated in the lungs after phosgene exposure; however, the role of NOS-2 in the pathogenesis of phosgene-induced ALI remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that NOS-2 expression in lung epithelium exacerbates inhaled endotoxin-induced ALI in mice, mediated partially through downregulation of surfactant protein B (SP-B) expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that a selective NOS-2 inhibitor delivered to the lung epithelium by inhalation would mitigate phosgene-induced ALI. Inhaled phosgene produced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein, histologic lung injury, and lung NOS-2 expression at 24 h. Administration of the selective NOS-2 inhibitor 1400 W via inhalation, but not via systemic delivery, significantly attenuated phosgene-induced ALI and preserved epithelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, aerosolized 1400 W augmented expression of SP-B and prevented downregulation of tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), both critical for maintenance of normal lung physiology and barrier integrity. We also demonstrate for the first time that NOS-2-derived nitric oxide downregulates the ZO-1 expression at the transcriptional level in human lung epithelial cells, providing a novel target for ameliorating vascular leak in ALI. Our data demonstrate that lung NOS-2 plays a critical role in the development of phosgene-induced ALI and suggest that aerosolized NOS-2 inhibitors offer a novel therapeutic strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr T Filipczak
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Albert P Senft
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - JeanClare Seagrave
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Waylon Weber
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- *Environmental Respiratory Health and Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Programs, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Leach CL, Kuehl PJ, Chand R, McDonald JD. Nasal Deposition of HFA-Beclomethasone, Aqueous Fluticasone Propionate and Aqueous Mometasone Furoate in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28:334-40. [PMID: 25671692 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2014.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deposition of nasal aerosols from both aqueous formulations and propellant-based formulations has only minimally been described in rhinitis patients. This study quantified the regional nasal deposition of QNASL(™) (HFA-beclomethasone, nasal aerosol), Flonase(™) (fluticasone propionate, nasal spray) and Nasonex(™) (mometasone furoate monohydrate, nasal spray). METHODS This study was an open label, crossover study in nine patients with allergic rhinitis. The regional nasal deposition of the three nasal products was compared and contrasted following delivery of the (99m)Tc-radiolabeled drug product in each product. The gamma images were merged with magnetic resonance images to quantify regional deposition within the patients. RESULTS The HFA propellant-based formulation (QNASL) resulted in an increased retention of drug product in the nasal cavity compared with the two aqueous formulations (Flonase and Nasonex). The aqueous based formulations resulted in increased amount of the delivered dose that dripped from the nostril (6/8 patients for each of the aqueous formulations and 0/8 patients for the HFA propellant formulation) following administration. The percentage of delivered dose that deposited in the back of the throats of the patients was increased and variable (0.1% to 17.6% with Flonase and 0.0 to 4.7% for Nasonex) for the aqueous formulations when compared to dose delivered for the HFA propellant formulation (0.0% to 1.7% for QNASL). CONCLUSIONS The regional deposition of the HFA propellant based formulation resulted in increased retention of drug product in the nasal cavity and decreased deposition in the back of the throat compared to the two aqueous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet L Leach
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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McDonald JD, Doyle-Eisele M, Seagrave J, Gigliotti AP, Chow J, Zielinska B, Mauderly JL, Seilkop SK, Miller RA. Part 1. Assessment of carcinogenicity and biologic responses in rats after lifetime inhalation of new-technology diesel exhaust in the ACES bioassay. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2015:9-171. [PMID: 25842615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Health Effects Institute and its partners conceived and funded a program to characterize the emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines compliant with the 2007 and 2010 on-road emissions standards in the United States and to evaluate indicators of lung toxicity in rats and mice exposed repeatedly to 2007-compliant new-technology diesel exhaust (NTDE*). The a priori hypothesis of this Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) was that 2007-compliant on-road diesel emissions "... will not cause an increase in tumor formation or substantial toxic effects in rats and mice at the highest concentration of exhaust that can be used ... although some biological effects may occur." This hypothesis was tested at the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI) by exposing rats by chronic inhalation as a carcinogenicity bioassay. Indicators of pulmonary toxicity in rats were measured after 1, 3, 12, 24, and 28-30 months of exposure. Similar indicators of pulmonary toxicity were measured in mice, as an interspecies comparison of the effects of subchronic exposure, after 1 and 3 months of exposure. A previous HEI report (Mauderly and McDonald 2012) described the operation of the engine and exposure systems and the characteristics of the exposure atmospheres during system commissioning. Another HEI report described the biologic responses in mice and rats after subchronic exposure to NTDE (McDonald et al. 2012). The primary motivation for the present chronic study was to evaluate the effects of NTDE in rats in the context of previous studies that had shown neoplastic lung lesions in rats exposed chronically to traditional technology diesel exhaust (TDE) (i.e., exhaust from diesel engines built before the 2007 U.S. requirements went into effect). The hypothesis was largely based on the marked reduction of diesel particulate matter (DPM) in NTDE compared with emissions from older diesel engine and fuel technologies, although other emissions were also reduced. The DPM component of TDE was considered the primary driver of lung tumorigenesis in rats exposed chronically to historical diesel emissions. Emissions from a 2007-compliant, 500-horsepower-class engine and after treatment system operated on a variable-duty cycle were used to generate the animal inhalation test atmospheres. Four groups were exposed to one of three concentrations (dilutions) of exhaust combined with crankcase emissions, or to clean air as a negative control. Dilutions of exhaust were set to yield average integrated concentrations of 4.2, 0.8, and 0.1 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Exposure atmospheres were analyzed by daily measurements of key effects of NTDE in the present study were generally consistent with those observed previously in rats exposed chronically to NO2 alone. This suggests that NO2 may have been the primary driver of the biologic responses to NTDE in the present study. There was little evidence of effects characteristic of rats exposed chronically to high concentrations of DPM in TDE, such as an extensive accumulation of DPM within alveolar macrophages and inflammation leading to neoplastic transformation of epithelia and lung tumors. components and periodic detailed physical-chemical characterizations. Exposures were conducted 16 hours/day (overnight, during the rats' most active period), 5 days/week. Responses to exposure were evaluated via hematology, serum chemistry, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung cell proliferation, histopathology, and pulmonary function. The exposures were accomplished as planned, with average integrated exposure concentrations within 20% of the target dilutions. The major components from exhaust were the gaseous inorganic compounds, nitrogen monoxide (NO), NO2, and carbon monoxide (CO). Minor components included low concentrations of DPM and volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs). Among the more than 100 biologic response variables evaluated, the majority showed no significant difference from control as a result of exposure to NTDE. The major outcome of this study was the absence of pre-neoplastic lung lesions, primary lung neoplasia, or neoplasia of any type attributable to NTDE exposure. The lung lesions that did occur were minimal to mild, occurred only at the highest exposure level, and were characterized by an increased number and prominence of basophilic epithelial cells (considered reactive or regenerative) lining distal terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and adjacent alveoli (termed in this report "Hyperplasia; Epithelial; Periacinar"), which often had a minimal increase in subjacent fibrous stroma (termed "Fibrosis; Interstitial; Periacinar"). Slight epithelial metaplastic change to a cuboidal morphology, often demonstrating cilia, was also noted in some animals (termed "Bronchiolization"). In addition to the epithelial proliferation, there was occasionally a subtle accumulation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (termed "Accumulation; Macrophage") in affected areas. The findings in the lung progressed slightly from 3 to 12 months, without further progression between 12 months and the final sacrifice at 28 or 30 months. In addition to the histologic findings, there were biochemical changes in the lung tissue and lavage fluid that indicated mild inflammation and oxidative stress. Generally, these findings were observed only at the highest exposure level. There was also a mild progressive decrease in pulmonary function, which was more consistent in females than males. Limited nasal epithelial changes resulted from NTDE exposure, including increases in minor olfactory epithelial degeneration, hyperplasia, and/or metaplasia. Increases in these findings were present primarily at the highest exposure level, and their minor and variable nature renders their biologic significance uncertain. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated markedly less severe biologic responses to NTDE than observed previously in rats exposed similarly to TDE. Further, the effects of NTDE in the present study were generally consistent with those observed previously in rats exposed chronically to NO2 alone. This suggests that NO2 may have been the primary driver of the biologic responses to NTDE in the present study. There was little evidence of effects characteristic of rats exposed chronically to high concentrations of DPM in TDE, such as an extensive accumulation of DPM within alveolar macrophages and inflammation leading to neoplastic transformation of epithelia and lung tumors.
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Yan Z, Zhang H, Maher C, Arteaga-Solis E, Champagne FA, Wu L, McDonald JD, Yan B, Schwartz GJ, Miller RL. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, adiposity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ methylation in offspring, grand-offspring mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110706. [PMID: 25347678 PMCID: PMC4210202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Greater levels of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) have been associated with childhood obesity in epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Objectives We hypothesized that prenatal PAH over-exposure during gestation would lead to weight gain and increased fat mass in offspring and grand-offspring mice. Further, we hypothesized that altered adipose gene expression and DNA methylation in genes important to adipocyte differentiation would be affected. Materials and Methods Pregnant dams were exposed to a nebulized PAH mixture versus negative control aerosol 5 days a week, for 3 weeks. Body weight was recorded from postnatal day (PND) 21 through PND60. Body composition, adipose cell size, gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) α, cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and adiponectin, and DNA methylation of PPAR γ, were assayed in both the offspring and grand-offspring adipose tissue. Findings Offspring of dams exposed to greater PAH during gestation had increased weight, fat mass, as well as higher gene expression of PPAR γ, C/EBP α, Cox2, FAS and adiponectin and lower DNA methylation of PPAR γ. Similar differences in phenotype and DNA methylation extended through the grand-offspring mice. Conclusions Greater prenatal PAH exposure was associated with increased weight, fat mass, adipose gene expression and epigenetic changes in progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Yan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Maher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emilio Arteaga-Solis
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frances A. Champagne
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Licheng Wu
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McDonald JD, Kracko D, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner CE, Wegerski C, Senft A, Knipping E, Shaw S, Rohr A. Carbon capture and sequestration: an exploratory inhalation toxicity assessment of amine-trapping solvents and their degradation products. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:10821-10828. [PMID: 25167095 DOI: 10.1021/es5009505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption with aqueous amine solvents is a method of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) from flue gases. One concern is the possible release of amine solvents and degradation products into the atmosphere, warranting evaluation of potential pulmonary effects from inhalation. The CCS amines monoethanolamine (MEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and piperazine (PIP) underwent oxidative and CO2-mediated degradation for 75 days. C57bl/6N mice were exposed for 7 days by inhalation of 25 ppm neat amine or equivalant concentration in the degraded mixture. The aqueous solutions were nebulized to create the inhalation atmospheres. Pulmonary response was measured by changes in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cytokine expression in lung tissue. Ames mutagenicity and CHO-K1 micronucleus assays were applied to assess genotoxicity. Chemical analysis of the test atmosphere and liquid revealed complex mixtures, including acids, aldehydes, and other compounds. Exposure to oxidatively degraded MEA increased (p < 0.05) total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes compared to control mice and caused inflammatory cytokine expression (statistical increase at p < 0.05). MEA and CO2-degraded MEA were the only atmospheres to show statistical (p < 0.05) increase in oxidative stress. CO2 degradation resulted in a different composition, less degradation, and lower observed toxicity (less magnitude and number of effects) with no genotoxicity. Overall, oxidative degradation of the amines studied resulted in enhanced toxicity (increased magnitude and number of effects) compared to the neat chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D McDonald
- Chemistry and Inhalation Exposure Program (CIEP), Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , 2425 Ridgecrest Drive Southeast, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, United States
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Fey RA, Templin MV, McDonald JD, Yu RZ, Hutt JA, Gigliotti AP, Henry SP, Reed MD. Local and systemic tolerability of a 2'O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting interleukin-4 receptor-α delivery by inhalation in mouse and monkey. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:452-63. [PMID: 24932560 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.907587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bind and facilitate degradation of RNA and inhibit protein expression in pathways not easily targeted with small molecules or antibodies. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 potentiate signaling through the shared IL-4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) subunit of their receptors. ASO targeting of IL-4Rα mRNA in a mouse model of asthma led to attenuation of airway hyperactivity, demonstrating potential benefit in asthma patients. This study focused on tolerability of inhaled IL-4Rα-targeting ASOs. Toxicity studies were performed with mouse- (ISIS 23189) and human-specific (ISIS 369645) sequences administered by inhalation. Four week (monkey) or 13 week (mouse) repeat doses at levels of up to 15 mg/kg/exposure (exp) and 50 mg/kg/exp, respectively, demonstrated dose-dependent effects limited to increases in macrophage size and number in lung and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The changes were largely non-specific, reflecting adaptive responses that occur during active exposure and deposition of ASO and other material in the lung. Reversibility was observed at a rate consistent with the kinetics of tissue clearance of ASO. Systemic bioavailability was minimal, and no systemic toxicity was observed at exposure levels appreciably above pharmacological doses and doses proposed for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fey
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, CA , USA and
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Conway H, Dix KJ, McDonald JD, Miller RA, Wall HG, Wolff RK, Reed MD. Comparison of inhalation toxicity studies of gentamicin in rats and dogs. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:714-24. [PMID: 24255949 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.843043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nebulized gentamicin solution was administered to rats (nose-only) and dogs (face mask) for 14 days with a 14-day recovery period. Control groups of each were exposed to saline aerosols. Mean estimated inhaled lung doses of gentamicin were 39, 123 and 245 mg/kg for rats (deposited doses 6, 17 and 34 mg/kg) over 30, 90 and 180 min, respectively. Since dogs do not tolerate exposures as long as rats, inhaled lung doses were limited to 7, 14 and 41 mg/kg (deposited doses of 1, 3 and 8 mg/kg) over 15, 30 and 60 min. Comparable doses were achieved at the low dose for rats and high dose for dogs. Serum AUCs (14 ± 2 µg/mL h (mean ± SD) at 6 mg/kg in rats and 11 ± 7 µg/mL h at 8 mg/kg in dogs) showed comparable exposure between the two, implying similar absorbed doses and confirming similar deposited lung doses. Rat exposures resulted in dose-related lung pathology (including low dose) manifested as upper respiratory tract irritant reactions with alveolar histiocytosis, inflammation, airway epithelial metaplasia and lymphomegaly in lung tissue. This was associated with high lung tissue gentamicin levels 24 h post-dose on Day 14 (375 ± 33 µg/g at deposited dose of 6 mg/kg). Dose-related kidney tubular necrosis (a well-known toxicity of parenteral gentamicin) was observed, but no test-article related effects on lung histopathology in dogs (even at highest deposited dose of 8 mg/kg) and low levels of lung tissue gentamicin (42 ± 11 µg/g) 24 h post-dose on Day 14.
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Salmon M, Tannheimer SL, Gentzler TT, Cui ZH, Sorensen EA, Hartsough KC, Kim M, Purvis LJ, Barrett EG, McDonald JD, Rudolph K, Doyle-Eisele M, Kuehl PJ, Royer CM, Baker WR, Phillips GB, Wright CD. The in vivo efficacy and side effect pharmacology of GS-5759, a novel bifunctional phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonist in preclinical animal species. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00046. [PMID: 25505595 PMCID: PMC4186437 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are a central therapy for symptom relief in respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, with inhaled β 2-adrenoceptor agonists and anticholinergics being the primary treatments available. The present studies evaluated the in vivo pharmacology of (R)-6-[[3-[[4-[5-[[2-Hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino]pent-1-ynyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)amino]-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide (GS-5759), a novel bifunctional compound with both phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) activity, which has been optimized for inhalation delivery. GS-5759 dose-dependently inhibited pulmonary neutrophilia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aerosol challenge model of inflammation in rats with an ED50 ≤ 10 μg/kg. GS-5759 was also a potent bronchodilator with an ED50 of 0.09 μg/kg in guinea pigs and 3.4 μg/kg in dogs after methylcholine (MCh) and ragweed challenges respectively. In cynomolgus monkeys, GS-5759 was dosed as a fine-particle dry powder and was efficacious in the same dose range in both MCh and LPS challenge models, with an ED50 = 70 μg/kg for bronchodilation and ED50 = 4.9 μg/kg for inhibition of LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia. In models to determine therapeutic index (T.I.), efficacy for bronchodilation was evaluated against increased heart rate and GS-5759 had a T.I. of 700 in guinea pigs and >31 in dogs. In a ferret model of emesis, no emesis was seen at doses several orders of magnitude greater than the ED50 observed in the rat LPS inflammation model. GS-5759 is a bifunctional molecule developed for the treatment of COPD, which has both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for combination as a triple therapy with a second compound, within a single inhalation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salmon
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102 ; Merck Research Laboratories 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Stacey L Tannheimer
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Terry T Gentzler
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Eric A Sorensen
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Kimberly C Hartsough
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Musong Kim
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Lafe J Purvis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Karin Rudolph
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Melanie Doyle-Eisele
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Christopher M Royer
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - William R Baker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Gary B Phillips
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Clifford D Wright
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
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Lund AK, Doyle-Eisele M, Lin YH, Arashiro M, Surratt JD, Holmes T, Schilling KA, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM, McDonald JD. The effects of α-pinene versus toluene-derived secondary organic aerosol exposure on the expression of markers associated with vascular disease. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:309-24. [PMID: 23742109 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.782080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the toxicological effects of biogenic- versus anthropogenic-source secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on the cardiovascular system, the Secondary Particulate Health Effects Research program irradiation chamber was used to expose atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E null (Apo E-/-) mice to SOA from the oxidation of either α-pinene or toluene for 7 days. SOA atmospheres were produced to yield 250-300 μg/m(3) of particulate matter and ratios of 10:1:1 α-pinene:nitrogen oxide (NOx):ammonia (NH3); 10:1:1:1 α-pinene:NOx:NH3:sulfur dioxide (SO2) or 10:1:1 toluene:NOx:NH3; and 10:1:1:1 toluene:NOx:NH3:SO2. Resulting effects on the cardiovascular system were assessed by measurement of vascular lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS)), as well as quantification of heme-oxygenase (HO)-1, endothelin (ET)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expression for comparison to previous program exposure results. Consistent with similar previous studies, vascular TBARS were not increased significantly with any acute SOA exposure. However, vascular HO-1, MMP-9, and ET-1 observed in Apo E-/- mice exposed to α-pinene + NOx + NH3 + SO2 increased statistically, while α-pinene + NOx + NH3 exposure to either toluene + NOx + NH3 or toluene +NOx + NH3 + SO2 resulted in a decreased expression of these vascular factors. Such findings suggest that the specific chemistry created by the presence or absence of acidic components may be important in SOA-mediated toxicity in the cardiovascular system and/or progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie K Lund
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Oppenheim HA, Lucero J, Guyot AC, Herbert LM, McDonald JD, Mabondzo A, Lund AK. Exposure to vehicle emissions results in altered blood brain barrier permeability and expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tight junction proteins in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:62. [PMID: 24344990 PMCID: PMC3878624 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traffic-generated air pollution-exposure is associated with adverse effects in the central nervous system (CNS) in both human exposures and animal models, including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. While alterations in the blood brain barrier (BBB) have been implicated as a potential mechanism of air pollution-induced CNS pathologies, pathways involved have not been elucidated. Objectives To determine whether inhalation exposure to mixed vehicle exhaust (MVE) mediates alterations in BBB permeability, activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and −9, and altered tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Methods Apolipoprotein (Apo) E−/− and C57Bl6 mice were exposed to either MVE (100 μg/m3 PM) or filtered air (FA) for 6 hr/day for 30 days and resulting BBB permeability, expression of ROS, TJ proteins, markers of neuroinflammation, and MMP activity were assessed. Serum from study mice was applied to an in vitro BBB co-culture model and resulting alterations in transport and permeability were quantified. Results MVE-exposed Apo E−/− mice showed increased BBB permeability, elevated ROS and increased MMP-2 and −9 activity, compared to FA controls. Additionally, cerebral vessels from MVE-exposed mice expressed decreased levels of TJ proteins, occludin and claudin-5, and increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the parenchyma. Serum from MVE-exposed animals also resulted in increased in vitro BBB permeability and altered P-glycoprotein transport activity. Conclusions These data indicate that inhalation exposure to traffic-generated air pollutants promotes increased MMP activity and degradation of TJ proteins in the cerebral vasculature, resulting in altered BBB permeability and expression of neuroinflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amie K Lund
- Environmental Respiratory Health Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM,USA.
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