Synthesis, characterization, equilibria and biological activity of dimethyltin(IV) complex with 1,4-piperazine

GANE can Improve Lung Fibrosis by Reducing Inflammation via Promoting p38MAPK/TGF-β1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Downregulation

There is a trend to use nanoparticles as distinct treatments for cancer treatment because they have overcome many of the limitations of traditional drug delivery systems. Gallic acid (GA) is an effective polyphenol in the treatment of tissue injuries. In this study, GA was loaded onto niosomes to produce gallic acid nanoemulsion (GANE) using a green synthesis technique. GANE's efficiency, morphology, UV absorption, release, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were evaluated. An in vitro study was conducted on the A549 lung carcinoma cell line to determine the GANE cytotoxicity. Also, our study was extended to evaluate the protective effect of GANE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. GANE showed higher encapsulation efficiency and strong absorption at 280 nm. Transmission electron microscopy presented a spherical shape of the prepared nanoparticles, and FTIR demonstrated different spectra for the free gallic acid sample compared to GANE. GANE showed cytotoxicity for the A549 carcinoma lung cell line with a low IC₅₀ value. It was found that oral administration of GANE at 32.8 and 82 mg/kg.b.w. and dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) provided significant protection against LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis. GANE enhanced production of superoxide dismutase, GPx, and GSH. It simultaneously reduced the MDA level. The GANE and dexamethasone, induced the production of IL-4, but suppressed TNF-α and IL-6. On the other hand, the lung p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression was downregulated in rats administrated with GANE when compared with the LPS-treated rats. Histological studies confirmed the effective effect of GANE as it had a lung-protective effect against LPS-induced lung fibrosis. It was noticed that GANE can inhibit oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cytokines and downregulate p38MAPK, TGF-β1, and NF-κB gene expression to suppress the proliferation and migration of lung fibrotic cells.

Antitumor and Protective Activity of TVLE against CdCl2-Induced Renal Damage in Rats

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cadmium is a heavy metal that has a wide range of applications in human existence. Cadmium may bind to the protein metallothionein and decrease kidney function once it enters the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the renal protective activity of TVLE against CdCl<sub>2</sub>-induced renal toxicity in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> TVLE was prepared and characterized using instrumental analysis and spectral data. Furthermore, the IC<sub>50</sub> of TVLE against the Vero renal carcinoma cell line was calculated. Adult albino rats were used to assess the renal protective activity of TVLE (150 and 300 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt.) in CdCl<sub>2</sub>-treated rats. <b>Results:</b> IC<sub>50 </sub>of TVLE against Vero cell line equals 148.25 μg mL<sup>1</sup>. The daily oral administration of TVLE at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. for 21 days to CdCl<sub>2</sub>-treated rates resulted in a significant improvement in tumour volume and tumour weight, urea, creatinine, uric acid, TNF-α, NOx, TBARs, GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx and VEGF-C gene expression in CdCl<sub>2</sub>-treated rats. Furthermore, TVLE almost normalized these effects in renal histoarchitecture. <b>Conclusion:</b> The biochemical, histological and MRI examinations of the current study suggested that TVLE have renal protective activity against CdCl<sub>2</sub>-induced renal toxicity in rats.

Resveratrol: A Potential Protector Against Benzo[a]pyrene- Induced Lung Toxicity

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a major component of lipophilic pollutants then can be translated to diffluent substances. The aim of t he present article was to investigate protective activity of resveratrol against lung toxicity induced by B[a]P. Material and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups (6 animals/group): 3 negative control groups, control positive, B[a]P (20 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt., resveratrol (50 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.)-B[a]P and vitamin C (1 g kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.)-B[a]P groups. <b>Results:</b> The daily oral administration of the resveratrol (50 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.) and vitamin C (1 g kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.) for 30 days to rats treated with B[a]P (20 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.) resulted in a significant improve plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C as well as serum TNF-α, TBARS, IL-2,IL-6, haptoglobin, histamine, IgA, Ig E,Ig G and Ig M in B[a]P treated rats. On the other hand oral administration of resveratrol elevated the SOD, GPx and GR gene expression in lung rats treated with B[a]P. Furthermore, resveratrol and vitamin C nearly normalized these effects in lung histoarchitecture. <b>Conclusion:</b> The obtained biochemical, molecular biology and histological results of this study proved the lung protective activity of resveratrol against B[a]P induced lung toxicity in rats.

Astaxanthin Attenuates D-Galactosamine-Induced Pancreatic Injury by Activating Antioxidant Enzymes and Inhibiting VEGF-C Gene Expression

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β-β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is a carotenoid, commonly found in marine environments has been reported to possess versatile biological properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, the pancreatic protective effect of astaxanthin was investigated in D-Galactosamine-induced pancreas injury in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this experimental study, MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic effects of the Astaxanthin on pnc1 cells. A total of 30 adult albino rats divided into 5 groups, six rats in each. Group I was given an equal amount of distilled water, group II was received 400 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. D-galactosamine on 15th day, groups III-V were treated with astaxanthin (50 and 100 mg kg<sup>1</sup>) and/or silymarin (50 mg kg<sup>1</sup>) for 14 days + 400 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. D-galactosamine on the 15th day, respectively. <b>Results:</b> IC<sub>50 </sub>of Astaxanthin against the pnc1 cell line was 92.9 μg mL<sup>1</sup>. The daily oral administration of astaxanthin (50 and 100 mg kg<sup>1</sup>) as well as silymarin (50 mg kg<sup>1</sup>) for 14 days to rats treated with D-galactosamine resulted in a significant improvement in plasma AST, ALT, ALP as well as pancreatic TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, NO and VEGF-C gene expression. On the other hand, inducible oral administration of astaxanthin increased the activity of pancreatic GSH, SOD, GPx, GR, CAT and the level of TBARs in D-galactosamine-treated pancreatic of rats. Furthermore, Astaxanthin almost normalized these effects in pancreatic tissue histoarchitecture and MRI examination. <b>Conclusion:</b> The obtained results showed that Astaxanthin protected experimental animals against D-galactosamine-induced pancreatic injury through activation of antioxidant enzymes and IL-10 and inhibition of VEGF-C activation.

Cellular Basis of Organotin(IV) Derivatives as Anticancer Metallodrugs: A Review

Organotin(IV) compounds have wide applications in industrial and agricultural fields owing to their ability to act as poly(vinyl chloride) stabilizers and catalytic agents as well as their medicinal properties. Moreover, organotin(IV) compounds may have applications as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, or antimicrobial agents based on the observation of synergistic effects following the binding of their respective ligands, resulting in the enhancement of their biological activities. In this review, we describe the antiproliferative activities of organotin(IV) compounds in various human cancer cell lines based on different types of ligands. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which organotin(IV) compounds induce cell death via apoptosis through the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Finally, we present the mechanisms of cell cycle arrest induced by organotin(IV) compounds. Our report provides a basis for studies of the antitumor activities of organotin(IV) compounds and highlights the potential applications of these compounds as anticancer metallodrugs with low toxicity and few side effects.