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Yang S, Ma Y, Lou X, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Yi S, Cheng Y, Qian S, Huang M, Fei H. The role of TNF-α in the phagocytosis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108488. [PMID: 36503056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important innate immune process in which immune cells recognize, ingest and eliminate pathogens. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has become an important economic farmed fish in many regions, while few studies has focused on phagocytosis of its leucocytes. In present study, largemouth bass peripheral blood leucocytes were separated using Percoll gradient to establish the phagocytic function. Flow cytometric analysis showed that largemouth bass leukocytes exhibited the phagocytic capacity to fluoresbrite microspheres and Aeromonas hydrophila, where higher phagocytic capacity to A. hydrophila were observed in granulocytes/monocytes than that of lymphocytes. The leukocytes engulfing fluoresbrite microspheres and A. hydrophila were also observed by fluorescence microscopy. Besides, manygenes associated with phagocytosis and TNF-α in leukocytes were up-regulated following A. hydrophila stimulation. Subsequently, the largemouth bass TNF-α was recombinantly expressed to investigate its role in regulating phagocytosis. The results showed that TNF-α in largemouth bass could significantly enhance the phagocytic ability of granulocytes/monocytes to A. hydrophila, but not lymphocytes. Moreover, we also found that TNF-α could not only significantly increase the ROS activity of granulocytes/monocytes, but also had the function of inducing its apoptosis. These results demonstrated that granulocytes/monocytes play more important role in phagocytosis, meanwhile, TNF-α has the function of enhancing the phagocytic ability of granulocytes/monocytes in largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuanxin Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaocong Lou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhewei Zhou
- Zhejiang Development &Planning Institute, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shunfa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shichao Qian
- Huzhou Baijiayu Biotech Co., Ltd, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Boonprasert K, Ruengweerayut R, Aunpad R, Satarug S, Na-Bangchang K. Expression of metallothionein isoforms in peripheral blood leukocytes from Thai population residing in cadmium-contaminated areas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:935-940. [PMID: 22981465 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a group of proteins with high cadmium (Cd) affinity and with a potential role in Cd transportation and detoxification. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between MT (MT-1A, MT-2A, and MT-3 isoforms) gene expression level in peripheral blood leukocytes and Cd-associated renal injury in non-occupational exposed Thai population. The study was conducted in adult subjects residing in Cd-contaminated areas of Mae Sot District, Thailand. The basal levels of MT-1A, MT-2A, and MT-3 mRNA expression were determined in leukocytes by quantitative RT-PCR. MT-1A and MT-2A expressions, particularly MT-1A, were found to be significantly increased with elevated levels of blood and urinary Cd levels. In subjects with high urinary Cd levels, negative correlations between MT-1A and microalbumin, and between MT-2A and β(2)-MG, were observed. These results suggest that MT gene expression may reflect susceptibility of the exposed population to Cd-induced renal dysfunction. MT-1A mRNA expression in leukocytes might be developed as a potential biomarker of Cd exposure and Cd-induced renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Boonprasert
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery and Development, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Liu J, Cheng ML, Yang Q, Shan KR, Shen J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Dill AL, Waalkes MP. Blood metallothionein transcript as a biomarker for metal sensitivity: low blood metallothionein transcripts in arsenicosis patients from Guizhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1101-6. [PMID: 17637929 PMCID: PMC1913577 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that protects against metal intoxication, it could be a biomarker for individual sensitivity to metal toxicity. OBJECTIVE We assessed the use of bloodborne MT transcript as a reflection of tissue MT levels and examined the potential role of MT in arsenic toxicity in an environmentally exposed human population. METHOD Rodents were treated with zinc or nonmetallic MT inducers for 4 days, and the blood and tissues were collected for MT transcript analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and MT protein determination by the cadmium-hemoglobin assay. Blood and buccal cell samples were collected from arsenicosis patients and healthy subjects residing in Guizhou, China, and total RNA was isolated for MT transcript analysis. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcripts and corresponding hepatic or renal MT transcript levels in rats and mice. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcript and tissue MT protein levels in these animals. A positive correlation also occurred between human blood MT and buccal cell MT transcript levels. MT-1A and MT-2A were the major isoform transcripts in human blood and buccal cells, and significantly lower MT levels were seen in arsenicosis patients compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Blood MT transcript appears to be a useful biomarker of tissue MT levels. Arsenicosis patients in Guizhou show significantly lower MT transcript levels in blood, which may have predisposed this population to arsenic intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Qin Yang
- Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Jun Shen
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yushu Zhou
- Southwest Prefecture Center for Disease Control, Xingyi, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Anna L. Dill
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to M.P. Waalkes, Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-2328. Fax: (919) 541-3970. E-mail:
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Lynes MA, Fontenot AP, Lawrence DA, Rosenspire AJ, Pollard KM. Gene expression influences on metal immunomodulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 210:9-16. [PMID: 15993910 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals in the environment originate from both human activities and natural processes. Exposure to these metals can result in important changes to immune activity. Depending on the metal and dose, these changes can result in enhanced immune function, diminished immune responses, or altered responses that produce autoimmune disease. One of the intriguing aspects of these various phenomena are the multiple points of interaction with cellular machinery at which metals elicit these changes. The individual sections of this review serve to underscore the variety of targets that can be altered by exposure to heavy metals, and provide some comparisons between the effects of specific heavy metals on the immune system. These observations may ultimately lead us to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which metals alter the immune system, and may enable the development of countermeasures to offset these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Moisan E, Arbour S, Nguyen N, Hébert MJ, Girard D, Bernier J, Fournier M, Kouassi E. Prolongation of human neutrophil survival by low-level mercury via inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:183-203. [PMID: 11820505 DOI: 10.1080/152873902753396802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of organic and inorganic mercury compounds have been reported previously to induce cell death by apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC). but little is known about their potential effects on the viability and death of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). In contrast to MNC, PMN are known to undergo readily spontaneous apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, it was hypothesized that PMN may differ from MNC in their reactions to low mercury levels. The effects of methylmercuric chloride (MeHgCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) were evaluated in concentration-response and time-course studies on human PMN viability and on their modes of cell death after in vitro incubation at 37 degrees C. Cell death by apoptosis or necrosis was assessed by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate binding to externalized phosphatidylserine in conjunction with propidium iodide, and flow cytometry analysis. Morphologic counting of pyknotic nuclei and the fluorescence properties of the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 in combination with propidium iodide were used to further confirm apoptotic cell death and to characterize the sequence of Hg-induced cell death. Results show that low concentrations of MeHgCl (1-7.5 microM) that were cytotoxic to MNC actually inhibited PMN spontaneous apoptosis. Low-level HgCl, reproduced the anti-apoptotic effects of MeHgCl on PMN, but to a lower extent. Higher concentrations of MeHgCl and HgCl2 were necrogenic to PMN, but MeHgCl was about an order of magnitude more toxic, and discrete differences were observed in the modalities of cell death induced by both species. These data reveal for the first time that (1) low levels of organic and inorganic mercury species protect human PMN from cell death via inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis, and (2) PMN are more resistant than MNC to mercury-induced cytotoxicity. Since delayed apoptosis and increased resistance to toxicant-induced cell death may lead to excessive accumulation of senescent PMN, evidence indicates that findings of this study may have implications for mercury-induced autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Moisan
- Human Health Research Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada
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