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Wang Y, Li D, Li J, Li J, Fan M, Han M, Liu Z, Li Z, Kong F. Metal organic framework UiO-66 incorporated ultrafiltration membranes for simultaneous natural organic matter and heavy metal ions removal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112651. [PMID: 35007541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new type of UiO-66 incorporated polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes was fabricated to enhance antifouling properties and heavy metal ions removal efficiency. The UF membranes incorporating different loadings of the UiO-66 filler were prepared via the classical phase inversion process. These membranes unveiled enhanced hydrophilicity, porosity, water uptake, zeta potential, mechanical strength, permeability, and HA removal ratios due to the incorporation of hydrophilic UiO-66 fillers. Particularly, HA rejection ratios were observed to be approximately 93% for all the modified membranes, which was attributed to electrostatic repulsion interactions between the hydrophilic groups of HA and UiO-66. Moreover, the antifouling abilities of the modified membranes were evaluated and found to be much better with a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of about 88% when compared to the blank PSf membrane (only around 34%). Moreover, the UiO-66 incorporated membranes were highly-effective in the removal of contaminants like heavy metal ions (Sr2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr6+) and HA at the same time. Overall, the PSf UF membranes incorporating UiO-66 opened up a new avenue to enhance the membrane hydrophilicity, permeability, antifouling properties as well as heavy metal ions removal abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China; Water Industry and Environment Engineering Technology Research Centre, Chongqing, 401311, China
| | - Daxue Li
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China; Water Industry and Environment Engineering Technology Research Centre, Chongqing, 401311, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Mao Fan
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Mengwei Han
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zequn Liu
- Water Industry and Environment Engineering Technology Research Centre, Chongqing, 401311, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- State Key Lab of NBC for Civilian Protection, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Fanxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
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Yang Z, Ma J, Liu F, Zhang H, Ma X, He D. Mechanistic insight into pH-dependent adsorption and coprecipitation of chelated heavy metals by in-situ formed iron (oxy)hydroxides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:864-872. [PMID: 34785461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fe(III) coagulation-precipitation process has been widely used to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents; however, the influences of organic ligands on the sequestration of different heavy metals in the Fe(III)/metal-EDTA ternary system are not well understood. In this study, the pH-dependent mechanisms of CuII-EDTA and NiII-EDTA removed by in-situ formed iron (oxy)hydroxides were studied using surface complex modeling and a suite of characterization techniques. Results of surface complex model indicated that there should be minimal difference between removal of CuII-EDTA and NiII-EDTA by iron (oxy)hydroxides if adsorption was the dominant mechanism. However, through the speciation analysis and characterization of the precipitates generated after coagulation and precipitation, we have demonstrated that at neutral pH the complexation of Fe(III) and EDTA influenced the surface properties of iron (oxy)hydroxides formed, with the higher removal of Cu2+ (compared to Ni2+) contributed by its coprecipitation with Fe(III). Moreover, at basic pH, decomplexation of CuII-EDTA occurred on the iron (oxy)hydroxides surface with the released copper ions involved in the formation of (oxy)hydroxides. The low removal of nickel (from NiII-EDTA) was ascribed to the higher conditional stability constant of NiII-EDTA. Results of this study have advanced our understanding of the complicated interactions among Fe(III), organic ligands and heavy metals in the industrial effluents, and provide insight to optimization of the process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengheng Yang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Di He
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, PR China.
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Fan G, Chen C, Chen X, Li Z, Bao S, Luo J, Tang D, Yan Z. Enhancing the antifouling and rejection properties of PVDF membrane by Ag 3PO 4-GO modification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149611. [PMID: 34428657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration is an environmentally friendly water treatment technology, but membrane fouling significantly impacts membrane performance and service life. Photocatalytic modification of membrane is regarded as an effective way for membrane fouling control. In this study, graphite oxide (GO), Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4-GO nanomaterials were applied in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes modification, and the membranes was denoted as P-GO, P-AgP and P-AgP@GO, respectively. Filtration of humic acid (HA) at different operating conditions was adopted in evaluation of membrane performance. Among them, P-AgP@GO had the best permeation, rejection and antifouling performances, and could maintain excellent properties when operation conditions (HA concentration, operation pressure, pH and ionic strength) were changed. Furthermore, the effect of photocatalysis on the self-cleaning performance and its mechanism were revealed. The overall performance of P-AgP@GO could be enhanced by visible light irradiation, and extending the visible illumination time during the filtration was conducive to the reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chongguo Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongsheng Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Shulei Bao
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Fujian Jinhuang Environmental Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Dingsheng Tang
- CCCC First Highway Engineering Group Xiamen Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China.
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Bi J, Tao Q, Huang X, Wang J, Wang T, Hao H. Simultaneous decontamination of multi-pollutants: A promising approach for water remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131270. [PMID: 34323782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water remediation techniques have been extensively investigated due to the increasing threats of soluble pollutants posed on the human health, ecology and sustainability. Confronted with the complex composition matrix of wastewater, the simultaneous elimination of coexisting multi-pollutants remains a great challenge due to their different physicochemical properties. By integrating multi-contaminants elimination processes into one unit operation, simultaneous decontamination attracted more and more attention under the consideration of versatile applications and economical benefits. In this review, the state-of-art simultaneous decontamination methods were systematically summarized as chemical precipitation, adsorption, photocatalysis, oxidation-reduction, biological removal and membrane filtration. Their applications, mechanisms, mutual interactions, sustainability and recyclability were outlined and discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects and opportunities for future research were proposed for further development of simultaneous decontamination. This work could provide guidelines for the design and fabrication of well-organized simultaneous decontaminating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qingqing Tao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Co-Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Co-Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Co-Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Co-Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Zhang L, Wang X, Yue D. Effect of submerged combustion evaporation on Cd complexation potential of organic matter in municipal solid waste landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115573. [PMID: 33254664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the strong ability for complexation of heavy metals, a high amount of humic substances (HS) is always contained in membrane retentate from municipal solid waste landfill leachates treatment processes. Submerged Combustion Evaporation (SCE) can be used to effectively concentrate the membrane retentate. However, the impact of the SCE treatment on HS complexation capacity is still unclear. Since cadmium (Cd) plays a vital role in the pollution of soil and food, this study investigated the influence of the SCE treatment on the Cd complexation potential of leachate HS. Specific effects and complexation properties on Cd complexation of leachate HS before and after the SCE treatment were demonstrated using the Non-Ideal Competitive Adsorption model. The results showed that the Cd complexation capacity of carboxyl sites increased from 3.76 to 4.65 mol/kg-Total Organic Carbon (TOC) after the SCE treatment, which agreed with the stoichiometric number of proton binding sites. Moreover, characterization results indicated that SCE increased the affinity of HS for Cd by enhancing the overall aromaticity of HS (E2:E4 from 9.8 to 9.3), dominantly due to the humic acid contribution. By modeling the practical Cd remediation scenarios, the enhanced Cd complexation performance of HS after SCE treatment was observed even at low pH values (pH = 5) or insufficient TOC content (TOC = 50 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Dongbei Yue
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Wang T, Zhou L, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Qu G, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu L. Decomplexation of Cu(II)-natural organic matter complex by non-thermal plasma oxidation: Process and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121828. [PMID: 31839393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and natural organic matters (NOM) form very stable heavy metal-NOM complexes in aqueous, facilitating the migration of heavy metals and enhancing their potential risks. In this study, non-thermal plasma oxidation was attempted to destroy the heavy metal-NOM complexes, with Cu-humate (Cu-HA) as a model. The decomplexation efficiency reached 86.1 % within 50 min of plasma oxidation at 16 kV. The generated reactive species by the non-thermal plasma, including O2-, 1O2, OH, attacked the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups of HA, leading to cleavage of the Cu-O bonds, decomplexation of Cu-HA, and release of free Cu(II). Meanwhile, a variety of small molecular intermediates, including phenols, benzoic acids, esters, amines, ketones, acetic acid, formic acid, and oxalic acid, were generated due to attack by the oxidative species on the aromatic moiety and double bonds in Cu-HA. As a consequence of decomplexation, the residual toxicity of Cu-HA to Scenedesmus obliquus was distinctly reduced. This study provides a potential technique to decomplex heavy metal-NOM complexes, and reduces their toxicity to typical Scenedesmus obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Liling Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Kanagaraj P, Mohamed IM, Huang W, Liu C. Membrane fouling mitigation for enhanced water flux and high separation of humic acid and copper ion using hydrophilic polyurethane modified cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Zhou H, Qiu Y, Le H. Recovery of metals and complexant in wastewater by shear induced dissociation coupling with ultrafiltration. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yun‐Ren Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Hui‐Shang Le
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410083 China
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Zhu Y, Fan W, Zhou T, Li X. Removal of chelated heavy metals from aqueous solution: A review of current methods and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:253-266. [PMID: 31075592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination with heavy metal ions and organic compounds such as citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tartrate, pharmaceuticals, surfactants and natural organic matter, is a serious problem in the natural environment. Although many methods have been effectively applied to the removal of heavy metal complexes from aqueous solution, there is a lack of information available on the mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of these various methods. This review summarizes the various treatment methods applied to the removal of heavy metal complexes, with a summary of the mechanisms of action and recent research progress. The methods reviewed in detail include electrolysis, membrane separation, adsorption, precipitation, replacement-coprecipitation, TiO2 photocatalysis and Fenton oxidation-precipitation, with the advantages and disadvantages of each method discussed. Furthermore, the heavy metal complex removal mechanisms are analyzed comprehensively. Results show that the adsorption method exhibited unique merits, showing much promise for future development. Finally, this review comprehensively analyzes future prospects and developments in methods for removal of chelated heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Removal of Cd (II) from dilute aqueous solutions by complexation–ultrafiltration using rotating disk membrane and the shear stability of PAA–Cd complex. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lavanya C, Balakrishna RG, Soontarapa K, Padaki MS. Fouling resistant functional blend membrane for removal of organic matter and heavy metal ions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:372-381. [PMID: 30496967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the removal of heavy metal ions and humic acid using Cellulose acetate (CA) and Poly (methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) blend membranes. Antifouling properties of blend membranes were also investigated. Flat sheet membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique using different concentrations of CA and PMVEMA. The prepared membranes were characterized and their performance was evaluated by measuring pure water flux, water uptake capacity and humic acid removal. Rejection of humic acid (HA) was observed to be around 97% for all the blend membranes because of electrostatic interactions between the functional groups of HA and blends. The fouling characteristics of the membranes was assessed using HA as a foulant and the antifouling capacity of blend membranes was observed to be greater with a flux recovery ratio of almost 95% when compared to bare CA, commercial CA (TechInc) and other reported CA blends used for HA rejection. Also, the blend membranes were very effective in removing heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr+6) and humic acid simultaneously. Overall, the PMVEMA modified CA membranes can open up new possibilities in enhancing the hydrophilicity, permeability and antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lavanya
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - R Geetha Balakrishna
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India.
| | - Khantong Soontarapa
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Mahesh S Padaki
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
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