1
|
Bakhteh A, Jaberghaderi N, Rezaei M, Naghibzadeh ZAS, Kolivand M, Motaghi Z. The effect of interventions in alleviating fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a systematic review. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2024; 42:5-21. [PMID: 35435061 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2022.2059458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fear of Childbirth (FOC) is regarded as a general problem, which affects women's health and well-being, justifying demanding caesarean section. Several primary studies have been performed in relation to the interventions performed to reduce the fear of childbirth, which show contradictions between the results of these studies. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the different types of interventions used to reduce the fear of childbirth in pregnant mothers. METHODS In this study, systematic review of study information related to the effect of different therapies on reducing the fear of childbirth using subject-related keywords and validated with MeSH in SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science (ISI) databases and Google Scholar Search Engine were extracted without any time limit until February 2021. RESULTS After removing duplicates and irrelevant works from among the 5396 articles found, 63 articles remained in the study. The participants in these 63 articles were 5415 cases and 5770 controls. In addition, three studies were on epidural anesthesia, 33 on the effects of psychotherapy, 19 on the effects of education, and eight on the influence of other interventions on alleviating FOC. As shown by the results, psychotherapy intervention and education decreased FOC significantly. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, to prevent the fear of childbirth, pregnancy training and prenatal preparation courses are recommended to empower pregnant women. It also seems beneficial to use psychotherapy approaches for women who are afraid of childbirth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bakhteh
- Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Nasrin Jaberghaderi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health & Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mitra Kolivand
- Department of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Motaghi
- Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alivand Z, Nourizadeh R, Hakimi S, Esmaeilpour K, Mehrabi E. The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and haptonomy on fear of childbirth in primigravida women: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:929. [PMID: 38082410 PMCID: PMC10712131 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the role of fear of childbirth (FOC) in the enhancement of unnecessary cesarean sections (CS), the present study aimed at evaluating the effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and haptonomy on the FOC (as primary outcome) and intended birth method and final birth method (as secondary outcomes) among primigravida women. METHODS This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 99 primigravida women in Tabriz, Iran 2022. Participants were assigned to three groups with a ratio of 1:1:1 using stratified block randomization based on the fear intensity. One of the intervention groups (n = 33) received eight group sessions of CBT from 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and the other intervention group (n = 33) received haptonomy during seven sessions once a week. The control group (n = 33) received routine prenatal care. The Wijma questionnaire was completed by the participants before the intervention, after the intervention at 35-37 weeks of gestation, and after birth. The intended birth method was investigated before and after the intervention at 35-37 weeks of gestation. The final birth method and the reasons for CS were recorded based on the mother's medical profile. The one-way ANOVA was used before the intervention and RMANOVA after the intervention to compare the mean scores of FOC among the three groups. Further, chi-square test was applied to compare the intended and final birth method. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation: SD) of FOC in the CBT group changed from 74.09 (11.35) at 24-28 weeks of gestation to 46.50 (18.28) at 35-37 weeks and 48.78 (20.64) after birth (P < 0.001). The means (SDs) of FOC in the haptonomy group were 76.81 (13.09), 46.59 (15.81), and 45.09 (20.11), respectively (P < 0.001). The mean (SD) of FOC in the control group decreased from 70.31 (6.71) to 66.56 (18.92) and then, increased to 71.00 (21.14) after birth (P = 0.878). After the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups in terms of the intended birth method (P = 0.278), and final birth method (P = 0.107). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study revealed that both CBT and haptonomy interventions reduce FOC. Although the desire for vaginal birth and final vaginal birth in the haptonomy group was more than that in the other two groups, there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20170506033834N9. Date of registration: 02.01.2022. URL: http://en.irct.ir .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alivand
- Student Research Committee, Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghaiyeh Nourizadeh
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sevil Hakimi
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Esmat Mehrabi
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baas MAM, Stramrood CAI, Dijksman LM, Vanhommerig JW, de Jongh A, van Pampus MG. How safe is the treatment of pregnant women with fear of childbirth using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy? Obstetric outcomes of a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2023; 102:1575-1585. [PMID: 37540081 PMCID: PMC10577619 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnant women with fear of childbirth display an elevated risk of a negative delivery experience, birth-related post-traumatic stress disorder, and adverse perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and postpartum depression. One of the therapies used to treat fear of childbirth is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the obstetric safety and effectiveness of EMDR therapy applied to pregnant women with fear of childbirth. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized controlled trial (the OptiMUM-study) was conducted in two teaching hospitals and five community midwifery practices in the Netherlands (www.trialregister.nl, NTR5122). Pregnant women (n = 141) with a gestational age between 8 and 20 weeks and suffering from fear of childbirth (i.e. sum score on the Wijma Delivery Expectations Questionnaire ≥85) were randomly allocated to either EMDR therapy (n = 70) or care-as-usual (CAU) (n = 71). Outcomes were maternal and neonatal outcomes and patient satisfaction with pregnancy and childbirth. RESULTS A high percentage of cesarean sections (37.2%) were performed, which did not differ between groups. However, women in the EMDR therapy group proved seven times less likely to request an induction of labor without medical indication than women in the CAU group. There were no other significant differences between the groups in maternal or neonatal outcomes, satisfaction, or childbirth experience. CONCLUSIONS EMDR therapy during pregnancy does not adversely affect pregnancy or the fetus. Therefore, therapists should not be reluctant to treat pregnant women with fear of childbirth using EMDR therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. M. Baas
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOLVGAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMartini HospitalGroningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lea M. Dijksman
- Department of Quality and SafetySt. AntoniusziekenhuisNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ad de Jongh
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Institute of Health and SocietyUniversity of WorcesterWorcesterUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin CR, Jones C, Huang C, Jomeen J, Boubert L, Marshall CA. The Tokophobia Severity Scale (TSS): measurement model, power and sample size considerations. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2022; 40:613-622. [PMID: 34106798 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2021.1931070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the measurement model of the Tokophobia Severity Scale and consider issues of statistical power and sample size from the original instrument development study. BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth (FoC) and tokophobia represents an area of increasing concern within perinatal mental health research and clinical practice. Existing measures of the FoC have been criticised due to either measurement inconsistencies, difficulties in scoring or practical clinical application. Attempting to address these limitations, researchers developed the Tokophobia Severity Scale (TSS). A fundamental assumption underpinning the use of the TSS is unidimensionality, however this assertion may have been based on sub-optimal sample size and approach taken to factor structure determination. METHOD Parallel analysis (PA), principal components analysis (PCA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), power analysis and sample size calculation using a reconstruction of the original dataset from published summary data. RESULTS Following replication of the original PCA, a three-factor model was found to offer a significantly better fit to data than a unidimensional model. Power analysis suggested the original study was underpowered. CONCLUSION The TSS remains a promising tool but assumptions regarding its measurement model are based on an inadequate sample size. Sample sizes for a sufficiently powered study indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Martin
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Catriona Jones
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Chao Huang
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Julie Jomeen
- Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Laura Boubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Claire A Marshall
- Perinatal Mental Health Team, Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust, Hull, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hendrix YMGA, Sier MAT, Baas MAM, van Pampus MG. Therapist perceptions of treating posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy: The VIP Study. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1420-1431. [PMID: 35535472 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus on the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during pregnancy, and therapists' views on the matter are largely unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore therapist beliefs and experiences regarding PTSD treatment during pregnancy. Participants were therapists (N = 301) with experience treating PTSD who completed an online survey. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of therapists who were experienced in treating PTSD symptoms during pregnancy; secondary outcome measures assessed preferred treatments for the general and pregnant populations, perceived reluctance to treat PTSD in pregnancy, and perceived effects and adverse events attributed to treatment for pregnant women and fetuses. The majority of participants (n = 246, 81.7%) had experience with treating PTSD during pregnancy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing was the preferred treatment for both the general and the pregnant populations. Almost half of the sample (48.8%) reported hearing that PTSD treatment in pregnancy could be harmful; 30.5% of therapists were reluctant to treat pregnant women with PTSD. Most therapists observed a clinically relevant posttreatment reduction of PTSD symptoms in pregnant women. Perceived adverse maternal and fetal events attributed to treatment were reported by 8.4% and 1.4% of therapists, respectively. Despite reluctance, most therapists reported treating PTSD during pregnancy. The results show that although therapists often reported hearing that treating PTSD during pregnancy was harmful, only a small percentage reported perceived adverse events, and treatment was often viewed as effective. These findings implicate a more positive view on the treatment of PTSD in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha A T Sier
- Department of Surgery, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie A M Baas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria G van Pampus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bayrı Bingöl F, Demırgoz Bal M, Dişsiz M, Taylan Sormageç M, Özlükan Çimen B. Psychodrama as a new intervention for reducing fear of childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:2946-2953. [PMID: 36018050 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2114329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the potential benefit of the addition of psychodrama classes to antenatal education as a new technique to address fear of childbirth. This was a randomised controlled trial. A total of 150 women were initially enrolled in two groups. Psychodrama sessions were added to standard antenatal education in the experiment group. The control group participated only in routine antenatal education classes. Birth outcomes and fear of childbirth were measured and analysed to assess the impact. The analysis was completed with an experimental group of 50 women and a control group of 49 women. At the conclusion of the training, it was observed that there was a greater decrease in fear of childbirth in the experiment group than in the control group. Additionally, in the postpartum period, the experimental group had a higher rate of vaginal childbirth and a shorter childbirth time than the control group. Psychodrama may be an effective means of reducing fear of childbirth and reduced caesarean section childbirth. Psychoeducation should be added antenatal education programs. Thus, it may represent an important tool in the efforts to improve maternal mental health and also provide broader social benefits.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Studies examining means to reduce fear of childbirth have found that psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural therapy, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing, haptotherapy and art therapy were useful.What the results of this study add? Psychodrama as a new intervention may be beneficial decreased of fear of childbirth, increased of normal birth rate and at improving the experience of pregnancy and childbirth.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Protecting and caring for the mental health of the mother and child benefits the entire community. It has been reported that 1 in 5 mothers experience psychiatric difficulties during the postpartum period, and 7 of 10 do not receive treatment, which has a negative impact on the mother, the child and family. Assesment of the mental health of women during the postpartum period is not regularly performed in many countries and women are frequently left to struggle on their own. The identification of pregnant women who have a high fear of childbirth and who are at risk of developing a psychiatric disorder by nurses is an important element of providing of appropriate, high-quality care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melike Dişsiz
- Health Science University, Hamidiye Nursing of Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Meltem Taylan Sormageç
- Sancaktepe Şehit Prof.Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Büşra Özlükan Çimen
- Sancaktepe Şehit Prof.Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaya N, Guler H. Online solution-focused psychoeducation as a new intervention for treating severe fear of childbirth: A randomized controlled trial in the pandemic period. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2116-2126. [PMID: 35119113 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to determine the effect of solution-focused psychoeducation (SFP) and childbirth preparation training (CPT) on women's fear of childbirth and self-efficacy. METHODS This randomized controlled trial was carried out at the family health center in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 119 healthy primigravid women. These women were randomized into the SFP group (n = 39), CPT group (n = 40), and control group care (n = 40). FINDINGS After the intervention, the women in the experiment groups had decreased fear of childbirth and increased self-efficacy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Midwifery care based on education and counseling provided by online synchronous video conferencing method during the pandemic period is an effective and safe method in reducing fear of childbirth in women and increasing their self-efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Kaya
- Midwifery Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Handan Guler
- Child Development Department, Vocational School of Health Care, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eidouzaei F, Amiri-Farahani L, Mohammadi A, Pezaro S. Exploring the Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Educations on Childbirth Self-efficacy, Childbirth Fear, and Adaptation of Maternal Role Among Primiparous Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Ozbek H, Pinar SE. The effect of haptonomy applied to pregnant women on perceived stress, fear of childbirth, and prenatal attachment: randomized controlled experimental study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35874964 PMCID: PMC9287134 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of haptonomy applied to pregnant women on perceived stress, fear of childbirth, and prenatal attachment. The population of the randomized controlled experimental study consisted of 72 primiparous pregnant women within the gestational weeks 22-28 who presented to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic of a state hospital in Turkey for check-up (36 experimental subjects, 36 control subjects). A home visit was made to the experimental group, and haptonomy was applied for at least 30 min, once a week, for 7 weeks (with the researcher for 3 weeks, with the husband by providing the training brochure and video that will help the practice for the next 4 weeks). The control group did not receive any treatment. After the haptonomy application, the stress levels and fears of childbirth of the pregnant women in the experimental group decreased, and their attachment levels with their babies increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ozbek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Sukran Ertekin Pinar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calpbinici P, Özçirpan ÇY. The effect of the training program provided to primiparous pregnant women through the motivational interview method on their fear of childbirth, childbirth self-efficacy, and delivery mode: a randomized controlled trial. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Veringa‐Skiba IK, de Bruin EI, van Steensel FJA, Bögels SM. Fear of childbirth, nonurgent obstetric interventions, and newborn outcomes: A randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting with enhanced care as usual. Birth 2022; 49:40-51. [PMID: 34250636 PMCID: PMC9292241 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting (MBCP) or enhanced care as usual (ECAU) for expectant couples decreases fear of childbirth (FOC) and nonurgent obstetric interventions during labor and improves newborn outcomes. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Midwifery settings, the Netherlands, April 2014-July 2017. POPULATION Pregnant women with high FOC (n = 141) and partners. METHODS Allocation to MBCP or ECAU. Hierarchical multilevel and intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary: pre-/postintervention FOC, labor anxiety disorder, labor pain (catastrophizing and acceptance), and preferences for nonurgent obstetric interventions. Secondary: rates of epidural analgesia (EA), self-requested cesarean birth (sCB), unmedicated childbirth, and 1- and 5-minute newborn's Apgar scores. RESULTS MBCP was significantly superior to ECAU in decreasing FOC, catastrophizing of labor pain, preference for nonurgent obstetric interventions, and increasing acceptance of labor pain. MBCP participants were 36% less likely to undergo EA (RR 0.64, 95% CI [0.43-0.96]), 51% less likely to undergo sCB (RR 0.49, 95% CI [0.36-0.67]), and twice as likely to have unmedicated childbirth relative to ECAU (RR 2.00, 95% CI [1.23-3.20]). Newborn's 1-minute Apgar scores were higher in MBCP (DM -0.39, 95% CI [-0.74 to -0.03]). After correction for multiple testing, results remained significant in ITT and PP analyses, except EA in ITT analyses and 1-minute Apgar. CONCLUSIONS MBCP for pregnant couples reduces mothers' fear of childbirth, nonurgent obstetric interventions during childbirth and may improve childbirth outcomes. MBCP adapted for pregnant women with high FOC and their partners appears an acceptable and effective intervention for midwifery care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena K. Veringa‐Skiba
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education (RICDE)Research Priority Area YieldUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Esther I. de Bruin
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education (RICDE)Research Priority Area YieldUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,UvA‐mindsAcademic Center of the University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Francisca J. A. van Steensel
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education (RICDE)Research Priority Area YieldUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education (RICDE)Research Priority Area YieldUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boz İ, Akgün M, Duman F. A feasibility study of a psychoeducation intervention based on Human Caring Theory in nulliparous women with fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 42:300-312. [PMID: 32319341 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1752173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of psychoeducation program based on the Human Caring Theory on the level of fear of childbirth (FOC) by comparing the antenatal education classes. METHODS This feasibility study was conducted in a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial on 24 nulliparous women with FOC between July and October 2018. The women received five sessions of psychoeducation and four sessions of antenatal education. The primary outcome was the level of FOC in prenatal period, and the secondary outcomes were the rate of preference for vaginal birth (VB) in prenatal period, the rate of VB, and the level of FOC in postnatal period. The level of the FOC was assessed using Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire A and B. RESULTS Although the levels of FOC of the women decreased in both groups for post-treatment, the decrease in the psychoeducation group was significantly higher compared to the antenatal education group (p = 0.022). In the postnatal period, the level of FOC of psychoeducation group was statistically lower than that of the antenatal education group (p = 0.000). Furthermore, all the women in the psychoeducation group and 58.33% of the women in the antenatal education group wanted to have a VB at the end of the program (p = 0.012). However, there was statistically no difference between the groups in terms of the birth type (p = 0.342). CONCLUSIONS There seems to be an indication that the psychoeducation program based on Human Caring Theory might have a benefit to reduce the level of FOC of women compared to the antenatal education classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İlkay Boz
- Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Akgün
- Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ferdane Duman
- Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Connell MA, Khashan AS, Leahy-Warren P, Stewart F, O'Neill SM. Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 7:CD013321. [PMID: 34231203 PMCID: PMC8261458 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013321.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many women experience fear of childbirth (FOC). While fears about childbirth may be normal during pregnancy, some women experience high to severe FOC. At the extreme end of the fear spectrum is tocophobia, which is considered a specific condition that may cause distress, affect well-being during pregnancy and impede the transition to parenthood. Various interventions have been trialled, which support women to reduce and manage high to severe FOC, including tocophobia. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing fear of childbirth (FOC) compared with standard maternity care in pregnant women with high to severe FOC, including tocophobia. SEARCH METHODS In July 2020, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and reference lists of retrieved studies. We contacted researchers of trials which were registered and appeared to be ongoing. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised clinical trials which recruited pregnant women with high or severe FOC (as defined by the individual trial), for treatment intended to reduce FOC. Two review authors independently screened and selected titles and abstracts for inclusion. We excluded quasi-randomised and cross-over trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological approaches as recommended by Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the studies for risk of bias. A third review author checked the data analysis for accuracy. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcome was a reduction in FOC. Secondary outcomes were caesarean section, depression, birth preference for caesarean section or spontaneous vaginal delivery, and epidural use. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials with a total of 1357 participants. The interventions included psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, group discussion, peer education and art therapy. We judged four studies as high or unclear risk of bias in terms of allocation concealment; we judged three studies as high risk in terms of incomplete outcome data; and in all studies, there was a high risk of bias due to lack of blinding. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to concerns about risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency. None of the studies reported data about women's anxiety. Participating in non-pharmacological interventions may reduce levels of fear of childbirth, as measured by the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ), but the reduction may not be clinically meaningful (mean difference (MD) -7.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) -12.19 to -1.97; 7 studies, 828 women; low-certainty evidence). The W-DEQ tool is scored from 0 to 165 (higher score = greater fear). Non-pharmacological interventions probably reduce the number of women having a caesarean section (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89; 5 studies, 557 women; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between non-pharmacological interventions and usual care in depression scores measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (MD 0.09, 95% CI -1.23 to 1.40; 2 studies, 399 women; low-certainty evidence). The EPDS tool is scored from 0 to 30 (higher score = greater depression). Non-pharmacological interventions probably lead to fewer women preferring a caesarean section (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.89; 3 studies, 276 women; moderate-certainty evidence). Non-pharmacological interventions may increase epidural use compared with usual care, but the 95% CI includes the possibility of a slight reduction in epidural use (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.48; 2 studies, 380 women; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effect of non-pharmacological interventions for women with high to severe fear of childbirth in terms of reducing fear is uncertain. Fear of childbirth, as measured by W-DEQ, may be reduced but it is not certain if this represents a meaningful clinical reduction of fear. There may be little or no difference in depression, but there may be a reduction in caesarean section delivery. Future trials should recruit adequate numbers of women and measure birth satisfaction and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Anne O'Connell
- School of Healthcare Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ali S Khashan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Stewart
- Cochrane Children and Families Network, c/o Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth, Department of Women's and Children's Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sinéad M O'Neill
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health Alumna, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Background Between 5% and 14% of women suffer from fear of childbirth (FOC) which is associated with difficulties during birth and in postnatal psychological adjustment. Therefore, effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for women. A systematic review and meta-analysis was used to identify effective interventions for treating women with FOC. Methods Literature searches were undertaken on online databases. Hand searches of reference lists were also carried out. Studies were included in the review if they recruited women with FOC and aimed to reduce FOC and/or improve birth outcomes. Data were synthesised qualitatively and quantitatively using meta-analysis. The literature searches provided a total of 4474 citations. Results After removing duplicates and screening through abstracts, titles and full texts, 66 papers from 48 studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Methodological quality was mixed with 30 out of 48 studies having a medium risk of bias. Interventions were categorised into six broad groups: cognitive behavioural therapy, other talking therapies, antenatal education, enhanced midwifery care, alternative interventions and interventions during labour. Results from the meta-analysis showed that most interventions reduced FOC, regardless of the approach (mean effect size = −1.27; z = −4.53, p < 0.0001) and that other talking therapies may reduce caesarean section rates (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.48–0.90). Conclusions Poor methodological quality of studies limits conclusions that can be drawn; however, evidence suggests that most interventions investigated reduce FOC. Future high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed so that clear conclusions can be made.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shahsavan F, Akbari N, Gharraee B, Abolghasemi J, Khedmat L. The effect of internet-based guided self-help cognitive-behavioral therapies on Iranian women's psychological symptoms and preferred method of childbirth. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:138-147. [PMID: 32567051 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effectiveness of an Internet-based guided self-help cognitive-behavioral therapy (I-GSH-CBT) was assessed in alleviating childbirth fear (CBF), depression, anxiety, and stress of pregnant women during the first delivery. DESIGN AND METHODS In a quasi-experimental study, pregnant women in the intervention group used the I-GSH-CBT program during pregnancy. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 42-item (DASS-42) questionnaires were used to collect the psychometric data. FINDINGS Implementing the I-GSH-CBT significantly reduced CBF, DASS-42 scores, and cesarean section preference. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The I-GSH-CBT program effectively decreases the adverse mood symptoms in nulliparous pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahsavan
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Akbari
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Gharraee
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Abolghasemi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Khedmat
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baas MAM, van Pampus MG, Stramrood CAI, Dijksman LM, Vanhommerig JW, de Jongh A. Treatment of Pregnant Women With Fear of Childbirth Using EMDR Therapy: Results of a Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:798249. [PMID: 35222106 PMCID: PMC8866441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of childbirth (FoC) occurs in 7. 5% of pregnant women and has been associated with adverse feto-maternal outcomes. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety; however, its effectiveness regarding FoC has not yet been established. The aim was to determine the safety and effectiveness of EMDR therapy for pregnant women with FoC. This single-blind RCT (the OptiMUM-study, www.trialregister.nl, NTR5122) was conducted in the Netherlands. FoC was defined as a score ≥85 on the Wijma Delivery Expectations Questionnaire (WDEQ-A). Pregnant women with FoC and a gestational age between 8 and 20 weeks were randomly assigned to EMDR therapy or care-as-usual (CAU). The severity of FoC was assessed using the WDEQ-A. Safety was indexed as worsening of FoC symptoms, dropout, serious adverse events, or increased suicide risk. We used linear mixed model analyses to compare groups. A total of 141 women were randomized (EMDR n = 70; CAU n = 71). No differences between groups were found regarding safety. Both groups showed a very large (EMDR d = 1.36) or large (CAU d = 0.89) reduction of FoC symptoms with a mean decrease of 25.6 (EMDR) and 17.4 (CAU) points in WDEQ-A sum score. No significant difference between both groups was found (p = 0.83). At posttreatment, 72.4% (EMDR) vs. 59.6% (CAU) no longer met the criteria for FoC. In conclusion, the results are supportive of EMDR therapy as a safe and effective treatment of FoC during pregnancy, albeit without significant beneficial effects of EMDR therapy over and above those of CAU. Therefore, the current study results do not justify implementation of EMDR therapy as an additional treatment in this particular setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A M Baas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M G van Pampus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C A I Stramrood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L M Dijksman
- Department of Quality and Safety, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - J W Vanhommerig
- Department of Research and Epidemiology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A de Jongh
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,PSYTREC, Bilthoven, Netherlands.,School of Health Sciences, Salford University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
SOYSAL C, IŞIKALAN MM. Gebelik süresince doğum korkusunu etkileyen risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.723669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
18
|
Martin C, Jones C, Marshall CA, Huang C, Reeve J, Fleming MP, König J, Jomeen J. Fear of childbirth measurement: appraisal of the content overlap of four instruments. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 40:329-341. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1861226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Martin
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Catriona Jones
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Claire A. Marshall
- East Yorkshire Perinatal Mental Health Liaison Team, Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Chao Huang
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Joanne Reeve
- Academy of Primary Care, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Mick P. Fleming
- Faculty of Wellbeing, University College Isle of Man, Isle of Man, UK
| | - Julia König
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Julie Jomeen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Akgün M, Boz İ, Özer Z. The effect of psychoeducation on fear of childbirth and birth type: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 41:253-265. [PMID: 31718369 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2019.1689950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychoeducation is an evidence-based therapeutic intervention for women that provide information, support for a better understanding and coping with fear of childbirth (FOC). Although there have been some studies examining the effects of psychoeducation on FOC and cesarean section (CS), there is no high quality evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the effects of psychoeducation on FOC and CS rate. METHODS Literature research was performed in CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, OVID, Medline, Science Citation Index (Web of Science) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until April 2018. This study is based on the recommendations of the Cochrane guidelines. The analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Program Version 3. RESULTS Four randomized controlled studies and three non-randomized controlled studies were selected; six studies were combined for FOC and four studies were combined for CS rate. Meta-analysis revealed that psychoeducation is effective in reducing pregnant women's FOC (hedges' g 0.59, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.46-0.72, p = .000; 931 women) and the CS rate (Odds Ratio 1.730, 95% CI 1.285-2.330, p = .000; 682 women). CONCLUSION This study provides sufficient evidence that psychoeducation is an effective to reduce FOC and CS rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Akgün
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlkay Boz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Özer
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thng CEW, Lim-Ashworth NSJ, Poh BZQ, Lim CG. Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: a rapid review. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32226611 PMCID: PMC7096216 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20082.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific phobia is highly prevalent worldwide. Although the body of intervention studies is expanding, there is a lack of reviews that summarise recent progress and discuss the challenges and direction of research in this area. Hence, this rapid review seeks to systematically evaluate the available evidence in the last five years in the treatment of specific phobias in adults. Studies published between January 2014 to December 2019 were identified through searches on the electronic databases of Medline and PsychINFO. In total, 33 studies were included. Evidence indicates that psychotherapy, and in particular cognitive behaviour therapy, when implemented independently or as an adjunctive, is a superior intervention with large effect sizes. Technology-assisted therapies seem to have a beneficial effect on alleviating fears and are described to be more tolerable than
in vivo exposure therapy. Pharmacological agents are investigated solely as adjuncts to exposure therapy, but the effects are inconsistent; propranolol and glucocorticoid may be promising. A handful of cognitive-based therapies designed to alter fear arousal and activation pathways of phobias have presented preliminary, positive outcomes. Challenges remain with the inherent heterogeneity of specific phobia as a disorder and the accompanying variability in outcome measures and intervention approaches to warrant a clear conclusion on efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christabel E W Thng
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - Nikki S J Lim-Ashworth
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - Brian Z Q Poh
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - Choon Guan Lim
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Phunyammalee M, Buayaem T, Boriboonhirunsarn D. Fear of childbirth and associated factors among low-risk pregnant women. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 39:763-767. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1584885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matus Phunyammalee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tirawan Buayaem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dittakarn Boriboonhirunsarn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|