Porous orbital implant after enucleation in retinoblastoma patients: indications and complications

Outcomes of planned versus emergent enucleation procedures with primary orbital implants

OBJECTIVE

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the outcomes of primary implant placement in patients who have undergone enucleation on either a planned or emergent basis.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed of 128 enucleations with at least a 1-year postoperative follow-up between November 2008 and May 2019 by a single oculoplastic surgeon at Albany Medical Center. Emergent cases were categorized as those with an active, unclosed globe perforation, secondary to either acute trauma, dehiscence or failed closure of a previously opposed wound, or exposure of a surgical site with dehiscence of the underlying sclera. Patient demographics, clinical features, and postoperative findings were recorded. The incidence of implant exposure was used as an indication of patient outcomes, and the data were subsequently analyzed using t tests.

RESULTS

Of the 128 enucleations performed, 32 (25%) were carried out on an emergent basis, of which 2 patients (6.25%) developed implant exposure. In contrast, of the 96 enucleations that were carried out in a planned, nonemergent manner, 3 patients (3.1%) developed implant exposure. There was no significant relationship between implant exposure rates in the acute and planned enucleation groups (p = 0.4047).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the implications of globe perforation, our analysis suggests no significant correlation of implant exposures in acute versus planned enucleations with primary orbital implants. As such, physicians may confidently place a primary implant at the time of enucleation in both groups, and they may use these data to counsel their patients about the risks of postoperative complications.

The posterior auricular muscle complex graft as a porous orbital implant wrap: long-term follow-up over a 31-year period

PURPOSE

Orbital implant exposures, infections, and extrusions can occur many years following enucleation or evisceration. This study analyzes complication rates following porous orbital implant wrapped with a posterior auricular muscle complex graft (PAMCG).

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent orbital implantation following enucleation using this technique between 1992 and 2013. Only cases with a minimum of 18 months of follow-up were included. No patients underwent peg implantation. Patient's demographics, follow-up time, type of implant, complications including wound dehiscence, exposure, postoperative infection, and extrusion were recorded.

RESULTS

This study included 36 orbits of 36 patients with a mean age of 39.3 ± 23.2 years (range, 3-84 years). Thirty patients had hydroxyapatite implants and six had porous polyethylene. The average follow-up time was 12.6 ± 5.6 years (range, 1.5-31.0 years). There were no implant extrusions, and only one exposure resulting in orbital infection that necessitated implant removal (2.8%).

CONCLUSION

Wrapping porous orbital implants with PAMCG had favorable long-term outcomes over a thirty-one-year period.

Polyester 5-0 suture for porous implant placement after retinoblastoma enucleation: analysis of 120 sockets

BACKGROUND

Techniques used to suture the rectus muscle to the implant can influence the implant-related complications which is still a major problem following retinoblastoma enucleation. The goals of this work were to report the efficacy among patients with retinoblastoma who underwent enucleation followed by porous implant placement with the rectus muscles sutured with 5-0 polyester suture.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with retinoblastoma who underwent primary enucleation and porous implant placement with the rectus muscles tagged and sutured to the implant with polyester 5-0 suture. All the patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. The main outcome measure was implant exposure. The secondary efficacy measures were other implant-related complications.

RESULTS

Between May 2016 and December 2018, a total of 120 patients (120 eyes) underwent primary enucleation and porous implant placement were included. Postoperatively, 10/120 (8.3%) eyes developed exposure or conjunctival granuloma. Exposure was the most common postoperative complication (7/10, 70.0%). There were no cases of implant extrusion, migration, or infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Polyester 5-0 sutures are successful in patients with retinoblastoma who underwent enucleation followed by porous implant placement. Complications are minimal. Polyester 5-0 sutures were not associated with unacceptable complications in this pediatric population.

The Xiangya Ocular Tumor Bank: A Disease-Specific Biobank for Advancing Translational Research Into Ocular Tumors

The pathogenesis and etiology of various ocular tumors remain largely unclear, limiting the development of diagnostic and treatment approaches for such tumors. Tissue samples from patients are also valuable resource to elucidate mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Here we present the early phase setup of an ocular tumor biobank at Xiangya Hospital. Blood and tissue samples along with associated clinical data were obtained from patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology of Xiangya Hospital from December 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020. Standardized operating protocols were developed for the collection, transportation, processing and preservation of ocular tumor samples. A total of 92 clinical cases suffered from 21 types of eye tumors and several undiagnosed eye diseases were covered. A total of 846 samples were preserved in the ocular tumor biobank, including 356 blood samples (42.1%), 324 plasma samples (38.3%), and 166 tissue samples (19.6%). Using the clinical data, we analyzed the prevalence of malignant ocular tumors in association with variables of age, gender, tumors' location and size, and presenting complaints of lump and proptosis. The factors predictive of malignant ocular tumors, included gender (B = 1.599; P = 0.025) and the symptom of proptosis (B = −2.534; P = 0.001). Overall, the setup of clinically-based ophthalmologic biobank could support pathological and translational research into ocular tumors.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Moderate to Severe Postoperative Pain Following the Placement of Primary and Secondary Orbital Implants: A Prospective Observational Study

PURPOSE

To prospectively explore the incidence and risk factors of moderate to severe pain after primary and secondary orbital implantation following evisceration or enucleation surgery.

METHODS

One hundred eighteen patients under general anesthesia for orbital implantation were enrolled in this study. In 91 patients, primary orbital implantation followed evisceration, and in 27 patients, the implantation was secondary after previous evisceration or enucleation surgery. Medical interventions for all participants were followed by standardized surgical, anesthetic, and analgesic protocols. Postoperative pain (POP) intensity was quantified by an 11-point numerical rating scale within 72 hours after the surgery, numerical rating scale ≥4 was considered moderate to severe POP. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify the risk factors related to the development of POP.

RESULTS

Thirty-five patients (29.7%) displayed moderate to severe POP, particularly within 6 to 24 hours after surgery, which peaked at 24 hours. Of these patients, 26 patients who were unable to tolerate the pain received additional doses of analgesics during in-hospital stay. Logistic regression model revealed that preoperative anxiety (odds ratios = 4.890; p = 0.002), congenital microphthalmia (odds ratios = 14.602; p = 0.038), and surgical time longer than 60 minutes (odds ratios = 5.586; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with moderate to severe POP after orbital implantation.

CONCLUSIONS

Orbital implantation after evisceration or enucleation surgery is likely to cause moderate to severe pain intensity in the early postoperative period. Preoperative anxiety, prolonged surgical time, and congenital microphthalmia were the risk factors.

An Overview of Retinoblastoma and Enucleation in Pediatric Patients

Retinoblastoma is a rare malignancy of the eye affecting children, most commonly four years old and younger. Although chemotherapy and radiation treatment aim to spare the eye, in some cases, enucleation (ie, removal of the eye) is required to prevent cancer metastases or recurrence. Enucleation procedures are primarily performed at specialty institutions and may involve the surgical placement of an implant in the orbit of the eye. Unique perioperative considerations are required because of the age of the child at the time of the diagnosis and procedure and the involvement of a parent or caregiver who will be caring for the child postoperatively. This article presents an overview of retinoblastoma and enucleation and discusses the care and management of the unique patient population undergoing enucleation.

Primary orbital polymethylmethacrylate implant following primary enucleation for retinoblastoma: a study of 321 cases

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of primary orbital polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implant following the primary enucleation for retinoblastoma. Methods: Retrospective study of 321 retinoblastoma patients who underwent unilateral enucleation and PMMA implant for retinoblastoma by myoconjunctival technique. Outcome measures included implant centration and extrusion. Results: The mean age at the time of enucleation of patients with retinoblastoma was 35 months (median, 30 months; range, <1 to 449 months). After primary enucleation, primary orbital PMMA implant was used in all cases. The mean diameter of implant was 18 mm (median, 18 mm; range, 12-20 mm) and the mean horizontal diameter of the socket conformer was 24 mm (median, 24 mm; range, 18 mm-26 mm). Post-enucleation and implant, seven (2%) patients underwent orbital external beam radiotherapy owing to microscopic extrascleral tumor extension or tumor infiltration of optic nerve transection. Over a mean follow-up period of 40 months (median, 34 months; range, 4-129 months), implant migration was noted in 28 (9%) patients, implant extrusion in 9 (3%), and implant exposure in 5 (2%), and contracted socket in 5 (2%) patients including grade 1 contraction in 3 (1%), grade 2 in 1 (<1%), and grade 4 in 1 (<1%) patient. Implant exchange for an improved prosthesis fit was performed in 4 (1%) cases. Stable customized ocular prosthesis was achieved in all but one patient. Conclusion: Primary orbital PMMA implant following primary enucleation for retinoblastoma is associated with minimal complications and provides acceptable cosmetic outcomes.

Metabolite systems profiling identifies exploitable weaknesses in retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood eye cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, local therapy, and enucleation are the main ways in which these tumors are managed. The present work is the first study that uses constraint-based reconstruction and analysis approaches to identify and explain RB-specific survival strategies, which are RB tumor specific. Importantly, our model-specific secretion profile is also found in RB1-depleted human retinal cells in vitro and suggests that novel biomarkers involved in lipid metabolism may be important. Finally, RB-specific synthetic lethals have been predicted as lipid and nucleoside transport proteins that can aid in novel drug target development.