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Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu Q. Preparation of hydrophobic layered double hydroxide-based composite pigments via octyltriethoxysilane surface modification for cosmetic applications. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9406-9415. [PMID: 38757980 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00531g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pigments play a pivotal role in the cosmetic industry, in which the development of pigments with concurrent color diversity, hydrophobicity, biocompatibility and photostability remains a great challenge. Herein, we report organic-inorganic composite pigments synthesized via a combination of organic dye anions (Ponceau SX and acid green (AG)), layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTEOS) (denoted as O/Dye-LDHs: O/SX-LDHs and O/AG-LDHs).The prepared composite pigments were characterized via a comprehensive investigation based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS-mapping), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, CIE 1976 L*a*b* color scales, static contact angle measurement and HET-CAM assay. The results confirm the successful intercalation of organic dye anions into the interlayer region of LDHs via host-guest interactions and the surface modification of OTEOS on the layer surface, forming a new kind of hydrophobic organic-inorganic composite pigment with a sandwich structure. LDH layer protection and OTEOS coating play crucial roles in the high photostability, good hydrophobicity and satisfactory biocompatibility of pigments. In addition, O/Dye-LDHs exhibit rich color and color adjustability. Impressively, we applied mixture composite pigments with different O/SX-LDH-to-O/AG-LDH ratios to formulate an eye shadow cream, which present a series of popular and natural colours with water resistance to enhance one's attractiveness and appearance. This work provides a promising strategy for the design of safe and efficient composite pigments, demonstrating their potential application in the field of makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Beijing EWISH Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
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Guseva Canu I, Fraize-Frontier S, Michel C, Charles S. Weight of epidemiological evidence for titanium dioxide risk assessment: current state and further needs. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:430-435. [PMID: 31420585 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We address here the importance of epidemiological evidence in risk assessment and decision-making in Europe. To illustrate this, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as a model compound. TiO2 is widely used as an odorless white pigment and opacifying agent. A recent systematic review assessing the weight of evidence on the relationship between exposure to TiO2 (all forms) and cancer in humans questions the assumptions that TiO2 is an inert material of low toxicity. Based on this new data, France submitted a proposal to classify TiO2 as a possible human carcinogen under the European regulation. The European Chemicals Agency Risk assessment committee concluded that TiO2 (all forms) warrants a classification as a suspected human carcinogen via inhalation (Category-2) under the CLP regulation (for Classification, Labeling and Packaging of chemicals). No considerations was given to TiO2 particle size, which may affect human health effects. Consequently, further epidemiological studies are needed to assess possible associations between different physical-chemical characteristics of TiO2 exposures and their impact on human health. This would allow strengthening the evidence on which to build the most appropriate regulation and to guaranty safe use given any exposure route of any TiO2 particle shape or size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guseva Canu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sandrine Fraize-Frontier
- Department of Risk Assessment, Methodology and Studies Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- Department of Risk Assessment, Chemical Evaluation Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- Department of Risk Assessment, Chemical Evaluation Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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Faizrakhmanov RN, Larina YV, Ezhkova AM, Ezhkov VO, Semakina E. Morphofunctional characteristics of mouse (Mus musculus musculus) liver on the application of various doses of nanostructural sapropel. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is considered to be the main organ in the processes of regulating metabolism, neutralizing toxins and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body. The goal of the research was to study the morphofunctional state of the liver under the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured sapropel. The experiments were carried out on non-linear (outbred) white mice weighing 24.9 ± 1.8 g. Twelve mature males were allotted to four groups. Mice of the experimental groups I, II and III intragastrically through the atraumatic flexible probe were once injected with nanostructured sapropel (particle size of 45.0–180.0 nm) in the following doses: lethal – 3.0 g/kg of the body weight; toxic – 1.8 g/kg of the body weight and safe – 0.6 g/kg of the body weight. Mice of group IV served as a control one and received deionized water in the same way. The choice of liver as the organ for analyzing is justified by the fact that the liver did not have direct contact with sapropel nanoparticles in the process of its intragastric administration into the body of white mice. Four hours after the introduction of nanostructured sapropel, three mice from each group were killed by cervical dislocation. After preparation and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, identical pieces of the liver were evaluated using light microscopy. Histological studies have established that the introduction of a lethal dose of nanostructured sapropel caused hemodynamic vascular disorders; focal necrosis and necrobiosis of hepatocytes were also observed in the research. Furthermore, the research noted a migration of reticuloendotheliocytes to the centrolobular regions of the lobules and enhancement of their activity. The microstructure of the liver when introducing a toxic dose of nanostructured sapropel was characterized by moderate plethora of sinusoidal capillaries, deformation of hepatocytes, focal destruction with the development of karyopiknosis, karyorhexis and karyolysis. The study revealed the activation of reticuloendothelial cells. Liver histology when introducing a safe dose of nanostructured sapropel was characterized by the preservation of the integrity of the structural elements, polyploid (two- and multi-core) hepatocytes were identified in the periportal part of the lobes. The changes in the structural and functional state of the mice liver were found to be depending on the dose of the nanostructured sapropel.
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Hadrup N, Bengtson S, Jacobsen NR, Jackson P, Nocun M, Saber AT, Jensen KA, Wallin H, Vogel U. Influence of dispersion medium on nanomaterial-induced pulmonary inflammation and DNA strand breaks: investigation of carbon black, carbon nanotubes and three titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mutagenesis 2018; 32:581-597. [PMID: 29301028 PMCID: PMC5907907 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal instillation serves as a model for inhalation exposure. However, for this, materials are dispersed in appropriate media that may influence toxicity. We tested whether different intratracheal instillation dispersion media influence the pulmonary toxicity of different nanomaterials. Rodents were intratracheally instilled with 162 µg/mouse/1620 µg/rat carbon black (CB), 67 µg/mouse titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) or 54 µg/mouse carbon nanotubes (CNT). The dispersion media were as follows: water (CB, TiO2); 2% serum in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 0.05% serum albumin in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 10% bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 0.9% NaCl (CB), 10% bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in water (CB) or 0.1% Tween-80 in water (CB). Inflammation was measured as pulmonary influx of neutrophils into bronchoalveolar fluid, and DNA damage as DNA strand breaks in BAL cells by comet assay. Inflammation was observed for all nanomaterials (except 38-nm TiO2) in all dispersion media. For CB, inflammation was dispersion medium dependent. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks for CB were observed only in water, 2% serum and 10% BAL fluid in 0.9% NaCl. No dispersion medium-dependent effects on genotoxicity were observed for TiO2, whereas CNT in 2% serum induced higher DNA strand break levels than in 0.05% serum albumin. In conclusion, the dispersion medium was a determinant of CB-induced inflammation and genotoxicity. Water seemed to be the best dispersion medium to mimic CB inhalation, exhibiting DNA strand breaks with only limited inflammation. The influence of dispersion media on nanomaterial toxicity should be considered in the planning of intratracheal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marek Nocun
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biological and Chemical Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas vei, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
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What is the impact of surface modifications and particle size on commercial titanium dioxide particle samples? - A review of in vivo pulmonary and oral toxicity studies - Revised 11-6-2018. Toxicol Lett 2018; 302:42-59. [PMID: 30468858 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing discussion on the influence of surface-modifications on the toxicity of commercial particulate materials and how alterations in physical-chemical properties of surfaces impact toxicity. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a poorly soluble particulate material of significant socioeconomic importance that largely exists as surface-modified particle-types in commerce. The observed toxicological effects of TiO2 are primarily due to particle effects rather than substance chemistry, as such TiO2 is commonly considered to be a poorly soluble low toxicity (PSLT) particle. This review provides an overview of the effect of surface modifications on the pulmonary and oral toxicity of commercial TiO2 particles with emphasis on in vivo studies with appropriate controls, and where both surface modified and untreated materials are present in the same study. Published literature findings involving pulmonary and oral exposures to surface modified TiO2 particles were reviewed and evaluated for quality and commercial relevance. Suitable publications involving animal studies were identified and summarized. Several studies were identified that have evaluated commercially-relevant surface-modified forms of titanium dioxide with appropriate data quality and with direct comparison to untreated counterparts. Hydrophilic inorganic surface modifications including silica, alumina/alumina hydroxide depositions have been tested along with common hydrophilic and hydrophobic-organic surface treatments. The results for both pigmentary and nanoscale materials demonstrate similar behaviour and indicate limited impact of particle size, surface chemistry, surface charge and surface wettability on observed pulmonary or oral toxicity effects. The low intrinsic toxicity of the TiO2 base particle and evaluated surface modifications may account for the observed outcomes. A few published studies have drawn different conclusions; however, these were either not conducted using commercial TiO2 samples (with surface coatings), had several confounding variables to investigate, or were carried out using mouse strains. The differences in experimental designs are described. The identified pulmonary and oral toxicity studies largely indicate that surface modifications and particle size alone have little or no impact on the lung toxicity of TiO2 particles, following pulmonary exposures when all constituent materials are comprised of chemicals of low specific toxicity particles. In addition, based upon the results of 2 oral toxicity studies, one with surface treated TiO2 particles (OECD 408) and one without surface treated (OECD 407) TiO2 particles, there appears to have been no adverse impact on toxicity with the surface-coated material, as both studies produced no adverse effects at the very high doses tested.
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Bengtson S, Knudsen KB, Kyjovska ZO, Berthing T, Skaug V, Levin M, Koponen IK, Shivayogimath A, Booth TJ, Alonso B, Pesquera A, Zurutuza A, Thomsen BL, Troelsen JT, Jacobsen NR, Vogel U. Differences in inflammation and acute phase response but similar genotoxicity in mice following pulmonary exposure to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178355. [PMID: 28570647 PMCID: PMC5453440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated toxicity of 2–3 layered >1 μm sized graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in mice following single intratracheal exposure with respect to pulmonary inflammation, acute phase response (biomarker for risk of cardiovascular disease) and genotoxicity. In addition, we assessed exposure levels of particulate matter emitted during production of graphene in a clean room and in a normal industrial environment using chemical vapour deposition. Toxicity was evaluated at day 1, 3, 28 and 90 days (18, 54 and 162 μg/mouse), except for GO exposed mice at day 28 and 90 where only the lowest dose was evaluated. GO induced a strong acute inflammatory response together with a pulmonary (Serum-Amyloid A, Saa3) and hepatic (Saa1) acute phase response. rGO induced less acute, but a constant and prolonged inflammation up to day 90. Lung histopathology showed particle agglomerates at day 90 without signs of fibrosis. In addition, DNA damage in BAL cells was observed across time points and doses for both GO and rGO. In conclusion, pulmonary exposure to GO and rGO induced inflammation, acute phase response and genotoxicity but no fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Zdenka O. Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Trine Berthing
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vidar Skaug
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marcus Levin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ismo K. Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Abhay Shivayogimath
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy J. Booth
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Birthe L. Thomsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper T. Troelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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7
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Gad SC, Spainhour CB, Shoemake C, Pallman DRS, Stricker-Krongrad A, Downing PA, Seals RE, Eagle LA, Polhamus K, Daly J. Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:95-178. [PMID: 26755718 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815622442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of nonclinical evaluations is a challenge, with the fundamental need to achieve multiples of the clinical exposure complicated by differences in species and routes of administration-specific tolerances, depending on concentrations, volumes, dosing regimen, duration of each administration, and study duration. Current practice to approach these differences is based on individual experience and scattered literature with no comprehensive data source (the most notable exception being our 2006 publication on this same subject). Lack of formulation tolerance data results in excessive animal use, unplanned delays in the evaluation and development of drugs, and vehicle-dependent results. A consulting firm, a chemical company, and 4 contract research organizations conducted a rigorous data mining operation of vehicle data from studies dating from 1991 to 2015, enhancing the data from this author's 2006 publication (3 of the six 2015 contributors were also 2006 contributors). Additional data were found in the published literature. The results identified 108 single-component vehicles (and 305 combination formulations) used in more than 1,040 studies across multiple species (dog, primate, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, minipig, pig, chick embryo, and cat) by multiple routes for a wide range of study durations. The tabulated data include maximum tolerated use levels by species, route, duration of study, dose-limiting toxicity where reported, review of the available literature on each vehicle, guidance on syringe selection, volume and pH limits by route with basic guidance on nonclinical formulation development, and guidance on factors to be considered in nonclinical route selection.
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Nakanishi J, Morimoto Y, Ogura I, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Ema M, Endoh S, Shimada M, Ogami A, Myojyo T, Oyabu T, Gamo M, Kishimoto A, Igarashi T, Hanai S. Risk Assessment of the Carbon Nanotube Group. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:1940-56. [PMID: 25943334 PMCID: PMC4736668 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the health risks via inhalation and derived the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for the carbon nanotube (CNT) group rather than individual CNT material. We devised two methods: the integration of the intratracheal instillation (IT) data with the inhalation (IH) data, and the "biaxial approach." A four-week IH test and IT test were performed in rats exposed to representative materials to obtain the no observed adverse effect level, based on which the OEL was derived. We used the biaxial approach to conduct a relative toxicity assessment of six types of CNTs. An OEL of 0.03 mg/m(3) was selected as the criterion for the CNT group. We proposed that the OEL be limited to 15 years. We adopted adaptive management, in which the values are reviewed whenever new data are obtained. The toxicity level was found to be correlated with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-specific surface area (BET-SSA) of CNT, suggesting the BET-SSA to have potential for use in toxicity estimation. We used the published exposure data and measurement results of dustiness tests to compute the risk in relation to particle size at the workplace and showed that controlling micron-sized respirable particles was of utmost importance. Our genotoxicity studies indicated that CNT did not directly interact with genetic materials. They supported the concept that, even if CNT is genotoxic, it is secondary genotoxicity mediated via a pathway of genotoxic damage resulting from oxidative DNA attack by free radicals generated during CNT-elicited inflammation. Secondary genotoxicity appears to involve a threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nakanishi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Isamu Ogura
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Environmental ChemistryNational Institute of Health SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Masato Naya
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation BioSafety Research Center (BSRC)IwataJapan
| | - Makoto Ema
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Shigehisa Endoh
- Research Institute for Environmental Management TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaJapan
| | - Manabu Shimada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringHiroshima UniversityHigashihiroshimaJapan
| | - Akira Ogami
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Toshihiko Myojyo
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Takako Oyabu
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Masashi Gamo
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Atsuo Kishimoto
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute, Graduate School of Public Policythe Tokyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takuya Igarashi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Sosuke Hanai
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
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Papakostas D, Rancan F, Sterry W, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Nanoparticles in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:533-50. [PMID: 21837474 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology have allowed the manufacturing of elaborated nanometer-sized particles for various biomedical applications. A broad spectrum of particles, extending from various lipid nanostructures such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, to metal, nanocrystalline and polymer particles have already been tested as drug delivery systems in different animal models with remarkable results, promising an extensive commercialization in the coming years. Controlled drug release to skin and skin appendages, targeting of hair follicle-specific cell populations, transcutaneous vaccination and transdermal gene therapy are only a few of these new applications. Carrier systems of the new generation take advantage of improved skin penetration properties, depot effect with sustained drug release and of surface functionalization (e.g., the binding to specific ligands) allowing specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Drug delivery to skin by means of microparticles and nanocarriers could revolutionize the treatment of several skin disorders. However, the toxicological and environmental safety of micro- and nanoparticles has to be evaluated using specific toxicological studies prior to a wider implementation of the new technology. This review aims to give an overview of the most investigated applications of transcutaneously applied particle-based formulations in the fields of cosmetics and dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papakostas
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Mahmoudi M, Sahraian MA, Shokrgozar MA, Laurent S. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: promises for diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:118-40. [PMID: 22778862 PMCID: PMC3369738 DOI: 10.1021/cn100100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are the most promising candidate for theragnosis (i.e., diagnosis and treatment) of multiple sclerosis. A deep understanding of the dynamics of the in vivo neuropathology of multiple sclerosis can be achieved by improving the efficiency of various medical techniques (e.g., positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) using multimodal SPIONs. In this Review, recent advances and challenges in the development of smart SPIONs for theragnostic applications are comprehensively described. In addition, critical outlines of emerging developments are provided from the points of view of both clinicians and nanotechnologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 11365-8639, Iran.
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11
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Dissette V, Bozzi P, Bignozzi CA, Dalpiaz A, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Leo E, Vighi E, Pasti L. Particulate adducts based on sodium risedronate and titanium dioxide for the bioavailability enhancement of oral administered bisphosphonates. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Liao CM, Chiang YH, Chio CP. Assessing the airborne titanium dioxide nanoparticle-related exposure hazard at workplace. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:57-65. [PMID: 18554790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of size and phase composition on human exposure to airborne titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles (NPs) at workplaces. We reanalyzed published data of particle size distribution of airborne TiO(2) NPs during manufacturing activities and linked a physiologically based lung model to estimate size- and phase-specific TiO(2) NP burdens in target lung cells. We also adopted a cell model to simulate the exposure time-dependent size/phase-specific cell uptake of TiO(2) NPs in human dermal and lung cells. Combining laboratory, field, and modeling results, we proposed two major findings: (i) the estimated median effective anatase TiO(2) NP concentration (EC50) for cytotoxicity response on human dermal fibroblasts was estimated to be 24.84 (95% CI: 7.3-70.2) nmolmL(-1) and EC50 estimate for inflammatory response on human lung epithelial cells was 5414 (95% CI: 3370-7479) nmolmL(-1) and (ii) packers and surface treatment workers at the TiO(2) NP production workplaces are unlikely to pose substantial risk on lung inflammatory response. Nevertheless, our findings point out that TiO(2) NP production workers have significant risk on cytotoxicity response at relatively high airborne anatase TiO(2) NP concentrations at size range 10-30nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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13
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Mueller NC, Nowack B. Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:4447-53. [PMID: 18605569 DOI: 10.1021/es7029637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1028] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use a life-cycle perspective to model the quantities of engineered nanoparticles released into the environment. Three types of nanoparticles were studied: nano silver (nano-Ag), nano TiO2 (nano-TiO2), and carbon nanotubes (CNT). The quantification was based on a substance flow analysis from products to air, soil, and water in Switzerland. The following parameters were used as model inputs: estimated worldwide production volume, allocation of the production volume to product categories, particle release from products, and flow coefficients within the environmental compartments. The predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) were then compared to the predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) derived from the literature to estimate a possible risk. The expected concentrations of the three nanoparticles in the different environmental compartments vary widely, caused by the different life cycles of the nanoparticle-containing products. The PEC values for nano-TiO2 in water are 0.7--16 microg/L and close to or higher than the PNEC value for nano-TiO2 (< 1 microg/L). The risk quotients (PEC/PNEC) for CNT and nano-Ag were much smaller than one, therefore comprising no reason to expect adverse effects from those particles. The results of this study make it possible for the first time to carry out a quantitative risk assessment of nanoparticles in the environment and suggest further detailed studies of nano-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Mueller
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Theron J, Walker JA, Cloete TE. Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and emerging opportunities. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 34:43-69. [PMID: 18259980 DOI: 10.1080/10408410701710442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, the engineering and art of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm), offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for treatment of surface water, groundwater, and wastewater contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward recalcitrant contaminants and application flexibility, many nanomaterials are under active research and development. Accordingly, literature about current research on different nanomaterials (nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, and bioactive nanoparticles) and their application in water treatment, purification and disinfection is reviewed in this article. Moreover, knowledge regarding toxicological effects of engineered nanomaterials on humans and the environment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Theron
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Gad SC, Cassidy CD, Aubert N, Spainhour B, Robbe H. Nonclinical vehicle use in studies by multiple routes in multiple species. Int J Toxicol 2007; 25:499-521. [PMID: 17132609 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600961531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory toxicologist is frequently faced with the challenge of selecting appropriate vehicles or developing utilitarian formulations for use in in vivo nonclinical safety assessment studies. Although there are many vehicles available that may meet physical and chemical requirements for chemical or pharmaceutical formulation, there are wide differences in species and route of administration specific to tolerances to these vehicles. In current practice, these differences are largely approached on a basis of individual experience as there is only scattered literature on individual vehicles and no comprehensive treatment or information source. This approach leads to excessive animal use and unplanned delays in testing and development. To address this need, a consulting firm and three contract research organizations conducted a rigorous data mining operation of control (vehicle) data from studies dating from 1991 to present. The results identified 65 single component vehicles used in 368 studies across multiple species (dog, primate, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, minipig, chick embryo, and cat) by multiple routes. Reported here are the results of this effort, including maximum tolerated use levels by species, route, and duration of study, with accompanying dose limiting toxicity. Also included are basic chemical information and a review of available literature on each vehicle, as well as guidance on volume limits and pH by route and some basic guidance on nonclinical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne C Gad
- Gad Consulting Services, Cary, North Carolina 27518, USA.
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Borm PJA, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, Schins R, Stone V, Kreyling W, Lademann J, Krutmann J, Warheit D, Oberdorster E. The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:11. [PMID: 16907977 PMCID: PMC1584248 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, research on toxicologically relevant properties of engineered nanoparticles has increased tremendously. A number of international research projects and additional activities are ongoing in the EU and the US, nourishing the expectation that more relevant technical and toxicological data will be published. Their widespread use allows for potential exposure to engineered nanoparticles during the whole lifecycle of a variety of products. When looking at possible exposure routes for manufactured Nanoparticles, inhalation, dermal and oral exposure are the most obvious, depending on the type of product in which Nanoparticles are used. This review shows that (1) Nanoparticles can deposit in the respiratory tract after inhalation. For a number of nanoparticles, oxidative stress-related inflammatory reactions have been observed. Tumour-related effects have only been observed in rats, and might be related to overload conditions. There are also a few reports that indicate uptake of nanoparticles in the brain via the olfactory epithelium. Nanoparticle translocation into the systemic circulation may occur after inhalation but conflicting evidence is present on the extent of translocation. These findings urge the need for additional studies to further elucidate these findings and to characterize the physiological impact. (2) There is currently little evidence from skin penetration studies that dermal applications of metal oxide nanoparticles used in sunscreens lead to systemic exposure. However, the question has been raised whether the usual testing with healthy, intact skin will be sufficient. (3) Uptake of nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract after oral uptake is a known phenomenon, of which use is intentionally made in the design of food and pharmacological components. Finally, this review indicates that only few specific nanoparticles have been investigated in a limited number of test systems and extrapolation of this data to other materials is not possible. Air pollution studies have generated indirect evidence for the role of combustion derived nanoparticles (CDNP) in driving adverse health effects in susceptible groups. Experimental studies with some bulk nanoparticles (carbon black, titanium dioxide, iron oxides) that have been used for decades suggest various adverse effects. However, engineered nanomaterials with new chemical and physical properties are being produced constantly and the toxicity of these is unknown. Therefore, despite the existing database on nanoparticles, no blanket statements about human toxicity can be given at this time. In addition, limited ecotoxicological data for nanomaterials precludes a systematic assessment of the impact of Nanoparticles on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul JA Borm
- Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, Zuyd University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- GSF-Research Centre for Environment & Health, Institute of Inhalation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Eva Oberdorster
- Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA
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Guzmán KAD, Taylor MR, Banfield JF. Environmental risks of nanotechnology: National Nanotechnology Initiative funding, 2000-2004. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:1401-7. [PMID: 16568748 DOI: 10.1021/es0515708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By considering risk in the early stages of a technology, costs of identifying important health and environmental impacts after a technology has widely diffused can be avoided. Nanotechnology, involving materials and objects less than 100 nm in size, is an important case in point. In this paper we analyze the research priorities discussed by various interest groups concerned with the environmental risks of nanotechnology, evaluate the distribution of federal environmental nanotechnology R&D funding, and discuss research in this field. Overall federal environmental R&D funding to date is limited and focuses more on the positive environmental applications of nanotechnology than on basic knowledge/research, tools for nanoenvironmental research, or the potential risks of nanotechnology. The situation began to change in 2004 when a significant increase occurred in federal R&D funding for the environmental implications of engineered nanomaterials. Though literature exits on the exposure, transport, and toxicity of incidental nanoparticles, little work has been published on the environmental risks of engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Dunphy Guzmán
- Department of Earth & Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA.
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18
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Warheit DB, Webb TR, Reed KL. Pulmonary toxicity screening studies in male rats with TiO2 particulates substantially encapsulated with pyrogenically deposited, amorphous silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:3. [PMID: 16438714 PMCID: PMC1402317 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute lung toxicity in rats of intratracheally instilled TiO2 particles that have been substantially encapsulated with pyrogenically deposited, amorphous silica. Groups of rats were intratracheally instilled either with doses of 1 or 5 mg/kg of hydrophilic Pigment A TiO2 particles or doses of 1 or 5 mg/kg of the following control or particle-types: 1) R-100 TiO2 particles (hydrophilic in nature); 2) quartz particles, 3) carbonyl iron particles. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) instilled rats served as additional controls. Following exposures, the lungs of PBS and particle-exposed rats were evaluated for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid inflammatory markers, cell proliferation, and by histopathology at post-instillation time points of 24 hrs, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. The bronchoalveolar lavage results demonstrated that lung exposures to quartz particles, at both concentrations but particularly at the higher dose, produced significant increases vs. controls in pulmonary inflammation and cytotoxicity indices. Exposures to Pigment A or R-100 TiO2 particles produced transient inflammatory and cell injury effects at 24 hours postexposure (pe), but these effects were not sustained when compared to quartz-related effects. Exposures to carbonyl iron particles or PBS resulted only in minor, short-term and reversible lung inflammation, likely related to the effects of the instillation procedure. Histopathological analyses of lung tissues revealed that pulmonary exposures to Pigment A TiO2 particles produced minor inflammation at 24 hours postexposure and these effects were not significantly different from exposures to R-100 or carbonyl iron particles. Pigment A-exposed lung tissue sections appeared normal at 1 and 3 months postexposure. In contrast, pulmonary exposures to quartz particles in rats produced a dose-dependent lung inflammatory response characterized by neutrophils and foamy (lipid-containing) alveolar macrophage accumulation as well as evidence of early lung tissue thickening consistent with the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Based on our results, we conclude the following: 1) Pulmonary instillation exposures to Pigment A TiO2 particles at 5 mg/kg produced a transient lung inflammatory response which was not different from the lung response to R-100 TiO2 particles or carbonyl iron particles; 2) the response to Pigment A was substantially less active in terms of inflammation, cytotoxicity, and fibrogenic effects than the positive control particle-type, quartz particles. Thus, based on the findings of this study, we would expect that inhaled Pigment A TiO2 particles would have a low risk potential for producing adverse pulmonary health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- DB Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE, USA
| | - TR Webb
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE, USA
| | - KL Reed
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE, USA
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Tsuji JS, Maynard AD, Howard PC, James JT, Lam CW, Warheit DB, Santamaria AB. Research Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials, Part IV: Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:42-50. [PMID: 16177233 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are small-scale substances (<100 nm) with unique properties and, thus, complex exposure and health risk implications. This symposium review summarizes recent findings in exposure and toxicity of nanoparticles and their application for assessing human health risks. Characterization of airborne particles indicates that exposures will depend on particle behavior (e.g., disperse or aggregate) and that accurate, portable, and cost-effective measurement techniques are essential for understanding exposure. Under many conditions, dermal penetration of nanoparticles may be limited for consumer products such as sunscreens, although additional studies are needed on potential photooxidation products, experimental methods, and the effect of skin condition on penetration. Carbon nanotubes apparently have greater pulmonary toxicity (inflammation, granuloma) in mice than fine-scale carbon graphite, and their metal content may affect toxicity. Studies on TiO2 and quartz illustrate the complex relationship between toxicity and particle characteristics, including surface coatings, which make generalizations (e.g., smaller particles are always more toxic) incorrect for some substances. These recent toxicity and exposure data, combined with therapeutic and other related literature, are beginning to shape risk assessments that will be used to regulate the use of nanomaterials in consumer products.
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Warheit DB, Brock WJ, Lee KP, Webb TR, Reed KL. Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Inhalation and Instillation Studies with Different TiO2 Particle Formulations: Impact of Surface Treatments on Particle Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2005; 88:514-24. [PMID: 16177240 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) samples that have been tested in pulmonary toxicity tests have been of a generic variety-i.e., generally either uncoated particles or TiO(2) particles containing slightly hydrophilic surface treatments/coatings (i.e., base TiO(2)). The objectives of these studies were to assess in rats, the pulmonary toxicity of inhaled or intratracheally instilled TiO(2) particle formulations with various surface treatments, ranging from 0-6% alumina (Al(2)O(3)) or alumina and 0-11% amorphous silica (SiO(2)). The pulmonary effects induced by TiO(2) particles with different surface treatments were compared to reference base TiO(2) particles and controls. In the first study, groups of rats were exposed to high exposure (dose) concentrations of TiO(2) particle formulations for 4 weeks at aerosol concentrations ranging from 1130-1300 mg/m(3) and lung tissues were evaluated by histopathology immediately after exposure, as well as at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postexposure. In the second study, groups of rats were intratracheally instilled with nearly identical TiO(2) particle formulations (when compared to the inhalation study) at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg. Subsequently, the lungs of saline-instilled and TiO(2)-exposed rats were assessed using both bronchoalveolar (BAL) biomarkers and by histopathology/cell proliferation assessment of lung tissues at 24 h, 1 week, 1 and 3 months postexposure. The results from these studies demonstrated that for both inhalation and instillation, only the TiO(2) particle formulations with the largest components of both alumina and amorphous silica surface treatments produced mildly adverse pulmonary effects when compared to the base reference control particles. In summary, two major conclusions can be drawn from these studies: (1) surface treatments can influence the toxicity of TiO(2) particles in the lung; and (2) the intratracheal instillation-derived, pulmonary bioassay studies represent an effective preliminary screening tool for inhalation studies with the identical particle-types used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE 19714, USA.
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