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Rytz CL, Pun M, Mawhinney JA, Mounsey CA, Mura M, Martin A, Pialoux V, Hartmann SE, Furian M, Rawling JM, Lopez I, Soza D, Moraga FA, Lichtblau M, Bader PR, Ulrich S, Bloch KE, Frise MC, Poulin MJ. Differential Effects of High-Altitude Exposure on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Capacity and Iron Profiles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R445-R456. [PMID: 35938686 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High altitude (HA) exposure may stimulate significant physiological and molecular changes, resulting in HA-related illnesses. HA may impact oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and iron homeostasis, yet it is unclear how both repeated exposure and HA acclimatization may modulate such effects. Therefore, we assessed the effects of weeklong repeated daily HA exposure (2,900m to 5,050m) in altitude-naïve individuals (n=21, 13 females, mean ± SD, 25.3 ± 3.7 years) to mirror the working schedule of HA workers (n=19, all males, 40.1 ± 2.1 years) at the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Observatory (San Pedro de Atacama, Chile). Markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and iron homeostasis were measured in blood plasma. Levels of protein oxidation (p<0.001) and catalase activity (p=0.023) increased and serum iron (p<0.001), serum ferritin (p<0.001) and transferrin saturation (p<0.001) levels decreased with HA exposure in both groups. HA workers had lower levels of oxidative stress, and higher levels of antioxidant capacity, iron supply and hemoglobin concentration as compared to altitude-naïve individuals. Upon a second week of daily HA exposure, changes in levels of protein oxidation, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide metabolites were lower as compared to the first week in altitude-naïve individuals. These results indicate that repeated exposure to HA may significantly alter oxidative stress and iron homeostasis, and the degree of such changes may be dependent on if HA is visited naïvely or routinely. Further studies are required to fully elucidate differences in HA-induced changes in oxidative stress and iron homeostasis profiles amongst visitors of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal L Rytz
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matiram Pun
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jamie A Mawhinney
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Mathilde Mura
- Univ Lyon, University Lyon 1, Team "Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity", Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Martin
- Univ Lyon, University Lyon 1, Team "Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity", Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Univ Lyon, University Lyon 1, Team "Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Physical Activity", Lyon, France
| | - Sara E Hartmann
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael Furian
- Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Centre and Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean M Rawling
- Department of Family Medicine at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ivan Lopez
- Safety Group, Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, Calama, Chile
| | - Daniel Soza
- Safety Group, Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array, Calama, Chile
| | - Fernando A Moraga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Hipoxia y Función Vascular, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Centre and Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R Bader
- Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Centre and Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Centre and Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad E Bloch
- Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Centre and Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew C Frise
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Intensive Care Unit, Royal Berkshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | - Marc J Poulin
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Tiemessen KG, Christison K, Gurney S, Richmond D, Wood K, Quindry TS, Dumke CL, Quindry JC. Cardiovascular and Blood Oxidative Stress Responses to Exercise and Acute Woodsmoke Exposure in Recreationally Active Individuals. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 33:17-24. [PMID: 34887190 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Those who work and recreate outdoors experience woodsmoke exposure during fire season. Exercise during woodsmoke exposure harms the cardiovascular system, but the acute physiologic and biochemical responses are understudied. The purpose of this pilot laboratory-based study was to examine the effect of exercise during woodsmoke exposure on acute indicators of cardiovascular function, including heart rate variability (HRV), pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index (AIx), and blood oxidative stress. METHODS Ten participants performed 2 moderate-intensity exercise (70% V˙O2max) trials (clean air 0 μg·m-3, woodsmoke 250 μg·m-3) in a crossover design. HRV, PWV, BP, AIx, and blood oxidative stress were measured before, after, and 90 min after exercise for each trial. Blood oxidative stress was quantified through lipid damage (LOOH, 8-ISO), protein damage (3-NT, PC), and antioxidant capacity (TEAC). RESULTS A 45-min woodsmoke exposure combined with moderate-intensity exercise did not result in a statistically significant difference in HRV, PWV, BP, AIx, or oxidative stress (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite the known deleterious effects of smoke inhalation, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise while exposed to woodsmoke particulate matter (250 μg·m-3) did not result in a statistically significant difference in HRV, PWV, or blood oxidative stress in this methodologic context. Although findings do not negate the negative impact of woodsmoke inhalation, additional research approaches are needed to better understand the acute effects of smoke exposure on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn G Tiemessen
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Katie Christison
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Shae Gurney
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Dylan Richmond
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Kesley Wood
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Tiffany S Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Charles L Dumke
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - John C Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.
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Gurney SC, Christison KS, Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Sol JA, Quindry TS, Quindry JC, Dumke CL. Alterations in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors During Critical Training in Wildland Firefighters. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:594-599. [PMID: 34184652 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify physiologic stressors related to cardiovascular disease via changes in metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers during 2 weeks of preseason training in wildland firefighters (WLFFs). METHODS Participants were recruited from a local hotshot crew and monitored during preseason training. Fitness was assessed via the Bureau of Land Management fitness challenge. Venipuncture blood was collected on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 and analyzed for changes in a lipid and glucose panel, C-reactive protein, and oxidative stress markers 8-isoprostane (8ISO), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), and protein carbonyls. RESULTS The high physical demands of training resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions in total cholesterol, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. A main effect for time was observed in 8ISO, 3NT, and LOOH. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in metabolic and oxidative stress markers suggest an acute, high-intensity physical stress during WLFF preseason training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shae C Gurney
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana (Mr Gurney, Ms Christison, Mrs Williamson-Reisdorph, Mr Sol, Mrs Tiffany Quindry, Dr John Quindry, Dr Dumke); United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program (Mr Sol), Missoula, Montana
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Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Quindry TS, Tiemessen KG, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Slivka D, Ruby BC, Quindry JC. Blood oxidative stress and post-exercise recovery are unaffected byhypobaric and hypoxic environments. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1356-1365. [PMID: 33423613 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1872960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaria and hypoxia exert independent effects on oxidative stress during exercise, while combined effectson the post-exercise recovery period remain unclear.Accordingly, this study examined the recovery period during lab-simulated hypoxic and hypobaric conditions following exercise-induced oxidative stress. Participants (n=13) performed 60-minutes of cycling (70% watts max) in a normobaric normoxic environment followed by a four-hour recovery under three conditions; 1000m normobaric normoxia (NN, 675mmHg), 4400m normobaric hypoxia (NH, 675mmHg), or 4400m hypobaric hypoxia (HH, 440mmHg). Blood samples collected at Pre, Post, 2-Hours (2-HR), and 4-Hours (4-HR) post-exercise were analyzed fora potential increase in biochemical modifications of proteins(protein carbonyls, PC; 3-nitrotyrosines, 3NT) lipids (lipid hydroperoxides, LOOH; 8-isoprostanes, 8-ISO), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, TEAC). Gene transcripts (EPAS, HMOX1, SOD2, NFE2L2) were quantified by qRT-PCR from muscle biopsies taken Pre and Post exercise. Hypoxia and hypobaria had no effect throughout recovery. Post-exercise TEAC (p=0.041), FRAP (p=0.013), and 8-ISO (p=0.044) increased, while PC (p=0.002) and 3-NT (p=0.032) were decreased. LOOH was lower in Post (p=0.018) NH trial samples. Exercise-dependent increases occurred in NFE2L2 (p=0.003), HMXO1 (p<0.001), SOD2 (p=0.046), and EPAS (p=0.038). Exercise recovery under conditions of NH and HH did not impact blood oxidative stress or redox-sensitive gene transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany S Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kathryn G Tiemessen
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John Cuddy
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska - Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brent C Ruby
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John C Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Chang YZ. Physical exercise: An inducer of positive oxidative stress in skeletal muscle aging. Life Sci 2020; 252:117630. [PMID: 32294473 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the core of most pathological situations, and its attribution toward disease conversion is not yet well established. The adaptive capacity of a cell can overcome ROS-induced pathology. However, when a cell fails to extend its maximum adaptive capacity against oxidative stress, it could lead a cell to misbehave or defunct from its normal functions. Any type of physical activity can increase the cells' maximum adaptive capacity, but aging can limit this. However, whether aging is the initiating point of reducing cells' adaptive capacity against oxidative stress or oxidative stress can induce the aging process is a mystery, and it could be the key to solving several uncured diseases. Paradoxically, minimum ROS is needed for cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, finding factors that can limit or nullify the production of ROS for cellular homeostasis is a million-dollar question. Regular physical exercise is considered to be one of the factors that can limit the production of ROS and increase the ROS-induced benefits in the cells through inducing minimum oxidative stress and increasing maximum adapting capacity against oxidative stress-induced damages. The type and intensity of exercise that can produce such positive effects in the cells remain unclear. Therefore, this review discusses how physical exercise can help to produce minimal positive oxidative stress in preventing skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China.
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current laboratory study quantified blood oxidative stress to woodsmoke exposure. METHODS Participants inhaled woodsmoke during three randomized crossover exercise trials (Clean Air [0 μg/m], Low Exposure [250 μg/m], and High Exposure [500 μg/m], Woodsmoke [particulate matter less than 2.5 μm, PM2.5]). Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), uric acid (UA), 8-isoprostanes (8-ISO), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), protein carbonyls (PC), nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 8-isoprostane, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were quantified in Pre, immediately Post, and 1- (1Hr) hour post blood samples. RESULTS UA decreased following Low Exposure, while plasma TEAC levels increased Post and 1Hr. LOOH levels decreased 1Hr Post (High Exposure), while 8-Iso increased following both smoke trials. PC and MPO were unchanged following all trials, while 3-NT increased over Clean Air. CONCLUSION Blood oxidative stress occurred largely independent of PM2.5 concentrations. Future studies should employ longer duration smoke and exercise combined with physiologic parameters.
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León-López J, Calderón-Soto C, Pérez-Sánchez M, Feriche B, Iglesias X, Chaverri D, Rodríguez FA. Oxidative stress in elite athletes training at moderate altitude and at sea level. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:832-841. [PMID: 29575975 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1453550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a controlled parallel group longitudinal trial design, we investigated the effects of different training interventions on the prooxidant/antioxidant status of elite athletes: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 (Hi-Hi3) and 4 weeks (Hi-Hi), and for 4 weeks too, living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo) and living and training at sea level (Lo-Lo). From 61 swimmers, 54 completed the study. Nitrites, carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed in plasma. Enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd), and non-enzymatic antioxidants total glutathione (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analysed in the erythrocyte fraction. At the end of the intervention, nitrites levels were similar in all altitude groups but higher than in the Lo-Lo controls (P = .02). Hi-HiLo had greater GPx activity than Hi-Hi and Hi-Hi3 during most of the intervention (P ≤ .001). GRd activity was higher in Lo-Lo than in Hi-Hi at the end of the training camp (P ≤ .001). All groups showed increased levels of LPO, except Lo-Lo, and carbonyls at the end of the study (P ≤ .001). Training at altitude for 3 or 4 weeks drives oxidative stress leading to cellular damage mainly by worsening the antioxidant capacities. The GSSG/GSH ratio appears to be related to perceived exertion and fatigue. The stronger antioxidant defence showed by the Hi-HiLo group suggests an inverse relationship between redox alterations and performance. Further studies are required to investigate the role of oxidative stress in acclimatization, performance, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa León-López
- a San Cecilio University Hospital , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | | | - Matías Pérez-Sánchez
- c Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- d Faculty of Sports Sciences , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Diego Chaverri
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ferran A Rodríguez
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Debevec T, Millet GP, Pialoux V. Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress Modulation with Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28243207 PMCID: PMC5303750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, resulting in molecular damage and disruption of redox signaling, is associated with numerous pathophysiological processes and known to exacerbate chronic diseases. Prolonged systemic hypoxia, induced either by exposure to terrestrial altitude or a reduction in ambient O2 availability is known to elicit oxidative stress and thereby alter redox balance in healthy humans. The redox balance modulation is also highly dependent on the level of physical activity. For example, both high-intensity exercise and inactivity, representing the two ends of the physical activity spectrum, are known to promote oxidative stress. Numerous to-date studies indicate that hypoxia and exercise can exert additive influence upon redox balance alterations. However, recent evidence suggests that moderate physical activity can attenuate altitude/hypoxia-induced oxidative stress during long-term hypoxic exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on hypoxia-related oxidative stress modulation by different activity levels during prolonged hypoxic exposures and examine the potential mechanisms underlying the observed redox balance changes. The paper also explores the applicability of moderate activity as a strategy for attenuating hypoxia-related oxidative stress. Moreover, the potential of such moderate intensity activities used to counteract inactivity-related oxidative stress, often encountered in pathological, elderly and obese populations is also discussed. Finally, future research directions for investigating interactive effects of altitude/hypoxia and exercise on oxidative stress are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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Li F, Nie J, Lu Y, Tong TKK, Yi L, Yan H, Fu FHK, Ma S. The impact of intermittent exercise in a hypoxic environment on redox status and cardiac troponin release in the serum of well-trained marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2045-51. [PMID: 27572505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of hypoxic training on redox status and cardiac troponin (cTn) release after intermittent exercise. METHOD Nine well-trained male marathon runners (age, 21.7 ± 2.3 year; body mass, 64.7 ± 4.8 kg; height, 177.9 ± 3.8 cm; and VO2max, 64.3 ± 6.7 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed intermittent exercise under normoxic [trial N; fraction of inspiration oxygen (FIO2), 21.0 %] and hypoxic (trial H; FIO2, 14.4 %) conditions in random order. Each bout of intermittent exercise included hard run (16.2 ± 0.8 km h(-1)) at 90 % VO2max for 2 min followed by easy run (9.0 ± 0.4 km h(-1)) at 50 % VO2max for 2 min and 23 bouts in 92 min totally. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, an estimate of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured before, immediately after (0 h), and 2, 4, and 24 h after the completion of trials N and H. RESULT GSH was increased immediately after trial N. T-AOC was lower 4 h after trial H than trial N. Hs-cTnT was elevated from 0 to 4 h and returned to baseline 24 h after both trials. CTnI was increased after trial H; peaked at 2-4 h and returned to below the detection by 24 h. CONCLUSION The overall redox status was balanced under normoxic conditions, and exercise-induced cTn release did not deviate. However, the protective effects of antioxidant were weaker in the hypoxic state than normoxic, and the stress on the myocardium induced by intermittent exercise was transiently aggravated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tom Kwok Keung Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Sport Science Research Centre, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Frank Hoo Kin Fu
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengxia Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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