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Bayrakdaroğlu S, Eken Ö, Bayer R, Yagin FH, Kızılet T, Kayhan RF, Ardigò LP. Effects of Swedish Massage at Different Times of the Day on Dynamic and Static Balance in Taekwondo Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:165. [PMID: 38255054 PMCID: PMC10815374 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different durations of Swedish massage on the static and dynamic balance at different times of the day in taekwondo athletes. Twelve taekwondo athletes who had been practicing on a regular basis for more than 5 years participated in this study. Taekwondo athletes completed static and dynamic balance tests either after a no-massage protocol (NMP), a five-minute massage protocol (5MMP), a ten-minute massage protocol (10MMP), or a fifteen-minute massage protocol (15MMP) two times a day in the morning (08:00-12:00) and in the evening (16:00-20:00), on non-consecutive days. The findings of this study suggest that the duration of the massage has a discernible impact on dynamic balance, particularly with regard to the right foot. Taekwondo athletes who received a 10MMP or 15MMP displayed significantly improved dynamic balance compared to those in the NMP. Importantly, these improvements were independent of the time of day when the massages were administered. It underscores the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating short-duration Swedish massages into taekwondo athletes' pre-competition routines to enhance dynamic balance, a critical component of their performance, regardless of the time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Movement and Training Sciences, School of Education and Sport, Gumushane University, Gumushane 29000, Turkey;
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Bayer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44000, Turkey;
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kızılet
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34815, Turkey;
| | - Recep Fatih Kayhan
- Department of Coaching Education, Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34815, Turkey;
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, 0166 Oslo, Norway;
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Jelen A, Javornik E, Zupančič M, Kozinc Ž. Differential Effects of Classical vs. Sports Massage on Erector Spinae and Upper Trapezius Muscle Stiffness: A Shear-Wave Elastography Study in Young Women. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38251300 PMCID: PMC10820987 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical and sports massages are commonly used interventions, but their comparative effects on muscle stiffness remain unclear. Classical massage is more general and uses light to moderate pressure, and its main purpose is relaxation. Sports massage, on the other hand, is more specialized and targets the unique needs of massaged individuals using moderate to firm pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of classical and sports massages on the stiffness of the erector spinae (ES) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. Fifteen recreationally active young women, aged 22.9 ± 1.2 years, underwent a randomized cross-over study (with three conditions). Participants received either a five-minute classical or sports massage or a passive rest as a control on distinct days. Muscle stiffness was assessed using shear-wave elastography. The ES shear modulus displayed a significant time effect (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.515) without noticeable differences between the conditions, and the time × massage-type interactions approached statistical significance (F = 2.014; p = 0.073). There was also a large and statistically significant effect of the time on the UT (F = 11.127; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.443). We could not prove that classical and sports massages reduced muscle stiffness. The absence of significant differences might be attributed to the specific intervention parameters (massage duration of 5 min) and the small, only young women sample size. Given some tendencies towards significant effects, larger sample sizes are needed to further investigate this research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadej Jelen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Erina Javornik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Manca Zupančič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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Dakić M, Toskić L, Ilić V, Đurić S, Dopsaj M, Šimenko J. The Effects of Massage Therapy on Sport and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:110. [PMID: 37368560 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A massage is a tool that is frequently used in sports and exercise in general for recovery and increased performance. In this review paper, we aimed to search and systemize current literature findings relating to massages' effects on sports and exercise performance concerning its effects on motor abilities and neurophysiological and psychological mechanisms. METHODS The review has been written following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines. One hundred and fourteen articles were included in this review. RESULTS The data revealed that massages, in general, do not affect motor abilities, except flexibility. However, several studies demonstrated that positive muscle force and strength changed 48 h after the massage was given. Concerning neurophysiological parameters, the massage did not change blood lactate clearance, muscle blood flow, muscle temperature, or activation. However, many studies indicate pain reduction and delayed onset muscle soreness, which are probably correlated with the reduction of the level of creatine kinase enzyme and psychological mechanisms. In addition, the massage treatment led to a decrease in depression, stress, anxiety, and the perception of fatigue and an increase in mood, relaxation, and the perception of recovery. CONCLUSION The direct usage of massages just for gaining results in sport and exercise performance seems questionable. However, it is indirectly connected to performance as an important tool when an athlete should stay focused and relaxed during competition or training and recover after them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Dakić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Toskić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
- Faculty of Sport, University "Union-Nikola Tesla", 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Đurić
- Liberal Arts Department, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jožef Šimenko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Xue X, Hao Y, Yang X, Zhang C, Xu J, Wu X, Deng Z, Li N. Effect of Kinesio tape and Compression sleeves on delayed onset of muscle soreness: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:392. [PMID: 37198619 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Kinesio Tape (KT) and Compression Sleeves (CS) can relieve Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) to a certain extent, but there is no study report on the difference in the effectiveness of the KT and CS whether the effect is better when used at the same time. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of KT and CS on the recovery of muscle soreness, isokinetic strength, and body fatigue after DOMS. METHODS In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 32 participants aged 18 to 24 years were randomly divided into Control group (CG), Compression Sleeves group (CSG), Kinesio Tape group (KTG), Compression Sleeves and Kinesio Tape group (CSKTG), between October 2021 and January 2022. KTG uses Kinesio Tape, CSG wears Compression Sleeves, and CSKTG uses both Compression Sleeves and Kinesio Tape. Outcomes were performed at five-time points (baseline, 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h), Primary outcome was pain level Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Secondary outcomes were Interleukin 6, Peak Torque/Body Weight, Work Fatigue. Statistical analyses were performed using the repeated measures analysis of variance method. SETTING Laboratory. RESULTS After the intervention, VAS reached the highest at 24 h after exercise-induced muscle soreness, while the KTG and CSG at each time point were less than CG, and the scores of CSKTG at 24 h and 48 h were less than those of KTG and CSG in the same period (P < 0.05). Interleukin 6, at 24 h, CSKTG is lower than KTG 0.71(95%CI: 0.43 to 1.86) and CG 1.68(95%CI: 0.06 to 3.29). Peak Torque/Body Weight, at 24 h, CG was lower than CSKTG 0.99(95%CI: 0.42 to 1.56), KTG 0.94(95%CI: 0.37 to 1.52), and CSG 0.72(95%CI: 0.14 to 1.29); at 72 h, CG was lower than CSKTG 0.65(95%CI: 0.13 to 1.17) and KTG 0.58(95%CI: 0.06 to 1.10). Work Fatigue, at 24 h, CG was lower than KTG 0.10(95%CI: 0.02 to 1.78) and CSKTG 0.01(95%CI: -0.07 to 0.09). At 48 h, CG was lower than KTG 0.10(95%CI: 0.13 to 1.17) and CSKTG 0.11(95%CI: 0.03 to 0.18). CONCLUSIONS Kinesio Tape can significantly reduce DOMS pain, and Kinesio Tape has a better recovery effect on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness than Compression Sleeves. Kinesio Tape combined with Compression Sleeves is helpful to alleviate the Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness pain, speeding up the recovery of muscle strength, and shortening the recovery time after Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: This study was also registered on 11/10/2021, at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051973).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Xue
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuerong Hao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongyi Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Chen PW, Hsu CC, Lai LF, Chi CP, Yu SH. Effects of Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Preconditioning on Indicators of Muscle Damage After Acute Resistance Exercise in Male Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824210. [PMID: 35514339 PMCID: PMC9062696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute repeated hypoxia–hyperoxia preconditioning on resistance exercise (RE)-induced muscle damage in male athletes. Methods Eleven young male athletes participated in this randomized double-blind counter-balanced crossover study, and were divided into Normoxia (N) and Hypoxia–Hyperoxia (HH) trials. Subjects of the respective trials were supplied with normoxic (FiO2 = 0.21), or alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air (FiO2 = 0.10/0.99, 5 min each) for 60 min. Thirty minutes after preconditioning, subjects performed acute bouts of RE consisting of bench press, deadlift, and squats. Each exercise included 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% one-repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min rest between sets. After a 2-week washout period, subjects changed trials and completed the same study procedure after the alternate preconditioning. Muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and circulating biochemical markers were tested before preconditioning (baseline) and during recovery at 0, 24, and 48 h after exercise. Results Acute RE significantly increased levels of muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb), and decreased levels of peak knee extension torque in the N trial. Muscle soreness, CK, and Mb levels of the HH trial were significantly lower than that of the N trial after exercise. Interestingly, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of the HH trial increased significantly 0 h after exercise compared to baseline and were significantly higher than that of the N trial 0 and 24 h after exercise. However, no significant differences of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), cortisol, testosterone, peak torque, and average power levels were found between N and HH trials during recovery. Conclusion Our data suggest that pre-exercise treatment of alternating hypoxic/hyperoxic air could attenuate muscle damage and pain after acute RE, but has no effect on muscle strength recovery in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wen Chen
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Lai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pu Chi
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Yu
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
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Guo G, Xie S, Cai F, Zhou X, Xu J, Wu B, Wu G, Xiao R, Xu X, Lu P, Fang M. Effectiveness and safety of massage for athletic injuries: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26925. [PMID: 34397936 PMCID: PMC8360410 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletic injuries have been a major area of interest in the field of sports and clinical medicine. Implemented on people's skin, muscles, and joints as an important part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), massage therapy has a positive effect on athletic injuries. This protocol is to provide the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries. METHODS A systematic search will be performed in the following electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy in treating athletic injuries: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and four Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan Fang, CBMdisc and VIP). Each database will be searched from inception to July 2021. The entire process will include study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis. RESULTS A high-quality synthesis of current evidence of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries will be provided. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review will provide evidence for assessing the credibility of massage therapy for patients with athletic injuries. DISSEMINATION AND ETHICS The results of this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication. This review does not require ethical approval because all the data used in this systematic review and meta-analysis have already been published. Furthermore, all of these data will be analyzed anonymously during the review process. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202170066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Guo
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shengji Xie
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Feihong Cai
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianghan Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Boyi Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiruo Xu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Fang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- Research Institute of Tuina, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
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7
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Nahon RL, Silva Lopes JS, Monteiro de Magalhães Neto A. Physical therapy interventions for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34365084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of interventions on pain associated with DOMS. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, Cochrane, and Scielo databases were searched, from the oldest records until May/2020. Search terms used included combinations of keywords related to "DOMS" and "intervention therapy". ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Healthy participants (no restrictions were applied, e.g., age, sex, and exercise level). To be included, studies should be: 1) Randomized clinical trial; 2) Having induced muscle damage and subsequently measuring the level of pain; 3) To have applied therapeutic interventions (nonpharmacological or nutritional) and compare with a control group that received no intervention; and 4) The first application of the intervention had to occur immediately after muscle damage had been induced. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one studies were included. The results revealed that the contrast techniques (p = 0,002 I2 = 60 %), cryotherapy (p = 0,002 I2 = 100 %), phototherapy (p = 0,0001 I2 = 95 %), vibration (p = 0,004 I2 = 96 %), ultrasound (p = 0,02 I2 = 97 %), massage (p < 0,00001 I2 = 94 %), active exercise (p = 0,0004 I2 = 93 %) and compression (p = 0,002 I2 = 93 %) have a better positive effect than the control in the management of DOMS. CONCLUSION Low quality evidence suggests that contrast, cryotherapy, phototherapy, vibration, ultrasound, massage, and active exercise have beneficial effects in the management of DOMS-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lohn Nahon
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Programa de Pós Graduação em Neurociências, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Aníbal Monteiro de Magalhães Neto
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Programa de Pós Graduação em Imunologia e Parasitologia Básicas e Aplicadas (PPGIP), campus do Araguaia, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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Kang L, Liu P, Peng A, Sun B, He Y, Huang Z, Wang M, Hu Y, He B. Application of traditional Chinese therapy in sports medicine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:11-20. [PMID: 35782678 PMCID: PMC9219272 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbs have been used as dietary supplements to improve exercise performance. However, evidence-based studies for the use of Chinese herbs in sports remain scarce. Traditional Chinese therapy (TCT), a form of traditional Chinese non-pharmacological intervention, has remained in use for thousands of years in sports medicine. TCT is beneficial for sports injuries and in enhancing skill development, and is becoming increasingly popular among athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and individuals who regularly exercise. The therapeutic effects of TCT have been demonstrated by clinical and experimental studies, but using these modalities still is associate with potentially adverse effects. Further well-designed studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of TCT in sports medicine. This review aims to summarize the application of TCT, discuss the issues surrounding TCT clinical research, and provide suggestions for applying traditional Chinese methods in the field of sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peijie Liu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aishi Peng
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bingxin Sun
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yumei He
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zenghao Huang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yushi Hu
- Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Benxiang He
- Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Corresponding author. Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sports University, 610041, No. 251, Wuhou Temple Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China.
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Zhong H, Eungpinichpong W, Wang X, Chatchawan U, Wanpen S, Buranruk O, Wang C. Effects of mechanical bed massage on biochemical markers of exercise-induced back muscle fatigue in athletes: A randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 33:793-800. [PMID: 31903980 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-181347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many previous studies have explored the effects of manual massage on back muscle fatigue, and most of the mechanical massage techniques imitate manual massage. However, it is unknown whether mechanical and manual massage have the same functions for exercise-induced back muscle fatigue. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of mechanical bed massage on the biochemical markers of exercise-induced back muscle fatigue in male collegiate athletes. METHODS Twenty-eight male collegiate athletes who met the experimental criteria were recruited in this randomized controlled trial, and randomly assigned to a mechanical bed massage group (experimental group) or resting group (control group). The subjects performed eight bouts of reverse sit-up in the prone position and received 20 minutes of the intervention. Creatine kinase, blood lactate, and serum cortisol levels were measured at baseline, after fatigue, after intervention, and after 24 hours. RESULTS The level of serum cortisol of the control group was significantly higher than that of the experimental group after the intervention (p< 0.05). The comparison of the two groups for blood lactate levels showed no significant differences at any of the measurement time-points (p> 0.05). There was no significant difference in creatine kinase levels immediately after the intervention (p> 0.05), but a significant difference in creatine kinase level was observed between the two groups 24 hours later (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences were observed between mechanical bed massage and rest condition on serum cortisol and creatine kinase for exercise-induced muscle fatigue. Therefore, mechanical bed massage may reduce stress and muscle damage for the athlete after training or competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyong Zhong
- School of Physical Education, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Back Neck and Other Joint Pain Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wichai Eungpinichpong
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Back Neck and Other Joint Pain Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Training Center for Enhancing Quality of Life of Working-Age People, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Xingze Wang
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Chatchawan
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawitri Wanpen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Orawan Buranruk
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Cuimei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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10
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Monteiro ER, Victorino A, Muzzi R, de Oliveira JC, Cunha M. Manual Therapies for Posterior Thigh Muscles Enhanced Ten-Repetitions Maximum Test Performance and Hip Flexibility in Young Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:766-780. [PMID: 33353506 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520983683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how different manual therapies applied to the posterior thigh muscles affect the ten-repetitions maximum performance test (10 RM) and hip flexion range-of-motion among young soccer players. Seventeen non-professional male soccer players performed the 10RM and range of motion pre-testing, and, in separate laboratory visits, they underwent three different experimental activities presented to each participant in a randomized order: (a) rest control activity with no intervention, (b) manual massage, and (c) muscle energy. Comparing pre-testing performances to repeated tests after each intervention condition, participants increased their maximum load lift on the 10-repeitions maximum test following manual massage and muscle energy interventions (p < 0.05), but not following the control condition. They also increased their hip range-of-motion on flexibility testing following manual massage and muscle energy (p < 0.05), but not following the control condition. Thus, both manual massage and muscle energy therapies applied to the posterior thigh were beneficial to performance. This finding has clear implications when preparing athletes for competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Undergraduate Program in Physical Education, Augusto Motta University Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreza Victorino
- Program in Physical Therapy, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Muzzi
- Program in Physical Therapy, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Muniz Cunha
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program in Physical Therapy, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Kerautret Y, Di Rienzo F, Eyssautier C, Guillot A. Selective Effects of Manual Massage and Foam Rolling on Perceived Recovery and Performance: Current Knowledge and Future Directions Toward Robotic Massages. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598898. [PMID: 33408640 PMCID: PMC7779631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.598898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual massage and foam rolling are commonly used by athletes for warm-up and recovery, as well as by healthy individuals for well-being. Manual massage is an ancient practice requiring the intervention of an experienced physiotherapist, while foam rolling is a more recent self-administered technique. These two topics have been largely studied in isolation from each other. In the present review, we first provide a deep quantitative literature analysis to gather the beneficial effects of each technique through an integrative account, as well as their psychometric and neurophysiological evaluations. We then conceptually consider the motor control strategies induced by each type of massage. During manual massage, the person remains passive, lying on the massage table, and receives unanticipated manual pressure by the physiotherapist, hence resulting in a retroactive mode of action control with an ongoing central integration of proprioceptive feedback. In contrast, while performing foam rolling, the person directly exerts pressures through voluntary actions to manipulate the massaging tool, therefore through a predominant proactive mode of action control, where operations of forward and inverse modeling do not require sensory feedback. While these opposite modes of action do not seem to offer any compromise, we then discuss whether technological advances and collaborative robots might reconcile proactive and retroactive modes of action control during a massage, and offer new massage perspectives through a stochastic sensorimotor user experience. This transition faculty, from one mode of control to the other, might definitely represent an innovative conceptual approach in terms of human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Kerautret
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Capsix Robotics, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | - Aymeric Guillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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12
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Naderi A, Aminian-Far A, Gholami F, Mousavi SH, Saghari M, Howatson G. Massage enhances recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:623-632. [PMID: 33210806 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine efficacy of cold water immersion (CWI) and massage as recovery techniques on joint position sense, balance, and fear of falling following exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults. Seventy-eight older men and women performed a single bout of strength training on the calf muscles (3 exercises with 4 sets of 10 reps with 75% of 1RM) to induce muscle damage. After the damaging exercise, participants received either a 15-minute massage on calf muscles, or a CWI of the lower limb in cold water (15 ± 1°C) for 15 minute, or passive rest. Interventions were applied immediately after the exercise protocol and at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Muscle pain, calf muscle strength, joint position sense, dynamic balance, postural sway, and fear of falling were measured at each time point. Repeated application of massage after EIMD relieved muscle pain, attenuated the loss of muscle strength and joint position senses, reduce balance impairments, and fear of falling in older adults (P ≤ .05). However, repeated applications of CWI, despite relieving muscle pain (P ≤ .05), did not attenuate the loss of muscle strength, joint position senses, balance impairments, and fear of falling. CWI had only some modest effects on muscle pain, but massage attenuated EIMD symptoms and the related impairments in muscle strength, joint position sense, balance, and postural sway in untrained older individuals. Therefore, older exercisers who plan to participate in strength training can benefit from massage for recovery from muscle damage indices and balance to decrease falling risk during the days following strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynollah Naderi
- School of Sport Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Aminian-Far
- Neuro-muscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Rehabilitation Faculty, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Farhad Gholami
- School of Sport Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamed Mousavi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Saghari
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Medicine, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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13
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Huang C, Wang Z, Xu X, Hu S, Zhu R, Chen X. Does Acupuncture Benefit Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness After Strenuous Exercise? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:666. [PMID: 32765287 PMCID: PMC7379881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the effects of acupuncture intervention on alleviating delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) after intense exercise. Method: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from online databases including Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), and Wanfang (Chinese) up to April 2019. Data points were extracted from the eligible RCTs at the time points of 24, 48, and 72 h post strenuous exercise-induced DOMS. The outcomes of muscle soreness rating (MSR), creatine kinase (CK), and maximal isometric force (MIF) were pooled into the meta-analysis to assess the acupuncture intervention on DOMS. Results: Six eligible RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, and the results showed that acupuncture intervention significantly decreased MSR [standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.49, 95%CI −0.73 to −0.24, P < 0.001, I2 = 34%] and the serum level of CK (SMD −0.91, 95%CI −1.27 to −0.56, P < 0.001, I2 = 30%), accompanied with the improvement of the muscle strength (MIF) (SMD 0.54, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.93, P = 0.006, I2 = 51%) after intense exercise. At the same time, the findings also revealed that acupuncture intervention had a long-lasting effect and tended to accumulate the effect size and that it had the most efficacy on alleviating DOMS at the time point of 72 h post exercise. Conclusion: The current evidence indicates that acupuncture intervention after intense exercise could be effective for alleviating DOMS and improving muscle recovery. The long-lasting effect of acupuncture intervention on DOMS started from 24 h and would reach a peak on the time point of 72 h post exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China.,School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Hu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Sports Hospital Affiliated With Zhejiang College of Sports, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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14
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Davis HL, Alabed S, Chico TJA. Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000614. [PMID: 32426160 PMCID: PMC7228568 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Massage is ubiquitous in elite sport and increasingly common at amateur level but the evidence base for this intervention has not been reviewed systematically. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of massage on measures of sporting performance and recovery. Design and eligibility We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane to identify randomised studies that tested the effect of manual massage on measures of sporting performance and/or recovery. We performed separate meta-analyses on the endpoints of; strength, jump, sprint, endurance, flexibility, fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Results We identified 29 eligible studies recruiting 1012 participants, representing the largest examination of the effects of massage. We found no evidence that massage improves measures of strength, jump, sprint, endurance or fatigue, but massage was associated with small but statistically significant improvements in flexibility and DOMS. Conclusion Although our study finds no evidence that sports massage improves performance directly, it may somewhat improve flexibility and DOMS. Our findings help guide the coach and athlete about the benefits of massage and inform decisions about incorporating this into training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Louisa Davis
- Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Samer Alabed
- Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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15
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Ghasemi C, Amiri A, Sarrafzadeh J, Jafari H, Dadgoo M. The effect of soft tissue manipulation and rest on knee extensor muscles fatigue: Do torque parameters and induced perception following muscle fatigue have enough reliability? J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:950-956. [PMID: 32318451 PMCID: PMC7114034 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_838_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Muscle fatigue affects the precision of the subjects’ performance and limits the range of physical and sports activities. There is limited scientific evidence to support the use of soft tissue manipulation for enhancing muscle performance and its recovery. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of soft tissue manipulation and rest on the knee extensor muscle fatigue after maximal isokinetic contractions. Methods: Fifteen healthy females 20–30 years of age were selected for this research. This study implemented a semi-experimental test–retest measurement method. The subjects then either rested or received soft tissue manipulation on the knee extensors for a duration of 15 min. After intervention (soft tissue manipulation or rest), the parameters were evaluated for the third time. Results: The stability of the average of peak torque (APT), average power (AP), and visual analog scale (VAS) before performing fatigue protocol was 85%, 83%, and 31.9%, respectively. The stability after fatigue was 43%, 50%, and 93%, respectively. After maximal fatigue and a decrease in torque output to below 50% maximal torque, 15 min of soft tissue manipulation could change the APT after fatigue from a mean of 58.3 (nm) to 91.5 (nm), the AP from 39.4 to 63.6 (nm/s), and the VAS, from 90.0 to 12 (mm). But 15 min of rest could change the APT from 52.5 to 68.1 (nm), the AP from 37.6 to 48 (nm/s), and the VAS from 90.0 to 27.3 (mm). Conclusion: The study showed that soft tissue manipulation was more effective than rest as a strategy to return muscles to a normal state and caused more relief in perceived fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cobra Ghasemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amiri
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sarrafzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Jafari
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Dadgoo
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Schilz M, Leach L. Knowledge and Perception of Athletes on Sport Massage Therapy (SMT). Int J Ther Massage Bodywork 2020; 13:13-21. [PMID: 32133041 PMCID: PMC7043719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in sport massage is steadily increasing in recent times especially in developing countries. One study showed that general practitioners had minimal or no knowledge about sport massage therapy (SMT). Coaches, athletes, and sports medicine personnel have various beliefs about the benefits and efficacy of SMT. It would be prudent, therefore, for athletes who are frequent users of SMT to possess adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes about SMT. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and perceptions of athletes about SMT. SETTING The study setting was located in the City of Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa. RESEARCH DESIGN A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study design was used. PARTICIPANTS The study sample consisted of 100 conveniently sampled athletes, males and females aged 18 years and older, from various mountain biking and trail running events in the City of Cape Town. METHODS A researcher-generated and self-administered demographic questionnaire was distributed amongst the participants either as a hardcopy or completed online via Google forms. The knowledge and perception questionnaire consisted of 10 knowledge and 17 perception questions, and was based on previously validated questionnaires. The data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies (percentages). RESULTS The results of the study indicated that the participants had a moderate-to-high knowledge of SMT and that they had positive perceptions overall about SMT. CONCLUSION This study indicated that athletes who made use of SMT were quite knowledgeable about SMT and that they were well-disposed towards SMT as a beneficial modality for sport performance and postexercise recovery.
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17
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Huang H, Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Hunsawong T. Progressive decrease in leg-power performance during a fatiguing badminton field test. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:765-770. [PMID: 31645803 PMCID: PMC6801351 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to evaluate the changes in leg-power generation that
accompany competitive badminton, as simulated in a badminton field test (FT).
[Participants and Methods] Fifteen male badminton players with 1–2 years of experience
performed five repetitions of an FT involving rapid and randomly assigned shuttle-run
movements between markers distributed around a badminton court. Repetitions were separated
by a 1-minute rest period. Peak mechanical power, obtained from the serial vertical jump
tests, was used to estimate fatigue and performance reduction. [Results] Decreases in
distance and time were significantly different in each of the five FT repetitions while
maintaining the same speed for the condition. The peak mechanical power and fatigue index
significantly declined. The reduction in the peak mechanical power percentage
(11.78–35.49%) was in the acceptable peak mechanical power range for each FT set. These
results were confirmed by the significant increase in the participants’ blood lactate
concentration levels, the rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate. [Conclusion]
Leg-power generation could gradually be decreased in badminton competition as indicated by
a badminton field test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Huang
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Gannan Normal University, China
| | - Uraiwan Chatchawan
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
| | - Wichai Eungpinichpong
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
| | - Torkamol Hunsawong
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
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18
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Zaleska MT, Olszewski WL, Ziemba AW, Mikulski T. The Neglected Leg Lymphatic Vascular Changes in the Pathomechanism of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Runners. Lymphat Res Biol 2019; 18:174-185. [PMID: 31503538 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2019.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in runners is classified as a leg muscle strain injury and presents with tenderness or stiffness to palpation and movement limitation. Most attention is directed at muscles but not at the mass of other limb soft tissues, including their lymphatic vasculature, although they undergo mechanical stress and bruises, edema, nail destruction, and pains contributing to symptoms. Methods and Results: The study was done on lower limbs of long-distance runners suffering from DOMS complaints. There were 16 runners, 11 males and 5 females, age 22-28, practicing long-distance running over the last 5 years, with body mass index (BMI) 23 ± 4. Inclusion criteria: three to five marathon runs per year and daily 3-5 km slow runs. Last long distance run 3 to 7 days before the investigation. Controls were six subjects initiating running, of the same age group and BMI. Testing of blood and lymph flow was done before and after standard ergometer 300 W 30 minutes cycling. The measurement methods were leg and big toe venous plethysmography, big toe capillary Doppler, tonometry of skin and deep tissues, lymphoscintigraphy, and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography. (a) Strain gauge plethysmography of the calf and big toe revealed a two- to three-times higher venous capacity in runners than in controls, (b) the increased toe venous capacity was confirmed by point Doppler recordings showing two- to three-times higher blood capillary flow compared to controls, (c) lymphoscintigraphy revealed retention of tracer in feet, dilated superficial and deep lymphatics, and enlarged popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes, and (d) ICG lymphograms showed confluents of accumulated fluid in foot and calf subcutaneous tissue with fluorescence level reaching 40%-50% compared to 20% in controls. Conclusion: Our results show that, 3-5 days after run, not only muscles but also skin and subcutaneous tissue reveal major tissue fluid accumulation, an overload bringing about functional lymphatic transport insufficiency. This may be an additional factor responsible for DOMS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzanna T Zaleska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar L Olszewski
- Department of Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Ziemba
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mikulski
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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AGOSTINI VALENTINA, VISCONTI LORENZO, TRUCCO MARCO, MARITANO ALESSIO, CAPRA GIANPIERO, BALESTRA GABRIELLA, ROSATI SAMANTA, KNAFLITZ MARCO. KNEE PROPRIOCEPTION MAY BE ALTERED BY TREATMENT IN ATHLETES SUFFERING FROM DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a very common musculoskeletal problem in athletes involved in extreme competitions. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of diathermy, sham diathermy and massage on the knee proprioception of athletes treated for DOMS. Forty athletes were enrolled after the second day of a demanding ski mountaineering race. They were randomly assigned to four groups: no treatment [Formula: see text], massage [Formula: see text], diathermy [Formula: see text], and sham diathermy [Formula: see text]. The knee reposition error was measured after the treatments in order to assess knee proprioception. Significant differences between the diathermy and sham diathermy groups were found ([Formula: see text]) with an absolute effect size of [Formula: see text]. No other significant differences were found among groups. This means that diathermy has a negative impact on joint proprioception and can be explained by the spindle desensitization consequent to deeper tissue heating. This information can be important in the DOMS management of athletes, since an altered proprioception may interfere with the athlete’s performance and can increase the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- VALENTINA AGOSTINI
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - GIANPIERO CAPRA
- SUPSI-University of Applied Sciences and Arts of the Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - GABRIELLA BALESTRA
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - SAMANTA ROSATI
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - MARCO KNAFLITZ
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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20
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Bender PU, Luz CMD, Feldkircher JM, Nunes GS. Massage therapy slightly decreased pain intensity after habitual running, but had no effect on fatigue, mood or physical performance: a randomised trial. J Physiother 2019; 65:75-80. [PMID: 30910569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION Does massage therapy reduce pain and perceived fatigue in the quadriceps, and improve the mood and physical performance of runners after habitual sporting activity (10-km run)? DESIGN Randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-eight runners after sporting activity (10-km run). INTERVENTION The experimental group received 10 minutes of massage to the quadriceps aimed at recovery following sport practice, and the control group received a sham joint mobilisation. OUTCOME MEASURES Pain and perceived fatigue were each assessed using a 0-to-10 numerical rating scale; pain behaviour via the McGill Pain Questionnaire; mood profile via Brunel Mood Scale; quadriceps muscle flexibility using maximal knee flexion angle via inclinometer; isometric muscle strength of knee extensors via hand-held dynamometry; and vertical jump performance using jump height via My Jump 2 app. Evaluations were carried out immediately before and after the intervention, and at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the intervention. Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate a between-group difference (95% CI) using data across all time points. RESULTS The experimental group had significantly lower scores than the control group on the numerical rating scale for pain by 0.7 points (95% CI 0.1 to 1.3). There were no significant between-group differences for any of the other outcome measures. CONCLUSION Massage therapy was effective at reducing pain intensity after application to the quadriceps of runners compared to a sham technique, but the magnitude of the effect was small. There were no significant effects on perceived fatigue, flexibility, strength or jump performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-393m7m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Urio Bender
- Department of Physiotherapy, Center of Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Medeiros da Luz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Center of Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jonatan M Feldkircher
- Department of Physiotherapy, Center of Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Nunes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Center of Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil; La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Macedo CSG, Tadiello FF, Medeiros LT, Antonelo MC, Alves MAF, Mendonça LD. Physical Therapy Service delivered in the Polyclinic During the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 36:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Shakoor E, Salesi M, Jahromi MK, Sadeghi H, Karimi MH, Yusof A. THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON INTERFERON GAMMA, BODY FAT AND BMI OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182405187030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Poor physical function and obesity are well documented in kidney transplant patients. Significant health benefits result from regular physical activity, many of which are important for kidney transplant patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-week combined exercises on Interferon Gamma (IFNγ), body fat percentage (BF%) and body mass index (BMI) in kidney transplant patients. Method: In a randomized controlled experimental design, 44 kidney transplant patients aged 20-50 years were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=23) and control (n=21). The exercise group participated in a cumulative training program for 10 weeks, three days a week, 60–90 minutes per day at 40-65% of predicted maximal heart rate reserve. A 5 ml venous blood sample and anthropometric parameters were taken from the subjects at baseline and after 10 weeks. Results: The exercise group showed an improvement in BF% (from 31.80±5.64 to 28.86 ± 5.82, p =0.001) and BMI (from 26.23 ± 1.81 to 25.45 ± 2.11, p = 0.001), but there was no significant change in the IFNγ level (from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 0.06 ± 0.02, p = 0.829). There was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups for BF% (p = 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.001). Conclusion: As a take-home message, it should be mentioned that combined exercise intervention is inexpensive and portable and can be performed at home or health centers for kidney transplant patients to reduce their weight and BF%. Evidence Level I; High quality randomized trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.
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Dupuy O, Douzi W, Theurot D, Bosquet L, Dugué B. An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:403. [PMID: 29755363 PMCID: PMC5932411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), perceived fatigue, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers after physical exercise. Method: Three databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web-of-Science were searched using the following terms: ("recovery" or "active recovery" or "cooling" or "massage" or "compression garment" or "electrostimulation" or "stretching" or "immersion" or "cryotherapy") and ("DOMS" or "perceived fatigue" or "CK" or "CRP" or "IL-6") and ("after exercise" or "post-exercise") for randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and repeated-measure studies. Overall, 99 studies were included. Results: Active recovery, massage, compression garments, immersion, contrast water therapy, and cryotherapy induced a small to large decrease (-2.26 < g < -0.40) in the magnitude of DOMS, while there was no change for the other methods. Massage was found to be the most powerful technique for recovering from DOMS and fatigue. In terms of muscle damage and inflammatory markers, we observed an overall moderate decrease in creatine kinase [SMD (95% CI) = -0.37 (-0.58 to -0.16), I2 = 40.15%] and overall small decreases in interleukin-6 [SMD (95% CI) = -0.36 (-0.60 to -0.12), I2 = 0%] and C-reactive protein [SMD (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.59 to-0.14), I2 = 39%]. The most powerful techniques for reducing inflammation were massage and cold exposure. Conclusion: Massage seems to be the most effective method for reducing DOMS and perceived fatigue. Perceived fatigue can be effectively managed using compression techniques, such as compression garments, massage, or water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Kennedy AB, Patil N, Trilk JL. 'Recover quicker, train harder, and increase flexibility': massage therapy for elite paracyclists, a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000319. [PMID: 29387449 PMCID: PMC5786918 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Massage therapy (MT) enhances recovery by reducing pain and fatigue in able-bodied endurance athletes. In athletes with disabilities, no studies have examined similar MT outcomes, yet participation in sport has increased by >1000 athletes from 1996 to 2016 Olympic games. We examined the effect of MT on pain, sleep, stress, function and performance goals on the bike, as well as quality of life off the bike, in elite paracycling athletes. Methods This is a quasi-experimental, convergent, parallel, mixed-methods design study of one team, with nine paracycling participants, in years 2015 and 2016. One-hour MT sessions were scheduled one time per week for 4 weeks, and then every other week for the duration of the time the athlete was on the team and/or in the study. Closed and open-ended survey questions investigating athlete goals, stress, sleep, pain and muscle tightness were gathered pre and post each MT session, and every 6 months for health-related quality of life. Quantitative analysis timepoints include baseline, 4-6 months of intervention and final visit. Additional qualitative data were derived from therapists' treatment notes, exit surveys, and follow-up emails from the athletes and therapists. Results Significant improvement was found for sleep and muscle tightness; quantitative results were reinforced by athlete comments indicating MT assisted in their recovery while in training. There were no improvements in dimensions measuring quality of life; qualitative comments from athletes suggest reasons for lack of improvement. Conclusion This real-world study provides new information to support MT for recovery in elite paracyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Blair Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nirav Patil
- Department of Quality Management, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L Trilk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
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Aquatic myofascial release applied after high intensity exercise increases flexibility and decreases pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018; 22:97-104. [PMID: 29332765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate aquatic myofascial release (AMR) effects on flexibility and delayed onset muscle soreness, after high intensity exercises. STUDY DESIGN 15 participants, control (CON) and intervention (INT), 3 moments, pre (Pre), after (Post) and 50 min after (Post 50/Post AMR). 6 exercises, 5 sets, 15 reps at 85% of 1 maximum repetition, followed, or not, by 50 min of AMR. VARIABLES Heart rate, lactate, rate of perceived exertion, pain and flexibility. RESULTS Pain perception decreased in all moments (CON4.47 ± 2.36; INT1.13 ± 1.46, p = 0.0002). Flexibility only increased for the fingertip to floor test in both phases in the Post50/Post AMR compared to Post (CON14.33 ± 9.19Pre, 15.07 ± 9.37Post (p = 0.7) and 12.8 ± 4.69Post50 (p = 0.4); INT14.53 ± 9.06Pre, 13.87 ± 9.88Post (p = 0.2) and 11.03 ± 8.96Post AMR (p = 0.001)). The Well's bench improved only for the Post AMR compared to Pre in the INT phase (INT24.79 ± 9.91Pre; 27.67 ± 9.46Post AMR p = 0.0000023). CONCLUSION We concluded that AMR is effective to reduce pain perception and to improve flexibility of the studied population submitted to a high intense exercise session.
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Guo J, Li L, Gong Y, Zhu R, Xu J, Zou J, Chen X. Massage Alleviates Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:747. [PMID: 29021762 PMCID: PMC5623674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of massage on alleviating delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle performance after strenuous exercise. Method: Seven databases consisting of PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang were searched up to December 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible and the outcomes of muscle soreness, performance (including muscle maximal isometric force (MIF) and peak torque) and creatine kinase (CK) were used to assess the effectiveness of massage intervention on DOMS. Results: Eleven articles with a total of 23 data points (involving 504 participants) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were pooled in the meta-analysis. The findings demonstrated that muscle soreness rating decreased significantly when the participants received massage intervention compared with no intervention at 24 h (SMD: –0.61, 95% CI: –1.17 to –0.05, P = 0.03), 48 h (SMD: –1.51, 95% CI: –2.24 to –0.77, P < 0.001), 72 h (SMD: –1.46, 95% CI: –2.59 to –0.33, P = 0.01) and in total (SMD: –1.16, 95% CI: –1.60 to –0.72, P < 0.001) after intense exercise. Additionally, massage therapy improved MIF (SMD: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90, P = 0.002) and peak torque (SMD: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.04–0.71, P = 0.03) as total effects. Furthermore, the serum CK level was reduced when participants received massage intervention (SMD: –0.64, 95% CI: –1.04 to –0.25, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that massage therapy after strenuous exercise could be effective for alleviating DOMS and improving muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linjin Li
- Wenzhou People's Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Gong
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Shariat A, Shaw BS, Kargarfard M, Shaw I, Lam ETC. KINANTHROPOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES OF ELITE MALE JUDO, KARATE AND TAEKWONDO ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172304175654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: It is well known that the body composition of an athlete plays a critical role in sports performance. However, although many studies exist concerning the kinanthropometric attributes of mainstream sports, few studies are forthcoming on individual martial arts disciplines, especially in elite athletes. Objective: This study aimed at establishing the kinanthropometric attributes of Judo, Karate, and Taekwondo athletes. Methods: Thirty-eight elite male Judo (n=42, mean age: 21.7±2.9 years), Taekwondo (n=46, mean age: 21.1±2.6 years) and Karate (n=50, mean age: 21.3±3.0 years) athletes were chosen randomly. The study determined and compared stature, body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), body surface area (BSA), sum of skinfolds (∑SK3), percentage body fat (%BF), and somatotype. Results: The findings of the present study demonstrate that although within normal levels, the sampled Judo athletes have significantly (p<0.05) higher FM, ∑SK3 (particularly at the triceps and subscapular skinfold sites), %BF and lower percentage LBM that either the Taekwondo and Karate athletes. In addition, the sampled Judo athletes displayed a more significant (p<0.05) endomorphic somatotype when compared to the Taekwondo and Karate athletes. Conclusions: These findings are essential in determining the optimal kinanthropometric attributes of elite male Judo, Karate, and Taekwondo athletes and may assist in the context of talent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Shariat
- University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Ina Shaw
- University of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Roslan S, Ahmad N, Nabilla N, Ghiami Z. Psychological Well-being among Postgraduate Students. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amb-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study attempted to determine the level of psychological well-being among postgraduate students. The study also aimed to assess the relationship between psychological well-being and demographic factors, such as age and field of study. Psychological well-being questionnaires were administered to a sample of 192 Master of Education students. The findings demonstrated that Master of Education students possessed a slightly high level of psychological well-being. Differences were found in students’ psychological well-being across age groups, F (4, 167) = 3.178, p = 0.01, and field of study, F (8, 163) = 2.668, p = 0.01, respectively. According to the results, students in the age group of 41 years and above possessed the highest level of psychological well-being (M = 5, SD = 0.71).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Roslan
- Faculty of Educational Studies , University Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - N. Ahmad
- Faculty of Educational Studies , University Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - N. Nabilla
- Faculty of Educational Studies , University Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Z. Ghiami
- Faculty of Educational Studies , University Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
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Zahiri N, Abollahi I, Nabavi SM, Ehsani F, Arab AM, Shaw I, Shariat A, Shaw BS, Dastoorpoor M, Danaee M, Sangelaji B. Interference Effect of Prior Explicit Information on Motor Sequence Learning in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Malays J Med Sci 2017; 24:69-80. [PMID: 28381930 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most widespread disabling neurological condition in young adults around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of explicit information (EI) on motor-sequence learning in MS patients. METHODS Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), age: 29.5 (SD = 5.6) years and 30 healthy gender-, age-, and education-matched control group participants, age: 28.8 (SD = 6.0) years, were recruited for this study. The participants in the healthy group were then randomly assigned into an EI (n = 15) group and a no-EI (n = 15) group. Similarly, the participants in the control group were then randomly assigned into EI (n = 15) and no-EI (n = 15) groups. The participants performed a serial reaction time (SRT) task and reaction times. A retention test was performed after 48 hours. RESULTS All participants reduced their reaction times across acquisition (MS group: 46.4 (SD = 3.3) minutes, P < 0.001, and healthy group: 39.4 (SD = 3.3) minutes, P < 0.001). The findings for the within-participants effect of repeated measures of time were significant (F(5.06, 283.7) = 71.33. P < 0.001). These results indicate that the interaction between group and time was significant (F(5.06, 283.7) = 6.44. P < 0.001), which indicated that the reaction time in both groups was significantly changed between the MS and healthy groups across times (B1 to B10). The main effect of the group (MS and healthy) (F(1, 56) = 22.78. P < 0.001) and also the main effect of no-EI vs EI (F(1, 56) = 4.71. P < 0.001) were significant. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that that RRMS patients are capable of learning new skills, but the provision of EI prior to physical practice is deleterious to implicit learning. It is sufficient to educate MS patients on the aim and general content of the training and only to provide feedback at the end of the rehabilitative session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zahiri
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Abollahi
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Ehsani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Arab
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ina Shaw
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ardalan Shariat
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Brandon S Shaw
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Maryam Dastoorpoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- University of Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Malaysia
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