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Fukuoka T, Ikubo F, Ono K, Iwamoto N, Misaki Y, Kashihara Y, Yamada H, Yamaguchi K, Hirose T, Ishikawa M. A Video App for Screening Osgood-Schlatter Disease Using Soccer Instep Kicking Motion Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e63112. [PMID: 39055472 PMCID: PMC11271314 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a type of osteochondrosis and traction apophysitis that results from repeated contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle on the tibial tuberosity. Its prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment are crucial because it causes chronic knee pain and surgical approaches are required if left untreated. Three-dimensional motion analysis is a useful approach for elucidating the pathological factors of OSD; however, it requires advanced cameras, sophisticated facilities, and expensive software. Conversely, the advent of technology has provided affordable video recording devices, and smartphone/tablet-based applications have enabled two-dimensional (2D) motion analysis. This emerging tool and artificial intelligence technology were used to analyze the pivot leg from videos recorded on a tablet device during the instep kicks of adolescent soccer players. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine whether the pathological factors for OSD occurring in the pivot foot can be identified through a simple 2D motion analysis using a tablet device. METHODS In total, 94 knees of 47 soccer players (aged 14.1±0.8 years, all male) who belong to a single soccer club were evaluated. OSD was diagnosed using ultrasonography and physical examination (a positive bone fragment on ultrasonography or tenderness at the tibial tuberosity). Lower limb muscle tightness was evaluated using the finger-floor distance, straight leg raising test, heel-buttock distance, Thomas test, and ankle range of motion using a goniometer. We then performed motion analysis, and the instep kicking motion was recorded using a video camera on a tablet device. The joint angles of the hip, knee, and ankle were measured using a real-time human-pose detection system. Data were compared between the OSD and non-OSD groups. RESULTS Overall, six of the 47 players (12.8%) were diagnosed with OSD. No correlation was found between lower limb tightness and the occurrence of OSD in all indices. However, the 2D motion analysis revealed that the knee flexion angle at the time of plantar placement during the instep kick movement was significantly larger in the OSD group than in the non-OSD group (OSD group: 42.0±7.2˚, non-OSD group: 33.5±6.6˚, *p=0.013). CONCLUSION A video motion analysis revealed that the knee flexion angle during the instep kicking motion was significantly greater in athletes with OSD of the supporting foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Fukuoka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagawa Saiseikai Hospital, Takamatsu, JPN
| | - Fumiya Ikubo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, JPN
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Shirotori Hosiptal, Higashikagawa, JPN
| | - Naoya Iwamoto
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kagawa College, Mitoyo, JPN
| | - Yukinori Misaki
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kagawa College, Mitoyo, JPN
| | - Yuto Kashihara
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, D-yorozu Co. Ltd., Mitoyo, JPN
| | - Hitoshi Yamada
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, D-yorozu Co. Ltd., Mitoyo, JPN
| | - Konosuke Yamaguchi
- Deapartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, JPN
| | - Tomohiko Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirose Hospital, Takamatsu, JPN
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, JPN
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Suo X, Tang W, Li Z. Motion Capture Technology in Sports Scenarios: A Survey. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2947. [PMID: 38733052 PMCID: PMC11086331 DOI: 10.3390/s24092947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Motion capture technology plays a crucial role in optimizing athletes' skills, techniques, and strategies by providing detailed feedback on motion data. This article presents a comprehensive survey aimed at guiding researchers in selecting the most suitable motion capture technology for sports science investigations. By comparing and analyzing the characters and applications of different motion capture technologies in sports scenarios, it is observed that cinematography motion capture technology remains the gold standard in biomechanical analysis and continues to dominate sports research applications. Wearable sensor-based motion capture technology has gained significant traction in specialized areas such as winter sports, owing to its reliable system performance. Computer vision-based motion capture technology has made significant advancements in recognition accuracy and system reliability, enabling its application in various sports scenarios, from single-person technique analysis to multi-person tactical analysis. Moreover, the emerging field of multimodal motion capture technology, which harmonizes data from various sources with the integration of artificial intelligence, has proven to be a robust research method for complex scenarios. A comprehensive review of the literature from the past 10 years underscores the increasing significance of motion capture technology in sports, with a notable shift from laboratory research to practical training applications on sports fields. Future developments in this field should prioritize research and technological advancements that cater to practical sports scenarios, addressing challenges such as occlusion, outdoor capture, and real-time feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Suo
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Weidi Tang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
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Monteiro RLM, Dos Santos CCA, Blauberger P, Link D, Russomanno TG, Tahara AK, Chinaglia AG, Santiago PRP. Enhancing soccer goalkeepers penalty dive kinematics with instructional video and laterality insights in field conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10225. [PMID: 38702374 PMCID: PMC11068781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of laterality and instructional video on the soccer goalkeepers' dive kinematics in penalty. Eight goalkeepers from youth categories (U15, U17, U20) were randomly divided into control (CG) and video instruction groups (VG). The latter performed 20 penalty defense trials on the field with balls launched by a machine, ten before and after watching a video instruction to improve the diving kinematics. The CG only performed the dives. Three cameras recorded the collections. A markerless motion capture technique (OpenPose) was used for identification and tracking of joints and anatomical references on video. The pose data were used for 3D reconstruction. In the post-instruction situation, the VG presented differences in comparison to the CG in the: knee flexion/extension angle, time to reach peak resultant velocity, frontal step distance, and frontal departure angle, which generated greater acceleration during the dive. Non-dominant leg side dives had higher resultant velocity during 88.4 - 100% of the diving cycle, different knee flexion/extension angle, and higher values in the frontal step distance. The instructional video generated an acute change in the diving movement pattern of young goalkeepers when comparing the control and the video instruction group in the post condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luiz Martins Monteiro
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrick Blauberger
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Link
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiago Guedes Russomanno
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariany Klein Tahara
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Abel Gonçalves Chinaglia
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-907, Brazil
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4
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Yona T, Kamel N, Cohen-Eick G, Ovadia I, Fischer A. One-dimension statistical parametric mapping in lower limb biomechanical analysis: A systematic scoping review. Gait Posture 2024; 109:133-146. [PMID: 38306782 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomechanics significantly impacts sports performance and injury prevention. Traditional methods like discrete point analysis simplify continuous kinetic and kinematic data, while one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (spm1d) evaluates entire movement curves. Nevertheless, spm1d's application in sports and injury research is limited. As no systematic review exists, we conducted a scoping systematic review, synthesizing the current applications of spm1d across various populations, activities, and injuries. This review concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and suggesting areas for future research. RESEARCH QUESTION What research exists using spm1d in sports biomechanics, focusing on the lower limbs, in what populations, and what are the current research gaps? METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases for the following search string: "(((knee) OR (hip)) OR (ankle)) OR (foot) OR (feet) AND (statistical parametric mapping)". English peer-reviewed studies assessing lower limb kinetics or kinematics in different sports or sports-related injuries were included. Reviews, meta-analyses, conference abstracts, and grey literature were excluded. RESULTS Our search yielded 165 papers published since 2012. Among these, 112 examined healthy individuals (67 %), and 53 focused on injured populations (33 %). Running (n = 45), cutting (n = 25), and jumping/landing (n = 18) were the most common activities. The predominant injuries were anterior cruciate ligament rupture (n = 21), chronic ankle instability (n = 18), and hip-related pain (n = 9). The main research gaps included the unbalanced populations, underrepresentation of common sports and sport-related injuries, gender inequality, a lack of studies in non-laboratory settings, a lack of studies on varied sports gear, and a lack of reporting standardization. SIGNIFICANCE This review spotlights crucial gaps in spm1d research within sports biomechanics. Key issues include a lack of studies beyond laboratory settings, underrepresentation of various sports and injuries, and gender disparities in research populations. Addressing these gaps can significantly enhance the application of spm1d in sports performance, injury analysis, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Yona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Kamel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Galya Cohen-Eick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbar Ovadia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arielle Fischer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Ou YC, Lei MK, Cheng KB. Effect of support foot placement on football instep kick performance. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:34-40. [PMID: 35300563 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2055781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the support foot plays an important role in kicking a football, there has been a paucity of research exploring the effect of the placement of the support foot on kicking performance. To investigate the kick performance under different support foot positions, ten male footballers were recruited to participate in two experiments: one determining the maximum ball speed and the second determining accuracy. The participants were instructed to plant their support foot on one of nine different spots marked in the form of a 3 × 3 shape on a piece of artificial grass and asked to kick the ball. In the first (maximum speed) test, the participants tried their best to kick the ball at the maximum ball speed from nine different support foot positions. In the second (accuracy) test, the participants kicked the ball toward the target area without restricting the support foot position. The ball speed, as well as the success rate, were recorded from each support foot position. Significantly higher ball speed and accuracy were obtained at medial positions than was the case at lateral positions from the nine spots. It was concluded that although footballers may choose different positions for support foot placement, the maximum ball speed and better accuracy could be expected when the support foot was next to or slightly in front of the ball centre without too much side-by-side separation (27-37 cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Ou
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Man Kit Lei
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuangyou B Cheng
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Iitake T, Hioki M, Takahashi H, Nunome H. Differences in lower leg kinetics of soccer instep kicking between female and male players. Sports Biomech 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36266947 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2133738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the difference in lower leg segment kinetics of soccer instep kicking between female and male players. Instep kicking motions of seven female and seven male university soccer players were captured at 500 Hz. Lower leg angular velocity, knee joint moment and the interaction moment acting on the lower leg were calculated. Discrete variables were compared using two sample-t-test, and statistical parametric mapping were used to compare the time-series changes between the two groups. Although female players maintained a comparable magnitude of lower leg angular velocity, they exhibited significantly lower knee extension moment in the latter part of kicking and significantly smaller forward angular impulse due to that moment. In contrast, female players were found to have a comparable magnitude of angular impulse due to forward component of interaction moment to that of male players. Eventually, female players come to have significantly larger ratio of angular impulses (forward interaction moment/knee extension moment) than male players. It can be considered that the forward component of interaction moment acting on the lower leg of female players may compensate their reduced exertion of knee extension moment, thereby achieving a comparable lower leg angular velocity to that of male players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Iitake
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maya Hioki
- Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Department of Rehabilitation, Teikyo Heisei University, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Medical Sports Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nunome
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Abstract
We aimed to clarify the differences in soccer instep kicking dynamics between sex groups. The instep kicking of seven female (height: 160.3 ± 6.1 cm; mass: 54.3 ± 5.2 kg) and seven male (height: 173.0 ± 5.9 cm; mass: 70.0 ± 9.0 kg) players were recorded by a motion capture system (500 Hz). Joint moments of the kicking leg were computed and normalized by the body mass and height. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the entire kicking motion between the two groups. Significantly slower resultant ball velocity seen in female players was most likely explained by their significantly slower run-up velocity, shorter leg length and lower foot-ball velocity ratio. Female players exhibited significantly smaller knee joint moment in the latter part (80-86%) of kicking. Also, significantly smaller positive work done by knee extension moment and the ratio of work (knee extension/hip flexion) were found in female players. These results suggested that the suppressed knee extension moment action was identified as a key kinetic characteristic in the instep kicking of female players, and to compensate for this action, they more rely on the work due to hip flexion moment to execute the instep kicking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Iitake
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maya Hioki
- Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Department of Rehabilitation, Teikyo Heisei University, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Medical Sports Faculty of Health Care, Medical Sports Teikyo Heisei University, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nunome
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Bertozzi F, Rabello R, Zago M, Esposito F, Sforza C. Foot dominance and ball approach angle affect whole-body instep kick kinematics in soccer players. Sports Biomech 2022:1-21. [PMID: 35993147 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Past investigations provided limited information regarding instep kicking kinematics in soccer. It is unclear how foot dominance and ball approach angle impact whole-body kinematics and consequently the ball velocity. We aimed to analyse the effects of the ball approach angle and the foot used on the whole-body kinematics of soccer players performing an instep kick. Twenty-four soccer players performed maximal instep kicks, using the dominant and non-dominant feet, with the ball stationary or rolling from four different directions. Whole-body motion was recorded during the kicking action and kinematic time-series were extracted and resampled to 200 points equally divided into kicking and follow-through phases. 1-D statistical parametric mapping two-way ANOVA tested for the effect of ball condition and foot dominance. Ball approach angle affected most of the swinging and support limb variables and some upper body variables. Performance-related variables such as CoM, foot, and shank velocities were reduced when the ball approached posteriorly. The linear and angular velocities of the swinging limb, and CoM vertical position, were higher when kicking with dominant foot. Based on these findings, as a practical implication, coaches should vary ball approach angles and the foot used during kicking drills to improve technical effectiveness in various situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bertozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- E4Sport Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Rabello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Tamura A, Shimura K, Inoue Y. Biomechanical Characteristics of the Support Leg During Side-Foot Kicking in Soccer Players With Chronic Ankle Instability. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221112966. [PMID: 35928176 PMCID: PMC9344159 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) in soccer players can increase the risk of
recurrent ankle varus sprains and damage the articular surface of the ankle
joint, thus increasing the risk of osteoarthritis. It is important to
understand the biomechanical characteristics of the support leg during
kicking in soccer players with CAI. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinematics of the kicking motion
of soccer players with CAI. It was hypothesized that at the point before
ball contact when the support leg makes flat-foot contact with the ground,
soccer players with CAI will land with ankle inversion in the support leg
during a side-foot kick compared with players without CAI. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The study cohort included 19 male college soccer players (mean age, 20.5 ±
0.9 years) with greater than 8 years of soccer experience who were recruited
from August 2019 to March 2020. Of these athletes, 10 had CAI and 9 had no
CAI in the support leg, as diagnosed according to the Cumberland Ankle
Instability Tool. Kinematic data for the trunk, hip, knee, and foot of the
support leg during a side-foot kick were obtained using a 3-dimensional,
motion-analysis system. The Mann-Whitney U test or Student
t test was selected to identify differences in
variables between the CAI and non-CAI groups. Results: There were no significant differences in physical characteristics between the
CAI and non-CAI groups. At the point when the support leg made flat-foot
contact with the ground, the players with CAI had more eversion of the
hindfoot with respect to the tibia (-28.3° ± 12.1° vs -13.9° ± 14.2°;
P = .03), a more varus alignment of the knee (26.0° ±
10.7° vs 13.7° ± 10.5°; P = .03), and a lower arch height
index (0.210 ± 0.161 vs 0.233 ± 0.214; P = .046) compared
with non-CAI players. Conclusion: Significant differences between players with and without CAI were seen in the
support leg kinematics at flat-foot contact with the ground during the
kicking cycle. Clinical Relevance: The biomechanical alignment of the support leg during a side-foot kick in
players with CAI may reflect a subconscious attempt to avoid inversion of
the foot and further ankle sprains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Shimura
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nakabayashi Orthopaedic Clinic, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Takei S, Taketomi S, Torii S, Tojima M, Kaneoka K, Tanaka S. Characteristics of the Kicking Motion in Adolescent Male Soccer Players Who Develop Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A Prospective Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221083567. [PMID: 35309237 PMCID: PMC8928402 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221083567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is an apophysitis of the tibial tubercle caused by repeated traction of the patellar tendon during adolescence. Although OSD is associated more with sports such as soccer, it remains unclear whether the kicking motion itself is related to OSD onset. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the kicking motion in adolescent soccer players who later developed OSD. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: The authors observed 47 Japanese adolescent male soccer players (mean age, 12 years) over 6 months in 2018-2019; none of the participants had OSD at study onset. The players underwent tibial tubercle ultrasound at baseline, and their kicking motion was evaluated using 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis with 65 reflective markers. The 3D angle of the lumbar spine, thorax, and pelvis and the angular velocity of the hips, knees, and ankles were calculated for the support leg. The kicking motion was divided into 8 phases, and ball speed, kicking time, and positions of the support (nonkicking) leg and center of mass (COM) from the ball were calculated for each phase. Six months later, the players underwent another ultrasound and were divided into 2 groups: those diagnosed with OSD in the support leg (OSD group) and those without OSD (normal [NRL] group). All factors calculated using the kicking motion analysis at the baseline were compared between groups. Results: There were 19 players in the OSD group and 28 players in the NRL group. Anthropometric measurements, ball speed, and kicking time were similar between the 2 groups. The forward translation of the COM and the support leg, the flexion angle of the thorax, and the rotation angle of the pelvis before impact with the ball were all significantly smaller in the OSD group than in the NRL group (P < .05). Moreover, the knee extension angular velocity of the support leg was significantly larger in the OSD group (P < .05) at ball impact. Conclusion: A kicking motion with small COM translation, small thoracic flexion, and small pelvic rotation before ball impact, as well as large knee extension angular velocity of the support leg at ball impact, may be associated with OSD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seira Takei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Waseda Institute of Human Growth and Development, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michio Tojima
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo International University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Hip Flexibility and Dynamic Balance Ability in Soccer Players with Functional Ankle Instability. TRAUMA CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare1030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of recurrent ankle sprain and functional ankle instability in soccer players is essential. This study clarified hip joint mobility and dynamic balance ability in soccer players with functional ankle instability. This case–control study included 17 male college soccer players. All participants were assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and were divided into chronic ankle instability (CAI) and non-CAI groups for each of their dominant and nondominant legs. Bilateral passive hip range of motion (ROM) was assessed and the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) was measured for each leg. In the dominant leg, the reach in the posterolateral direction in the CAI group was significantly less than that in the non-CAI group. Hip internal rotation angles in the dominant leg in the CAI group were greater than those in the non-CAI group; however, no significant correlations with the three directions of mSEBT were observed. In the nondominant leg, mSEBT and hip ROMs did not show any significant differences between groups. The dominant leg in soccer players with CAI had poor dynamic balance ability while reaching posterolaterally. However, acquiring hip flexibility may not be necessary to improve the dynamic balance ability. These findings may help develop future research.
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12
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Atack AC, Trewartha G, Bezodis NE. The approach towards the ball, rather than the physical characteristics of the kicker, limits accurate rugby place kicking range. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:104-115. [PMID: 34530687 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1976494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand how a place kicker's range is limited by their approach to the ball and their physical characteristics. Thirty-three kickers performed maximal place kicks and vertical jumps in a laboratory. Whole-body motion and ground reaction forces during the approach phase of the kicks, jump performance and anthropometric measurements of those whose predicted maximum distance was limited by range (n = 17) rather than accuracy were analysed. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the number of variables considered before stepwise regression analyses assessed variance in place kick maximum distance and associated criteria. Four components, explaining 94% of the variance in maximum distance, were extracted from the PCA: width of approach, anterior-posterior body position, centre-of-mass height and lower limb strength. Lower limb strength was a significant predictor of both kicking foot velocity (R2 = 0.55, p = 0.001) and ball velocity magnitude (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001). However, maximum distance was determined by body position during the approach (antero-posterior position, R2 = 0.52, p = 0.001 and centre-of-mass height, R2 = 0.12, p = 0.049). This highlights the importance of considering three-dimensional motion of the kicker alongside their physical capabilities to understand place kicking range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Atack
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | | | - Neil E Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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13
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Augustus S, Hudson PE, Harvey N, Smith N. Whole-body energy transfer strategies during football instep kicking: implications for training practices. Sports Biomech 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34313184 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1951827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of whole-body energy transfer strategies during football instep kicking can help inform empirically grounded training practices. The aim of this study was thus to investigate energy transfer strategies of 15 semi-professional players performing kicks for speed and accuracy. Three-dimensional kinematics and GRFs (both 1000 Hz) were incorporated into segment power analyses to derive energy transfers between the support leg, torso, pelvis and kick leg throughout the kick. Energy transferred from support leg (r = 0.62, P = 0.013) and torso (r = 0.54, P = 0.016) into the pelvis during tension arc formation and leg cocking was redistributed to the kick leg during the downswing (r = 0.76, P < 0.001) and were associated with faster foot velocities at ball contact. This highlights whole-body function during instep kicking. Of particular importance were: (a) regulating support leg energy absorption, (b) eccentric formation and concentric release of a 'tension arc' between the torso and kicking hip, and (c) coordinated proximal to distal sequencing of the kick leg. Resistance exercises that replicate the demands of these interactions may help develop more powerful kicking motions and varying task and/or environmental constraints might facilitate development of adaptable energy transfer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Augustus
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, UK
| | - Penny E Hudson
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, UK
| | | | - Neal Smith
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, UK
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14
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Augustus S, Hudson PE, Smith N. The effect of approach velocity on pelvis and kick leg angular momentum conversion strategies during football instep kicking. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2279-2288. [PMID: 34034623 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1929008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During football instep kicking, whole-body deceleration during the final stride has been associated with greater kick leg angular momentum and enhanced foot and ball velocities, but the influence of approach velocity on these mechanisms is unknown. This study assessed how approach velocity affects momentum conversion strategies of experienced players performing fast and accurate kicks. Eleven semi-professional footballers performed instep kicks from self-selected (3.34 ± 0.43 m/s), fast (3.71 ± 0.33 m/s) and slow (2.77 ± 0.32 m/s) approaches. Kicking motions and ground reaction forces under the support leg were captured using 3D motion analysis (1000 Hz). The players responded to perturbations in approach velocity by using the support leg to regulate whole-body deceleration and create ideal conditions for co-ordinated pelvic and kick leg momentums during the downswing. Further, the pelvis was key for generating transverse momentum at the kick leg, but the participants displayed distinctly different pelvis transverse rotation strategies. Identification of these inter-individual strategies may provide a basis for technical and strength training practices to be tailored for individual players. Future research might investigate if training practices that expose footballers to varying approach velocities of between 2.5 and 4.0 m/s promotes development of movement strategies that are robust to perturbations in approach conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Augustus
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Penny E Hudson
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Neal Smith
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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15
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The trunk is exploited for energy transfers of maximal instep soccer kick: A power flow study. J Biomech 2021; 121:110425. [PMID: 33873107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the angular kinetic energy transfers and expenditure among the trunk (bisegmented), the pelvis and the kick limb during maximal soccer instep kicking, and to characterize kicking kinetics and kinematics. Eighteen adult male amateur soccer players (24.0 ± 4.1 years old) were assessed. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction force were measured. A 6-degrees-of-freedom model was assumed, comprising the upper trunk, lower trunk, pelvis, thigh, shank and foot, and the thoraco-lumbar, lumbo-pelvic, hip, knee, and ankle joints. Angular kinematics and joint moments were computed. Power flow analysis was done by calculating the joint powers (to describe joint-to-segments energy transfers) and the proximal and distal segment powers (to describe segment-to-segment transfers). Power, kinematic and kinetic time series were presented to describe the energy flows' directions. The total mechanical energy expenditure (TMEE) at each joint was also calculated. The TMEEs pointed to substantial energy expenditure at the trunk (27% of the summed work produced by the analyzed joints). In the initial phases of kicking, the trunk generates downward energy flows from the upper to the lower trunk and from the lower trunk to the pelvis, and then to the lower limb, sequentially, which favors angular motions for ball contact. There is a formation and release of a tension arc only at the hip joint, and deceleration of the segments slightly sooner than ball contact, differently from theoretical accounts. There are energy flows, hitherto unknown, among the trunk, pelvis and kick limb, revealing mechanical strategies of kicking.
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16
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Blair S, Robertson S, Duthie G, Ball K. Biomechanics of accurate and inaccurate goal-kicking in Australian football: Group-based analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241969. [PMID: 33175905 PMCID: PMC7657536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-kicking is an important skill in Australian Football (AF). This study examined whether kinematic differences exist between accurate and inaccurate goal-kicks and determined the relationships between technical factors and accuracy. Eighteen elite to sub-elite AF players performed 15 x 30 m goal-kicks on an AF training ground, with three-dimensional kinematics collected using the Xsens inertial measurement system (Xsens Technologies B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands). A general linear mixed modelling approach and regression-based statistics were employed to quantify differences between accurate and inaccurate goal kicks and the relationships between technical factors and accuracy. Accurate goal-kicks were characterised by a straighter approach line, with less kick-leg joint range of motion (knee and hip), lower linear velocity (centre of mass, foot speed), angular velocity (knee and shank), and less support-leg knee flexion during the kicking phase compared to inaccurate goal-kicks. At the end of the follow through, players produced greater ankle plantarflexion and a straighter-leg line in accurate goal-kicks. Findings in this research indicated that many factors interact with goal-kicking accuracy in AF, ranging from the players' approach line path, their support-leg mechanics, the kick-leg swing motion, to the final position of the kicker during their follow through.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Blair
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, England
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grant Duthie
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Ruscello B, Esposito M, Siligato G, Lunetta L, Marcelli L, Pantanella L, Gabrielli PR, D'ottavio S. Gender differences in instep soccer kicking biomechanics, investigated through a 3D human motion tracker system. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1072-1080. [PMID: 32955833 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims at describing and comparing each other male and female soccer players kicking instep a stationary ball. The different measures we collected by the 3D motion capture system Movit G1 and the High-Speed Camera (240 fps) were considered as dependent variables, whereas the gender was considered as the independent one. METHODS Twenty soccer well trained non-professional players: 10 men (age: 25.3±6.5 yrs; height 1.80±0.07 m; body mass 76.9±13.2 kg) and 10 women (age: 19±3.34 yrs; height 1.64±0.07 m; body mass 58.2±7.2 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. RESULTS Gender differences were found, with a statistical significance (P<0.05) or interesting magnitude (Cohen d>0.5). The most relevant ones were the differences in hip extension of the kicking leg when the foot of the supporting one touches the ground, just before the impact on the ball (independent sample t-Test; P=0.03; Cohen d=1.64) and the speed of the ball, reached immediately after kicking (P<0.001;d=1.23). CONCLUSIONS These results, together with the greater pelvic acceleration shown by men compared to women, highlight the need to develop a gender-differentiated training model, in order to customize the kicking technique in women and to reduce the likelihood, currently higher than for men, of kicking related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Mario Esposito
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Siligato
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Lunetta
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcelli
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pantanella
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo R Gabrielli
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'ottavio
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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18
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Palucci Vieira LH, Cunha SA, Santiago PR, dos Santos PC, Cardenas GC, Barbieri RA, Baptista AM, Barbieri FA. Dominant/non-dominant support limb kinematics and approach run parameters in futsal kicking of stationary and rolling ball. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1852-1860. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Ladru BJ, Langhout R, Veeger DJ, Gijssel M, Tak I. Lead knee extension contributes to drag-flick performance in field hockey. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1632581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jane Ladru
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Kinetic Analysis, Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, 's-Hertogenbosh, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Langhout
- Physiotherapy Dukenburg, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, International Olympic Committee Research Center for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Physiotherapy Utrecht Oost, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Veeger
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department Chair, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Gijssel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Kinetic Analysis, Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, 's-Hertogenbosh, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Tak
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, International Olympic Committee Research Center for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Chair, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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20
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A force profile analysis comparison between functional data analysis, statistical parametric mapping and statistical non-parametric mapping in on-water single sculling. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1100-1105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Nunome H, Inoue K, Watanabe K, Iga T, Akima H. Dynamics of submaximal effort soccer instep kicking. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2588-2595. [PMID: 29714671 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1470216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During a soccer match, players are often required to control the ball velocity of a kick. However, little information is available for the fundamental qualities associated with kicking at various effort levels. We aimed to illustrate segmental dynamics of the kicking leg during soccer instep kicking at submaximal efforts. The instep kicking motion of eight experienced university soccer players (height: 172.4 ± 4.6 cm, mass: 63.3 ± 5.2 kg) at 50, 75 and 100% effort levels were recorded by a motion capture system (500 Hz), while resultant ball velocities were monitored using a pair of photocells. Between the three effort levels, kinetic adjustments were clearly identified in both proximal and distal segments with significantly different (large effect sizes) angular impulses due to resultant joint and interaction moments. Also, players tended to hit an off-centre point on the ball using a more medial contact point on the foot and with the foot in a less upright position in lower effort levels. These results suggested that players control their leg swing in a context of a proximal to distal segmental sequential system and add some fine-tuning of the resultant ball velocity by changing the manner of ball impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nunome
- a Faculty of Sports and Health Science , Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Koichiro Inoue
- b Faculty of Education, Art and Science , Yamagata University , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- c School of International Liberal Studies , Chukyo University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Takahito Iga
- a Faculty of Sports and Health Science , Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- d Research Centre of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
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22
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Hip abductor tendinitis after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft in soccer players. A new clinical complication. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2017; 28:213-216. [PMID: 28836021 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-017-2030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although ACL reconstruction remains a complex procedure with possible complications, affecting mainly the knee function, but no complications affecting the hip function have been already mentioned in the literature. Here in, we discuss the demographics, clinical course and outcomes of a rare complication such as hip abductors tendinitis, developed in soccer amateur athletes after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft.
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23
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Sidaway B, Bouchard M, Chasse J, Dunn J, Govoni A, McPherson B, Roy K, Anderson DI. The Role of Postural Support in Young Adults' Control of Stationary Kicking. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:215-222. [PMID: 28388290 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1303134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The requirement for postural stability during the performance of motor skills has been clearly demonstrated in infants, but the necessity for such a postural substrate is not well documented in adults. The present study investigated the role of postural stability during a ballistic ball-kicking task in adults by providing varying degrees of external postural support. METHOD In the 1st experiment, 30 participants performed 20 maximal-velocity kicks under each of 3 conditions: grasping a rigid stable handle, light fingertip touch, and grasping a suspended elastic tube. A 2nd experiment with 16 participants varied the position of the stable handle to examine if the handle position in Experiment 1 might simply act as a fulcrum to enhance torque generation. RESULTS In Experiment 1, ball velocity was significantly higher in the stable-grasp condition in both men and women with the men showing greater improvement relative to the other conditions. Experiment 2 showed that the position of the stable handle did not significantly affect kicking velocity, indicating that the handle was not simply acting as a fulcrum during the kick. CONCLUSION Together, the findings suggest that postural stability may be a rate limiter in the performance of dynamic motor tasks in adults.
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