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Stone MJ, Knight CJ, Hall R, Shearer C, Nicholas R, Shearer DA. The Psychology of Athletic Tapering in Sport: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:777-801. [PMID: 36696042 PMCID: PMC10036416 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Taper is a common training strategy used to reduce fatigue and enhance athletic performance. However, currently, no review has summarised what psychological research has been conducted examining taper, what this research shows and what future research needs to be undertaken to extend the field. Consequently, a scoping review was conducted with three aims: (a) to determine the characteristics of psychological research examining taper, (b) to summarise psychological research collected during taper with adult athletes and coaches, and (c) to identify gaps in psychological research examining taper. Forty-eight articles were identified following an exhaustive search strategy and charted following scoping review guidelines. Results showed most research was quantitative, used a longitudinal design, was conducted in swimming, triathlon, cycling or across multiple sports, and used a university-, regional- or national-level male athlete sample. Eight themes were developed to summarise the research: Mood, Perception of Effort, Perceived Fatigue and Wellness, Recovery-Stress, Taper as a Stressor, Stress Tolerance, Psychological Preparation and Cognitive Functioning. Additionally, four research recommendations were identified: (a) conducting exploratory research that examines the impact taper has on athletes' and coaches' competition preparation and stress experience, (b) asking more advanced psychological questions and conducting multi-disciplinary research, (c) including a more diverse participant sample in studies and (d) examining the impact of psychological interventions during taper. Overall, this scoping review has highlighted the limited research examining the psychology of taper and the need for focused research that asks more complex questions across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Stone
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Camilla J Knight
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ross Hall
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | | | | | - David A Shearer
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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Coyne JOC, Coutts AJ, Newton RU, Haff GG. The Current State of Subjective Training Load Monitoring: Follow-Up and Future Directions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:53. [PMID: 35426569 PMCID: PMC9012875 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses several key issues that have been raised related to subjective training load (TL) monitoring. These key issues include how TL is calculated if subjective TL can be used to model sports performance and where subjective TL monitoring fits into an overall decision-making framework for practitioners. Regarding how TL is calculated, there is conjecture over the most appropriate (1) acute and chronic period lengths, (2) smoothing methods for TL data and (3) change in TL measures (e.g., training stress balance (TSB), differential load, acute-to-chronic workload ratio). Variable selection procedures with measures of model-fit, like the Akaike Information Criterion, are suggested as a potential answer to these calculation issues with examples provided using datasets from two different groups of elite athletes prior to and during competition at the 2016 Olympic Games. Regarding using subjective TL to model sports performance, further examples using linear mixed models and the previously mentioned datasets are provided to illustrate possible practical interpretations of model results for coaches (e.g., ensuring TSB increases during a taper for improved performance). An overall decision-making framework for determining training interventions is also provided with context given to where subjective TL measures may fit within this framework and the determination if subjective measures are needed with TL monitoring for different sporting situations. Lastly, relevant practical recommendations (e.g., using validated scales and training coaches and athletes in their use) are provided to ensure subjective TL monitoring is used as effectively as possible along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O C Coyne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia. .,, 18 Bondi Pl, Kingscliff, NSW, 2487, Australia.
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park, NSW, 2021, Australia.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park, NSW, 2021, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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Cidral W, Berg CH, Paulino ML. Determinants of coaching success: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijppm-07-2020-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The major contribution of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework to coachee success and to identify the most relevant resources for coachee success.
Design/methodology/approach
This article attempts to determine the constructs of coaching success through a systematic literature review. The review identified 1,048,880 papers. From these, the authors selected 39 articles for the research. From these articles, the main elements of coaching success were identified.
Findings
The main elements of coaching success are coach quality, coachee engagement, coaching process, coaching reflection, behaviors resulting from coaching and coachee success. Coach quality, coaching process and coachee are often considered as key variables to success. Coachee's behavior is linked to performance but approaches to effectful coaching vary.
Practical implications
Coachee success is connected with the coach's emotional skills and the formality process. Success requires communication, interpersonal relationship, planning, goal setting and progress monitoring. An interplay between the coach and the coachee's emotional skills and the formality process enables success. In business, where employees usually work in their chosen profession, coaching is a tool for education and improvement that brings positive results to the organization.
Social implications
On a personal level, it can lead to greater self-knowledge and to improvement in the quality of life. Coaching as a facilitator of the coachee's success must be more than a process in itself. It is a way of allowing the coachee to make a critical contribution in a broader context to an organizational culture that values human capital.
Originality/value
It contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to success in coaching. This systematic review adds to the few articles found on coachee success from over a million papers analyzed. It offers a proposed theoretical framework to coachee success, through a holistic approach.
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Coyne J, Coutts A, Newton R, Haff GG. Training Load, Heart Rate Variability, Direct Current Potential and Elite Long Jump Performance Prior and during the 2016 Olympic Games. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:482-491. [PMID: 34267588 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this investigation was to investigate the relationships between training load (TL), heart rate variability (HRV) and direct current potential (DC) with elite long jump performance prior to and during the 2016 Olympics Games. Sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE), training duration, HRV and DC were collected from four elite athletes (26.4 ± 1.4 years, height 1.83 ± 0.05 m, weight 68.9 ± 5.0 kg) for a 16-week period in qualification for and competition at the 2016 Olympic Games. Acute and chronic TL, training stress balance and differential load were calculated with three different smoothing methods. These TL measures along with HRV and DC were examined for their relationship to intra-athlete performance using repeated measure correlations and linear mixed models. Successful compared to unsuccessful intra-athlete performances were characterised by a higher chronic TL (p < 0.01, f2 = 0.31) but only when TL was exponentially smoothed. There were also negative correlations between HRV and performance (r = -0.55, p < 0.01) and HRV was significantly lower for more successful performances (p < 0.01, f2 = 0.19). Exponentially smoothed chronic TL was significantly higher and HRV was significantly lower for successful intra-athlete performances prior and during the 2016 Olympics Games in an elite group of long jump athletes. Monitoring sRPE and HRV measures and manipulating TL prior to competition seems worthwhile for elite long jump athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Coyne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Aaron Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park NSW 2021, Australia.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Robert Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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What Do We Know About Research on Parasport Coaches? A Scoping Review. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2021; 38:109-137. [PMID: 33296870 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2019-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this scoping review was to provide a broad overview of the literature pertaining to parasport coaches, including information regarding the size and scope of research, the populations and perspectives obtained, and the type of methods used to conduct the research. Data were collected and analyzed using a six-stage framework for conducting scoping reviews. The results revealed that the majority of articles were based on interviews, and an overwhelming majority of the participants were men coaching at the high-performance level in North America. Three of the most frequent topics were becoming a parasport coach, being a parasport coach, and having general parasport coaching knowledge. Articles ranged in date from 1991 to 2018, with 70% of empirical articles published from 2014 onward, indicating an emerging interest in this field of research. This review has the potential to advance the science and practice of parasport coaching at all levels.
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Timpka T, Périard JD, Spreco A, Dahlström Ö, Jacobsson J, Bargoria V, Andersson C, Alonso JM, Racinais S. Health complaints and heat stress prevention strategies during taper as predictors of peaked athletic performance at the 2015 World Athletics Championship in hot conditions. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:336-341. [PMID: 31761558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether self-reported health complaints and choice of heat stress prevention strategies during the taper predicted peaking at an athletics championship in hot conditions. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Data on health and heat stress prevention were collected before the 2015 World Athletics Championship in Beijing, China. Peaking was defined using the athlete's pre-competition ranking and final competition rank. Baseline and endpoint data were fitted into multiple logic regression models. RESULTS Two hundred forty-five (29%) of 841 eligible athletes participated. Both sprint/power (Odds ratio (OR) 0.33 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 0.11 to 0.94), P=0.038) and endurance/combined events (OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.14 to 1.00), P=0.049) athletes having sustained concern-causing health complaints during the taper were less likely to peak. Endurance/combined events athletes who chose pre-cooling to mitigate heat stress were less likely to peak (OR 0.35 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.80), P=0.013), while sprint/power athletes reporting a sudden-onset injury complaint during the taper displayed increased peaking (OR 4.47 (95% CI 1.28 to 15.59), P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Health complaints that caused the athlete concern during the taper were predictive of failure to peak at a major athletics competition. Sprint/power athletes who experienced an acute injury symptom during the taper appeared to benefit from rest. Pre-cooling strategies seem to require further validation during real-world endurance/combined events. It appears that athletics athletes' self-reported health should be monitored during the taper, concerns addressed, and heat stress prevention strategies individually tested before championships in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Julien D Périard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
| | - Armin Spreco
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Swedish Athletics Association, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Juan-Manuel Alonso
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Haugen T, Seiler S, Sandbakk Ø, Tønnessen E. The Training and Development of Elite Sprint Performance: an Integration of Scientific and Best Practice Literature. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:44. [PMID: 31754845 PMCID: PMC6872694 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite a voluminous body of research devoted to sprint training, our understanding of the training process leading to a world-class sprint performance is limited. The objective of this review is to integrate scientific and best practice literature regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance. Sprint performance is heavily dependent upon genetic traits, and the annual within-athlete performance differences are lower than the typical variation, the smallest worthwhile change, and the influence of external conditions such as wind, monitoring methodologies, etc. Still, key underlying determinants (e.g., power, technique, and sprint-specific endurance) are trainable. In this review, we describe how well-known training principles (progression, specificity, variation/periodization, and individualization) and varying training methods (e.g., sprinting/running, technical training, strength/power, plyometric training) are used in a sprint training context. Indeed, there is a considerable gap between science and best practice in how training principles and methods are applied. While the vast majority of sprint-related studies are performed on young team sport athletes and focus on brief sprints with maximal intensity and short recoveries, elite sprinters perform sprinting/running over a broad range of distances and with varying intensity and recovery periods. Within best practice, there is a stronger link between choice of training component (i.e., modality, duration, intensity, recovery, session rate) and the intended purpose of the training session compared with the “one-size-fits-all” approach in scientific literature. This review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance and can serve as a position statement for outlining state-of-the-art sprint training recommendations and for generation of new hypotheses to be tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haugen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, PB 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway
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