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Chen S, Wang Y, Bing F, Zhang M. Effects of Running Speeds and Exhaustion on Iliotibial Band Strain during Running. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040417. [PMID: 37106604 PMCID: PMC10136138 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is one of the most prevalent overuse injuries in runners. The strain rate in the iliotibial band (ITB) has been theorized to be the primary causative factor in the development of ITBS. Running speed and exhaustion might lead to an alteration in the biomechanics that influence the strain rate in the iliotibial band. Objectives: To identify how exhaustion states and running speeds affect the ITB strain and strain rate. Methods: A total of 26 healthy runners (including 16 males and 10 females) ran at a normal preferred speed and a fast speed. Then, participants performed a 30 min exhaustive treadmill run at a self-selected speed. Afterward, participants were required to run at similar speeds to those of the pre-exhaustion state. Results: Both the exhaustion and running speeds were revealed to have significant influences on the ITB strain rate. After exhaustion, an increase of approximately 3% in the ITB strain rate was observed for both the normal speed (p = 0.001) and the fast speed (p = 0.008). Additionally, a rapid increase in the running speed could lead to an increase in the ITB strain rate for both the pre- (9.71%, p = 0.000) and post-exhaustion (9.87%, p = 0.000) states. Conclusions: It should be noted that an exhaustion state could lead to an increase in the ITB strain rate. In addition, a rapid increase in running speed might cause a higher ITB strain rate, which is proposed to be the primary cause of ITBS. The risk of injury should also be considered due to the rapid increase in the training load involved. Running at a normal speed in a non-exhaustive state might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of ITBS.
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Mentiplay BF, Kemp JL, Crossley KM, Scholes MJ, Coburn SL, Jones DM, de Oliveira Silva D, Johnston RTR, Pazzinatto MF, King MG. Relationship between hip muscle strength and hip biomechanics during running in people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105587. [PMID: 35123104 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip muscle weakness and altered hip biomechanics during walking are often observed in people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, although little is known about biomechanics during higher impact tasks. The aim of our study was to explore relationships between hip muscle strength and hip biomechanics during running in people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, including exploring sex as an effect-modifier of this relationship. METHODS Forty-two adults with unilateral femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (20 females; age 18-50 years; alpha angle ≥60°) completed assessments of hip muscle strength and hip biomechanics during running. Strength was assessed using a hand-held dynamometer for the hip flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, internal rotators, and external rotators. Hip biomechanics were assessed during overground running (3-3.5 m/s) using three-dimensional motion capture and a force plate. Linear models assessed the relationships between hip strength and hip biomechanics of the symptomatic limb, controlling for body mass and running velocity along with an interaction term (strength*sex). FINDINGS A significant negative relationship was observed between hip external rotator strength and hip frontal plane range of motion (i.e., excursion), independent of sex (estimate = -0.039, 95%CI -0.071 to -0.008, P = 0.02). Four sex-specific interactions were observed, with a significant positive relationship between hip external rotator strength and peak hip extension moment in women (estimate = -0.413, 95%CI -0.713 to -0.114, P = 0.01) but not in men. INTERPRETATION We found significant relationships between hip external rotator strength and stance phase running biomechanics, providing further understanding on two impaired physical measures that may inform exercise-based management strategies in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Mentiplay
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Joanne L Kemp
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kay M Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Scholes
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally L Coburn
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise M Jones
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danilo de Oliveira Silva
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard T R Johnston
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcella F Pazzinatto
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew G King
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Hutchinson LA, Lichtwark GA, Willy RW, Kelly LA. The Iliotibial Band: A Complex Structure with Versatile Functions. Sports Med 2022; 52:995-1008. [PMID: 35072941 PMCID: PMC9023415 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a pronounced iliotibial band (ITB) is an anatomically distinct evolution of humans. The mechanical behaviour of this “new” structure is still poorly understood and hotly debated in current literature. Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is one of the leading causes of lateral knee pain injuries in runners. We currently lack a comprehensive understanding of the healthy behaviour of the ITB, and this is necessary prior to further investigating the aetiology of pathologies like ITBS. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review was to collate the anatomical, biomechanical and clinical literature to understand how the mechanical function of the ITB is influenced by anatomical variation, posture and muscle activation. The complexity of understanding the mechanical function of the ITB is due, in part, to the presence of its two in-series muscles: gluteus maximus (GMAX) and tensor fascia latae (TFL). At present, we lack a fundamental understanding of how GMAX and TFL transmit force through the ITB and what mechanical role the ITB plays for movements like walking or running. While there is a range of proposed ITBS treatment strategies, robust evidence for effective treatments is still lacking. Interventions that directly target the running biomechanics suspected to increase either ITB strain or compression of lateral knee structures may have promise, but clinical randomised controlled trials are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hutchinson
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - G A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R W Willy
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - L A Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Vincent HK, Brownstein M, Vincent KR. Injury Prevention, Safe Training Techniques, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport in Trail Runners. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e151-e162. [PMID: 35141547 PMCID: PMC8811510 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This current concept, narrative review provides the latest integrated evidence of the musculoskeletal injuries involved with trail running and therapeutic strategies to prevent injury and promote safe participation. Running activities that comprise any form of off-road running (trail running, orienteering, short-long distance, different terrain, and climate) are relevant to this review. Literature searches were conducted to 1) identify types and mechanisms of acute and chronic/overuse musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners, 2) injury prevention techniques most relevant to running trails, 3) safe methods of participation and rehabilitation timelines in the sport. The majority of acute and chronic trail running-related musculoskeletal injuries in trail running occur in the lower leg, primarily in the knee and ankle. More than 70% are due to overuse, and ankle sprains are the most common acute injury. Key mechanisms underlying injury and injury progression include inadequate neuromotor control-balance-coordination, running through fatigue, and abnormal kinematics on variable terrain. Complete kinetic chain prehabilitation programs consisting of dynamic flexibility, neuromotor strength and balance, and plyometrics exercise can foster stable, controlled movement on trails. Patient education about early musculoskeletal pain symptoms and training adjustment can help prevent injury from progressing to serious overuse injuries. Real-time adjustments to cadence, step length, and knee flexion on the trail may also mitigate impact-related risk for injury. After injury occurs, rehabilitation will involve similar exercise components, but it will also incorporate rest and active rest based on the type of injury. Multicomponent prehabilitation can help prevent musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners through movement control and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Michael Brownstein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
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Liu J, Powers CM. Classification of Runners with High versus Low Hip Adduction based on Measures of Pelvis and Femur Morphology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:590-597. [PMID: 34772902 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the most relevant pelvis and femur morphological characteristics for differentiating runners with high versus low hip adduction during running. METHODS Fifteen female and 14 male runners underwent instrumented kinematics analysis of overground running and computed tomography scanning of pelvis and femur. The peak hip adduction angle during the stance phase of running was identified for each participant. Using the cohort average of the peak hip adduction angle as the classifying threshold, participants were categorized into high or low hip adduction groups. To determine the most relevant morphologic features for discriminating high and low hip adduction runners, a feature selection-based support vector machine classification analysis was performed. RESULTS Out of 15 morphology variables examined, femoral head anteversion and femur length were shown to be the best discriminant variables for group classification. Together, these variables achieved a prediction accuracy of 0.93, sensitivity of 1.0, and specificity of 0.88. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of femur morphology in contributing to increased hip adduction during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Liu J, Lewton KL, Colletti PM, Powers CM. Hip Adduction during Running: Influence of Sex, Hip Abductor Strength and Activation, and Pelvis and Femur Morphology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2346-2353. [PMID: 34107513 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the influence of hip abductor strength, neuromuscular activation, and pelvis and femur morphology in contributing to sex differences in hip adduction during running. In addition, we sought to determine the best predictors of hip adduction during running for both men and women. METHODS Fifteen female runners and 14 male runners underwent strength testing, instrumented overground running (e.g., kinematics and muscle activation), and computed tomography scanning of pelvis and femur. Morphologic measurements included bilateral hip width to femur length ratio, acetabulum abduction, acetabulum anteversion, femoral anteversion, and femoral neck-shaft angles. Sex differences for all variables were examined using independent t tests. Linear regression was used to assess the ability of each independent variable of interest to predict peak hip adduction during the late swing and stance phase of running. RESULTS Compared with men, women exhibited significantly greater peak hip adduction during both late swing (8.5° ± 2.6° vs 6.2° ± 2.8°, P = 0.04) and stance phases of running (13.4° ± 4.2° vs 10.0° ± 3.2°, P = 0.02). In addition, women exhibited significantly lower hip abductor strength (1.8 ± 0.3 vs 2.0 ± 0.3 N·m·kg-1, P = 0.04), greater femoral neck-shaft angles (134.1° ± 5.0° vs 129.9° ± 4.1°, P = 0.01), and greater hip width to femur length ratios than men (0.44 ± 0.02 vs 0.42 ± 0.03, P = 0.03). Femoral anteversion was the only significant predictor of peak hip adduction during late swing (r = 0.36, P = 0.05) and stance (r = 0.41, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the contribution of femur morphology as opposed to hip abductor strength and activation in contributing to hip adduction during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Patrick M Colletti
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher M Powers
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Goss DL, Watson DJ, Miller EM, Weart AN, Szymanek EB, Freisinger GM. Wearable Technology May Assist in Retraining Foot Strike Patterns in Previously Injured Military Service Members: A Prospective Case Series. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:630937. [PMID: 33718868 PMCID: PMC7952986 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.630937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern with increased average vertical loading rates (AVLR) while running has been associated with injury. This study evaluated the ability of an instrumented sock, which provides real-time foot strike and cadence audio biofeedback, to transition previously injured military service members from a RFS to a non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) running pattern. Nineteen RFS runners (10 males, 9 females) were instructed to wear the instrumented socks to facilitate a change in foot strike while completing an independent walk-to-run progression and lower extremity exercise program. Kinetic data were collected during treadmill running while foot strike was determined using video analysis at initial (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3) data collections. Nearly all runners (18/19) transitioned to a NRFS pattern following intervention (8 ± 2.4 weeks after the initial visit). Most participants (16/18) maintained the transition at follow-up (5 ± 0.8 weeks after the post-intervention visit). AVLR of the involved and uninvolved limb decreased 29% from initial [54.7 ± 13.2 bodyweights per sec (BW/s) and 55.1 ± 12.7 BW/s] to post-intervention (38.7 ± 10.1 BW/s and 38.9 ± 10.0 BW/s), respectively. This effect persisted 5-weeks later at follow-up, representing an overall 30% reduction on the involved limb and 24% reduction on the uninvolved limb. Cadence increased from the initial to the post-intervention time-point (p = 0.045); however, this effect did not persist at follow-up (p = 0.08). With technology provided feedback from instrumented socks, approximately 90% of participants transitioned to a NRFS pattern, decreased AVLR, reduced stance time and maintained these running adaptations 5-weeks later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Goss
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
| | - Daniel J Watson
- 15th Medical Group, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Erin M Miller
- Baylor University-Keller Army Community Hospital Division 1 Sports Physical Therapy Fellowship, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Amy N Weart
- Department of Physical Therapy, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, United States
| | | | - Gregory M Freisinger
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
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