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Simultaneous Analysis of Fenthion and Its Five Metabolites in Produce Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081938. [PMID: 32331373 PMCID: PMC7221716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous analytical method for the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion and its five metabolites (fenthion oxon, fenthion oxon sulfoxide, fenthion oxon sulfone, fenthion sulfoxide, and fenthion sulfone) was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Five matrices (brown rice, chili pepper, orange, potato, and soybean) were selected to validate the method. The target compounds were analyzed using positive electrospray ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. For the best sensitivity in regard to the detector response, water and methanol containing formic acid (0.1%) were selected as the mobile phase. The optimum extraction efficiency was obtained through a citrate-buffered QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. Recovery tests were carried out at three spiking levels (n = 3). At all fortification levels, the accuracy and precision results were between 70% and 120% with a relative standard deviation of ≤15%. The limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficients (r2) of the matrix-matched calibration curves were >0.99. Significant signal suppression in the detector responses were observed for all matrices, suggesting that a compensation method, such as matrix-matched calibration, is required to provide accurate quantitative results. The applicability of the presented method was confirmed for the simultaneous analysis of fenthion and its metabolites in various crops.
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Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. The effects of organophosphorus insecticides and heavy metals on DNA damage and programmed cell death in two plant models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:77-86. [PMID: 29729572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of pollutants, such as agrochemicals and heavy metals, constitute a serious risk to human health. To evaluate the induction of DNA damage and programmed cell death (PCD), root cells of Allium cepa and Vicia faba were treated with two organophosphate insecticides (OI), fenthion and malathion, and with two heavy metal (HM) salts, nickel nitrate and potassium dichromate. An alkaline variant of the comet assay was performed to identify DNA breaks; the results showed comets in a dose-dependent manner, while higher concentrations induced clouds following exposure to OIs and HMs. Similarly, treatments with higher concentrations of OIs and HMs were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and several structural characteristics of PCD were observed, including chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear shrinkage, condensation of the protoplast away from the cell wall, and nuclei fragmentation with apoptotic-like corpse formation. Abiotic stress also caused other features associated with PCD, such as an increase of active caspase-3-like protein, changes in the location of cytochrome C (Cyt C) toward the cytoplasm, and decreases in extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) expression. Genotoxicity results setting out an oxidative via of DNA damage and evidence the role of the high affinity of HM and OI by DNA molecule as underlying cause of genotoxic effect. The PCD features observed in root cells of A. cepa and V. faba suggest that PCD takes place through a process that involves ERK inactivation, culminating in Cyt C release and caspase-3-like activation. The sensitivity of both plant models to abiotic stress was clearly demonstrated, validating their role as good biosensors of DNA breakage and PCD induced by environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Maria C Risueño
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Fosu PO, Donkor A, Ziwu C, Dubey B, Kingsford-Adaboh R, Asante I, Nyarko S, Tawiah R, Nazzah N. Surveillance of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Accra Metropolis markets, Ghana, 2010-2012: a case study in Sub-Saharan Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17187-17205. [PMID: 28589271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of pesticide residues in food commodities of plant origin is part of the regular controls on food to safeguard consumer's health. This study reports for the first time in Ghana a 3-year (2010-2012) monitoring of pesticide contamination of fruits and vegetables and their health implications. A total of 3483 samples were purchased in notable markets within Accra Metropolis and analysed for pesticide residues, employing the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe analytical procedure. The results indicated that almost all the fruits and vegetables studied had residues above maximum residue limits (MRLs). The commodities with the greatest concentrations exceeding the European Union (EU) MRLs were long green beans (60.6%) and lettuce (57.1%) with watermelon (10%) and green pepper (8.6%) having the least. The relative occurrence of the pesticides was fenvalerate 11.3%, fenitrothion 5.6%, lambda-cyhalothrin 3.6%, dimethoate 3.2%, permethrin 2.7% and deltamethrin 2.2%. These results will serve as a baseline on which annual or other long-term studies could be compared with, thus emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring programmes to regulate trends of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables to safeguard the consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Osei Fosu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustine Donkor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Cephas Ziwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Brajesh Dubey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Management, Indian Institute Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Botany, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Nyarko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rose Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Noble Nazzah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Hu Y, Li CY, Wang XM, Yang YH, Zhu HL. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole: synthesis, reactions, and applications in medicinal, agricultural, and materials chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5572-610. [PMID: 24716666 DOI: 10.1021/cr400131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Juraske R, Sanjuán N. Life cycle toxicity assessment of pesticides used in integrated and organic production of oranges in the Comunidad Valenciana, Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:956-962. [PMID: 21075421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The relative impacts of 25 pesticides including acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and post-harvest fungicides, used in the production of oranges in Spain were assessed with current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) tools. Chemical specific concentrations were combined with pesticide emission data and information on chemical toxicity to assess human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. As a case study, the relative impacts of two orange production systems in the region of Valencia, integrated pest management (IP) and organic production (OP), were assessed. The evaluation of active ingredients showed that on average acaricides have the highest human toxicity impact scores, while for freshwater ecotoxicity insecticides show the highest impact. In both impact categories the lowest impact scores were calculated for herbicides. In the production of 1 kg of orange fruits, where several kinds of pesticides are combined, results show that post-harvest fungicides can contribute more than 95% to the aggregate human toxicity impacts. More than 85% of aquatic ecotoxicity is generated by fungicides applied before harvest. The potential to reduce impacts on freshwater ecosystems is seven orders of magnitude, while impacts on human health can be reduced by two orders of magnitude. Hence, this stresses the importance of a careful pre-selection of active ingredients. In both impact categories, organic production represents the least toxic pest-control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Juraske
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Switzerland.
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Navarro-Llopis V, Domínguez-Ruiz J, Zarzo M, Alfaro C, Primo J. Mediterranean fruit fly suppression using chemosterilants for area-wide integrated pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:511-519. [PMID: 20101608 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemosterilisation technique has been demonstrated to reduce the population and fruit damage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in citrus orchards. Field trials showed efficacy by reducing the fruit fly population, which was progressively achieved by continuous application of lufenuron to several generations. Different authors have suggested that field trials should be carried out in isolated or wide areas in order to reduce fruit fly intrusion and obtain best results. To this end, a wide-area trial over 3600 hectares has been under investigation in Valencia (Spain) since 2002 to validate the chemosterilisation technique against the fruit fly. The whole area was treated with 24 traps ha(-1), using more than 86,000 traps in the field trial. RESULTS A continuous decrease in fruit fly population was observed over the 4 years under trial. Moreover, results showed a significant reduction in persimmon damage in the chemosterilant treatment area compared with a malathion aerial treatment area. In the case of citrus damage, no significant differences were obtained between malathion and chemosterilant treatments. CONCLUSION The chemosterilant method reduces Mediterranean fruit fly populations, and therefore it is a candidate treatment to replace aerial treatments with insecticides in order to suppress this pest. In addition, the efficacy of chemosterilant treatment is increasing year after year. The possibility of using this technique combined with other control methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Navarro-Llopis
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain.
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Estimated daily intake of pesticides and xenoestrogenic exposure by fruit consumption in the female population from a Mediterranean country (Spain). Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Menard C, Heraud F, Nougadere A, Volatier JL, Leblanc JC. Relevance of integrating agricultural practices in pesticide dietary intake indicator. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3240-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mol HGJ, Rooseboom A, van Dam R, Roding M, Arondeus K, Sunarto S. Modification and re-validation of the ethyl acetate-based multi-residue method for pesticides in produce. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1715-54. [PMID: 17563885 PMCID: PMC2117333 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ethyl acetate-based multi-residue method for determination of pesticide residues in produce has been modified for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis by implementation of dispersive solid-phase extraction (using primary-secondary amine and graphitized carbon black) and large-volume (20 muL) injection. The same extract, before clean-up and after a change of solvent, was also analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). All aspects related to sample preparation were re-assessed with regard to ease and speed of the analysis. The principle of the extraction procedure (solvent, salt) was not changed, to avoid the possibility invalidating data acquired over past decades. The modifications were made with techniques currently commonly applied in routine laboratories, GC-MS and LC-MS-MS, in mind. The modified method enables processing (from homogenization until final extracts for both GC and LC) of 30 samples per eight hours per person. Limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.01 mg kg(-1) were achieved with both GC-MS (full-scan acquisition, 10 mg matrix equivalent injected) and LC-MS-MS (2 mg injected) for most of the pesticides. Validation data for 341 pesticides and degradation products are presented. A compilation of analytical quality-control data for pesticides routinely analyzed by GC-MS (135 compounds) and LC-MS-MS (136 compounds) in over 100 different matrices, obtained over a period of 15 months, are also presented and discussed. At the 0.05 mg kg(-1) level acceptable recoveries were obtained for 93% (GC-MS) and 92% (LC-MS-MS) of pesticide-matrix combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G J Mol
- Rikilt Institute of Food Safety, Pesticides and Contaminants, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Navarro-Llopis V, Sanchis J, Primo-Millo J, Primo-Yúfera E. Chemosterilants as control agents of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in field trials. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2007; 97:359-68. [PMID: 17645817 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485307005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lufenuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor, which is able to impede Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reproduction. In laboratory trials, following ingestion of lufenuron, the eggs laid by female Ceratitis capitata were prevented from hatching. In field trials in Valencia, Spain, lufenuron showed its effectiveness by reducing C. capitata wild populations and its continuous application to several generations of fruit fly resulted in increased pest control. This field trial was conducted in an isolated valley some 80 ha in size, over a continuous four-year period. In order to maintain the sterilizing effect in the field throughout the whole year, a new lufenuron bait gel was developed. This bait gel was introduced in to delta traps suspended in trees at a density of 24 traps ha-1, and these traps were replaced once a year during the field trial. Monitoring of the adult C. capitata population was conducted to assess the effects of the chemosterilant treatment. In the first year of treatment with sterilizing traps, a reduction of the C. capitata population was observed, indicating that the traps reduce the population right from the first generation. In the second, third and fourth years, a continuous and progressive reduction of the adult Mediterranean fruit fly population was observed. Therefore, the successive application of chemosterilization treatment has a cumulative effect on reducing the fly population year after year. Aerial treatment using malathion does not produce this cumulative effect, and consequently every year it is necessary to start again with the same number of flies as the year before. The possibility of using the chemosterilant method alone or combined with the sterile insect technique is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Navarro-Llopis
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Edificio 9B, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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