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Tini F, Covarelli L, Cowger C, Sulyok M, Benincasa P, Beccari G. Infection timing affects Fusarium poae colonization of bread wheat spikes and mycotoxin accumulation in the grain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6358-6372. [PMID: 35535556 PMCID: PMC9796436 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium poae is one of the most common Fusarium head blight (FHB) causal agents in wheat. This species can biosynthesize a wide range of mycotoxins, in particular nivalenol (NIV). In FHB epidemiology, infection timing is important for disease occurrence, kernel development, symptom appearance and mycotoxin accumulation in grain. The present study explored, both in a controlled environment and in a 2-year field plot experiment in Central Italy, the influence of five infection timings (from beginning of flowering to medium milk growth stage) on F. poae colonization and mycotoxin accumulation in bread wheat spikes (spring cv. A416 and winter cv. Ambrogio). RESULTS Both climate chamber and field experiments showed that early infection timings (from beginning of flowering to full flowering) especially favoured F. poae colonization and accumulation of its mycotoxins (particularly NIV) in grain. By contrast, later infection timings (watery ripe and medium milk) reduced F. poae development and mycotoxin levels. The time window of host susceptibility in the field was shorter than that observed under controlled conditions. Symptom expression in kernels also differed among infection timings. In general, F. poae biomass was higher in the chaff than in the grain. CONCLUSION These results enhance knowledge of a common member of the FHB complex worldwide, and could be useful in forecasting the risk of F. poae infection and mycotoxin contamination. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Christina Cowger
- United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service, Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State University27695RaleighUSA
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐MetabolomicsKonrad Lorenz Strasse 20, A‐3430TullnAustria
| | - Paolo Benincasa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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Karelov AV, Borzykh OI, Kozub NO, Sozinov IO, Yanse LA, Sozinova OI, Tkalenko HM, Mishchenko LT, Blume YB. Current Approaches to Identification of Fusarium Fungi Infecting Wheat. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721050030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Composition and Predominance of Fusarium Species Causing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat Grain Depending on Cultivar Susceptibility and Meteorological Factors. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040617. [PMID: 32344785 PMCID: PMC7232384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of wheat, causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of harvested grain. A complex of different toxigenic Fusarium species is responsible for FHB and the composition and predominance of species within the FHB complex are determined by meteorological and agronomic factors. In this study, grain of three different susceptible winter wheat cultivars from seven locations in northern Germany were analysed within a five-year survey from 2013 to 2017 by quantifying DNA amounts of different species within the Fusarium community as well as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) concentrations. Several Fusarium species co-occur in wheat grain samples in all years and cultivars. F. graminearum was the most prevalent species, followed by F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F. poae, while F. tricinctum and F. langsethiae played only a subordinate role in the FHB complex in terms of DNA amounts. In all cultivars, a comparable year-specific quantitative occurrence of the six detected species and mycotoxin concentrations were found, but with decreased DNA amounts and mycotoxin concentrations in the more tolerant cultivars, especially in years with higher disease pressure. In all years, similar percentages of DNA amounts of the six species to the total Fusarium DNA amount of all detected species were found between the three cultivars for each species, with F. graminearum being the most dominant species. Differences in DNA amounts and DON and ZEA concentrations between growing seasons depended mainly on moisture factors during flowering of wheat, while high precipitation and relative humidity were the crucial meteorological factors for infection of wheat grain by Fusarium. Highly positive correlations were found between the meteorological variables precipitation and relative humidity and DNA amounts of F. graminearum, DON and ZEA concentrations during flowering, whereas the corresponding correlations were much weaker several days before (heading) and after flowering (early and late milk stage).
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Ortega LM, Romero L, Moure C, Garmendia G, Ramírez Albuquerque D, Fernández Pinto V, Vero S, Alconada TM. Effect of moisture on wheat grains lipid patterns and infection with Fusarium graminearum. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 306:108264. [PMID: 31323448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Suitable conditions of temperature and humidity are required to maintain wheat grains quality, but during processing and storage, the grains can be exposed to adverse environmental conditions and presence of infectious fungi. Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight on wheat, affects crop yields and grain quality by alteration of their biochemical components and mycotoxin contamination, which reduces the possibilities of wheat end use and compromises food safety. Lipid degradation by hydrolytic, oxidative and microbial deterioration is the predominant cause of the loss of sensory acceptability, nutritional value and baking quality. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of adverse environmental conditions -as the increasing moisture - on lipid patterns of whole wheat flours contaminated with F. graminearum in relation to the infection degree. In vitro cultures of F. graminearum were carried out on wheat grains under different degrees of relative humidity (11, 50, 75 and 100%) throughout 45 days of incubation at 28 °C. The fungal biomass measured by q-PCR increased proportionally with the humidity. A decrease in the signals of saturated (palmitic and estearic) and unsaturated (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) fatty acids, analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by GC-MS, was observed in relation with the humidity and infection degree. The degradation rate of the lipids was high during the first 15 days of incubation, reaching the fatty acids content, values around 20-40% of those found in the control. From that moment on, the rate of degradation was slower or even null. It was observed that in all treatments, the linolenic acid reached the highest degradation ratio in comparison with the other fatty acids, which may be caused by the action of lipoxygenases. The lipase activity and the content of deoxynivalenol were also determinate on the flours. The lipase activity increased until day 25 of incubation reaching twice the initial value. The deoxynivalenol content also increased along incubation while fatty acids decreased. Our results demonstrated that the magnitude in the signal of fatty acids in whole wheat flours varied in relation to the degree of humidity and fungal infection of the grains from which they were obtained. Otherwise, lipids and their oxidation products are related with the pathogenesis and production of mycotoxins. These observations highlight the importance of an adequate manipulation of wheat grains on the processing chain to prevent quality changes and mycotoxins contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel M Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP; CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lilian Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), UNLP; CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Candela Moure
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP; CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Garmendia
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diana Ramírez Albuquerque
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Area Química y Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3°Piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Fernández Pinto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Area Química y Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3°Piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Vero
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Teresa M Alconada
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP; CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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Góral T, Wiśniewska H, Ochodzki P, Nielsen LK, Walentyn-Góral D, Stępień Ł. Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:E2. [PMID: 30577649 PMCID: PMC6357003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter wheat lines were evaluated for their reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in two field experiments. A mixture of two F. culmorum chemotypes was applied (3ADON-deoxynivalenol producing, NIV-nivalenol producing). Different types of resistance were evaluated, including head infection, kernel damage, Fusarium biomass content and trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV)) accumulation in grain. The aim of the study was to find relationships between different types of resistance. Head infection (FHB index) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) were visually scored. Fusarium biomass was analysed using real-time PCR. Trichothecenes B accumulation was analysed using gas chromatography. Wheat lines differ in their reaction to inoculation for all parameters describing FHB resistance. We found a wide variability of FHB indexes, FDK, and Fusarium biomass content. Both toxins were present. DON content was about 60% higher than NIV and variability of this proportion between lines was observed. Significant correlation was found between head infection symptoms and FDK. Head infection was correlated with F. culmorum biomass and NIV concentration in grain. No correlation was found between the FHB index and DON concentration. Similarly, FDK was not correlated with DON content, but it was with NIV content; however, the coefficients were higher than for the FHB index. Fusarium biomass amount was positively correlated with both toxins as well as with the FHB index and FDK. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the DON/NIV ratio in grain. In locations where less F. culmorum biomass was detected, the DON amount was higher than NIV, while in locations where more F. culmorum biomass was observed, NIV prevailed over DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Walentyn-Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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Effect of temperature on growth, wheat head infection, and nivalenol production by Fusarium poae. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Morcia C, Tumino G, Ghizzoni R, Badeck FW, Lattanzio VMT, Pascale M, Terzi V. Occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae and T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Italian Malting Barley. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E247. [PMID: 27556490 PMCID: PMC4999861 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 and HT-2 toxins are two of the most toxic members of type-A trichothecenes, produced by a number of Fusarium species. The occurrence of these mycotoxins was studied in barley samples during a survey carried out in the 2011-2014 growing seasons in climatically different regions in Italy. The percentage of samples found positive ranges from 22% to 53%, with values included between 26 and 787 μg/kg. The percentage of samples with a T-2 and HT-2 content above the EU indicative levels for barley of 200 μg/kg ranges from 2% to 19.6% in the 2011-2014 period. The fungal species responsible for the production of these toxins in 100% of positive samples has been identified as Fusarium langsethiae, a well-known producer of T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A positive correlation between the amount of F. langsethiae DNA and of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was found. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. langsethiae-and of its toxic metabolites T-2 and HT-2-in malting barley grown in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morcia
- Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Giorgio Tumino
- Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Roberta Ghizzoni
- Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Franz W Badeck
- Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Valeria Terzi
- Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy.
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Manstretta V, Morcia C, Terzi V, Rossi V. Germination of Fusarium graminearum Ascospores and Wheat Infection are Affected by Dry Periods and by Temperature and Humidity During Dry Periods. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:262-269. [PMID: 26623994 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-15-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on germination of Fusarium graminearum ascospores, and of dry periods (DP) of different lengths and of temperature and RH during DP on ascospore survival were studied both in vitro and in planta. Optimal temperatures for ascospore germination at 100% RH were 20 and 25°C; germination was ≤5% when ascospores were incubated at 20°C and RH ≤ 93.5%. Viable ascospores were found at all tested combinations of DP duration (0 to 48 h) × temperature (5 to 40°C) or RH (32.5 to 100% RH). Germination declined as DP duration and temperature increased. Germination was lower for ascospores kept at 65.5% RH during the DP than at 76.0, 32.5, or 93.5% RH. Equations were developed describing the relationships between ascospore germination, DP duration and temperature or RH during DP. Durum wheat spikes were inoculated with ascospores and kept dry for 0 to 48 h at approximately 15°C and 65% RH; plants were then kept in saturated atmosphere for 48 h to favor infection. Fungal biomass, measured as F. graminearum DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, declined as DP increased to 24 and 48 h at 3 and 9 days postinfection but not in spikes at maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manstretta
- First, second, and fourth authors: DI.PRO.VE.S. Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy; and second and third authors: CRA-GPG, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - C Morcia
- First, second, and fourth authors: DI.PRO.VE.S. Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy; and second and third authors: CRA-GPG, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - V Terzi
- First, second, and fourth authors: DI.PRO.VE.S. Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy; and second and third authors: CRA-GPG, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - V Rossi
- First, second, and fourth authors: DI.PRO.VE.S. Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy; and second and third authors: CRA-GPG, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
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Manstretta V, Rossi V. Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Development of Fusarium graminearum Perithecia in Maize Stalk Residues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:184-91. [PMID: 26475114 PMCID: PMC4702647 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02436-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant component of the Fusarium head blight complex of wheat. F. graminearum ascospores, which initiate head infection, mature in perithecia on crop residues and become airborne. The effects of temperature (T) and moisture on perithecium production and maturation and on ascospore production on maize stalk residues were determined. In the laboratory, perithecia were produced at temperatures between 5 and 30°C (the optimum was 21.7°C) but matured only at 20 and 25°C. Perithecia were produced when relative humidity (RH) was ≥75% but matured only when RH was ≥85%; perithecium production and maturation increased with RH. Equations describing perithecium production and maturation over time as a function of T and RH (R(2) > 0.96) were developed. Maize stalks were also placed outdoors on three substrates: a grass lawn exposed to rain; a constantly wet, spongelike foam exposed to rain; and a grass lawn protected from rain. No perithecia were produced on stalks protected from rain. Perithecium production and maturation were significantly higher on the constantly wet foam than on the intermittently wet lawn (both exposed to rain). Ascospore numbers but not their dispersal patterns were also affected by the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Manstretta
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Infantino A, Aureli G, Costa C, Taiti C, Antonucci F, Menesatti P, Pallottino F, De Felice S, D'Egidio M, Mancuso S. Potential application of PTR-TOFMS for the detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) in durum wheat. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nazari L, Pattori E, Terzi V, Morcia C, Rossi V. Influence of temperature on infection, growth, and mycotoxin production by Fusarium langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides in durum wheat. Food Microbiol 2014; 39:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Terzi V, Tumino G, Stanca AM, Morcia C. Reducing the incidence of cereal head infection and mycotoxins in small grain cereal species. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Morcia C, Rattotti E, Stanca AM, Tumino G, Rossi V, Ravaglia S, Germeier CU, Herrmann M, Polisenska I, Terzi V. Fusarium genetic traceability: Role for mycotoxin control in small grain cereals agro-food chains. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hallen-Adams HE, Wenner N, Kuldau GA, Trail F. Deoxynivalenol biosynthesis-related gene expression during wheat kernel colonization by Fusarium graminearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:1091-6. [PMID: 21521001 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-11-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin and virulence factor produced by Fusarium graminearum. We examined the expression of the core DON biosynthetic gene Tri5 during wheat head infection of susceptible and resistant cultivars and susceptible cultivars treated with strobilurin fungicides (e.g., azoxystrobin). DON was quantified to correlate expression with toxin accumulation. The highest Tri5 expression relative to housekeeping genes occurred at the infection front. As infection progressed, earliest-infected kernels showed diminished relative Tri5 expression but Tri5 expression never ceased during the 21 days observed. Azoxystrobin treatment showed no significant effect on either relative Tri5 expression or DON quantity. The resistant cultivar 'Alsen' showed minimal spread of the fungus, with no fungus detected by day 21. DON was not detected in significant quantities in Alsen in the later stages sampled. In Wheaten, DON levels were negligible at 8 days postinoculation (dpi), with detectable DON at later-sampled time points. Tri5 was detected even in fully senesced kernels 21 dpi. Our data demonstrate the presence of Tri5 transcripts in a susceptible cultivar over a much longer time period than has been previously documented. This suggests the ability of the fungus to rapidly resume toxin biosynthesis in dried infected grain should conducive environmental conditions be present, and provides a possible mechanism for high DON levels in asymptomatic grain.
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Yin Y, Liu X, Ma Z. Simultaneous detection of Fusarium asiaticum and Fusarium graminearum in wheat seeds using a real-time PCR method. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:680-6. [PMID: 19413810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a PCR-based method for quantitative detection of Fusarium asiaticum (Fa) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) in wheat seeds. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on the sequences of the cyp51A gene, two primer pairs FaF + FaR and FgF + FgR were developed for the species-specific detection of Fa and Fg, respectively. To simultaneously detect these two phylogenetic species, a pair of primers FgaF + FgaR was developed based on the first and the second introns of beta-tubulin gene. This primer pair amplified a 228-bp fragment only from Fa and Fg isolates, but not from 22 other Fusarium spp. and 13 other fungal species. A real-time PCR with this primer pair was able to quantify minute amounts of Fa and Fg DNA in wheat seeds rapidly. CONCLUSIONS PCR primers designed based on the sequence of cyp51A or intron region of beta-tubulin gene could allow differentiation of genetically related fungal species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The sensitive and quantitative detection method can be readily used in epidemiological studies and in assessing risk of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in wheat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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