1
|
Cockrell J, Valitutto M, Hope K, Dickson P, Kraemer J. Salivary Gland Adenoma in a North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 35:440-444. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
2
|
Schunk RSK, Sitinas NE, Quesenberry KE, Grodio JL. Multicentric Cryptococcosis in a Congo African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus). J Avian Med Surg 2017; 31:373-381. [DOI: 10.1647/2017-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
3
|
Maccolini ÉO, Dufresne PJ, Aschenbroich SA, McHale B, Fairbrother JH, Bédard C, Hébert JA. A DisseminatedCryptococcus gattiiVGIIa Infection in a Citron-Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata) in Québec, Canada. J Avian Med Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1647/2016-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
4
|
Samanta I, Bandyopadhyay S. Infectious Diseases. PET BIRD DISEASES AND CARE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121861 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chapter describes bacerial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections commonly detected in pet birds. The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Johnston SA, Voelz K, May RC. Cryptococcus neoformans Thermotolerance to Avian Body Temperature Is Sufficient For Extracellular Growth But Not Intracellular Survival In Macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20977. [PMID: 26883088 PMCID: PMC4756366 DOI: 10.1038/srep20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fatal fungal pathogen of humans that efficiently parasitises macrophages. Birds can be colonised by cryptococci and can transmit cryptococcosis to humans via inhalation of inoculated bird excreta. However, colonisation of birds appears to occur in the absence of symptomatic infection. Here, using a pure population of primary bird macrophages, we demonstrate a mechanism for this relationship. We find that bird macrophages are able to suppress the growth of cryptococci seen in mammalian cells despite C. neoformans being able to grow at bird body temperature, and are able to escape from bird macrophages by vomocytosis. A small subset of cryptococci are able to adapt to the inhibitory intracellular environment of bird macrophages, exhibiting a large cell phenotype that rescues growth suppression. Thus, restriction of intracellular growth combined with survival at bird body temperature explains the ability of birds to efficiently spread C. neoformans in the environment whilst avoiding systemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
Mischnik A, Stockklausner J, Hohneder N, Jensen HE, Zimmermann S, Reuss DE, Rickerts V, Tintelnot K, Stockklausner C. First case of disseminated cryptococcosis in aGorilla gorilla. Mycoses 2014; 57:664-71. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mischnik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | | | | | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| | - David E. Reuss
- Department of Neuropathology; Institute of Pathology; Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | | | | | - Clemens Stockklausner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology; Heidelberg University Hospital; Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This paper is a review of cryptococcosis in domestic animals. Cryptococcosis is an uncommon mycosis in domestic animals and its occurrence is sporadic. The disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, although Cryptococcus gattii has been also isolated from different animal species. Although cryptococcosis has been reported in several animal species, the most frequently affected domestic animal is the cat. The present paper deals with feline and canine cryptococcosis, its common clinical signs and the different clinical forms of the disease in these species. The diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcosis is also discussed. Diagnosis usually includes cytologic examination, capsular antigen detection and culture and identification of the Cryptococcus species. The management of criptococcosis will review the most common therapeutic agents and their role in therapy. Finally, we will address the situation of cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Spain and the role of cryptococcosis as a zoonotic disease and its public health importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Castellá
- Grup de Micologia Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i d' Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Colom MF, Frasés S, Ferrer C, Jover A, Andreu M, Reus S, Sánchez M, Torres-Rodríguez JM. First case of human cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3548-50. [PMID: 16000503 PMCID: PMC1169187 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.7.3548-3550.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of human cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii described in our country, which was presented as brain cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient. An extensive sampling of the patient's environment was carried out to find the source of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Francisca Colom
- División de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Campisi E, Mancianti F, Pini G, Faggi E, Gargani G. Investigation in Central Italy of the possible association between Cryptococcus neoformans var. Gattii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Eur J Epidemiol 2003; 18:357-62. [PMID: 12803377 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023652920595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors present a worldwide review of isolations of Cryptococcus neoformans, var. neoformans and C. neoformans var. gattii from animals and vegetation, referring in particular to the already well-known association of the former variety with Eucalyptus camaldulensis. They then review the Italian situation relative to this association and their studies carried out in Central Italy: in Latina (Lazio), Pisa, Viareggio and Lake Massaciuccoli (Tuscany). From the 256 E. camaldulensis trees examined C. neoformans var. gattii was not isolated. An E. camaldulensis tree situated in the nature reserve on Lake Massaciuccoli proved to be positive for C. neoformans var. neoformans. This variety was isolated from the leaves, flowers, bark and the debris at the foot of the tree, suggesting that it had colonized the entire tree and that it was capable of developing not only on its usual habitat (bird guano, soil rich with guano) but also on Eucalyptus trees. The identity of the isolates was confirmed by their genomic profiles obtained by random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with the primer (GACA)4. The presence of a single genotype indicates a sole source of contamination, perhaps brought by a bird coming from a contaminated environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Campisi
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology Unit, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 48, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Malik R, Krockenberger MB, Cross G, Doneley R, Madill DN, Black D, McWhirter P, Rozenwax A, Rose K, Alley M, Forshaw D, Russell-Brown I, Johnstone AC, Martin P, O'Brien CR, Love DN. Avian cryptococcosis. Med Mycol 2003; 41:115-24. [PMID: 12964843 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.41.2.115.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and laboratory findings in 15 unreported cases of avian cryptococcosis from Australia were collated and contrasted with 11 cases recorded in the literature. Cryptococcus species produced localized invasive disease of the upper respiratory tract of captive parrots living in Australia. This resulted in signs referable to mycotic rhinitis or to involvement of structures contiguous with the nasal cavity, such as the beak, sinuses, choana, retrobulbar space and palate. Parrots of widely differing ages were affected and of the seven birds for which sex was determinable, six were male. Cryptococcus bacillisporus (formerly C. neoformans var. gattii) accounted for four of five infections in which the species or variety was determinable, suggesting that exposure to eucalyptus material may be a predisposing factor. In these cases, Cryptococcus appeared to behave as a primary pathogen of immunocompetent hosts. One tissue specimen was available from an Australian racing pigeon with minimally invasive subcutaneous disease; immunohistology demonstrated a C. neoformans var. grubii (formerly C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype A) infection, presumably subsequent to traumatic inoculation of yeast cells into the subcutis. Two similar cases had been reported previously in pigeons domiciled in America. Data for parrots, one pigeon and other birds studied principally in America and Europe (and likely infected with C. neoformans) suggested a different pattern of disease, more suggestive of opportunistic infection of immunodeficient hosts. In this cohort of patients, the organism was not restricted to cool superficial sites such as the upper respiratory tract or subcutis. Instead, infections typically penetrated the lower respiratory tract or disseminated widely to a variety of internal organs. Finally, three captive North Island brown kiwis, one residing in Australia, the other two in New Zealand, died as a result of severe diffuse cryptococcal pneumonia (two cases) or widely disseminated disease (one case). C. bacillisporus strains were isolated from all three cases, as reported previously for another kiwi with disseminated disease in New Zealand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- University Veterinary Centre and Diagnostic Services Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- M R Alley
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
RAIDAL SHANER, BUTLER RAY. Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Rhamphothecal Destruction in a Major Mitchell's Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri) due toCryptococcus neoformansvargattii. J Avian Med Surg 2001. [DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0121:crardi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Juan-Sallés C, Marco A, Domingo M. Intestinal cryptococcosis in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Med Primatol 1998; 27:298-302. [PMID: 10203010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A five-year-old female common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) died after a one-month clinical course of nonspecific signs. Pathologic findings were acute diffuse fibrinonecrotizing enteritis and granulomatous endolymphangitis of intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Both lesions were associated with a marked proliferation of Mayer's mucicarmine-positive, 4 to 15 microm yeasts that were surrounded by a wide clear halo. The infection was probably acquired by oral route. Other findings included moderate multifocal granulomatous and necrotizing hepatitis and mesangial nephropathy. Although the immunological status of this marmoset was unknown, cryptococcosis might induce primary lethal intestinal infections in callitrichids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Juan-Sallés
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baró T, Torres-Rodríguez JM, De Mendoza MH, Morera Y, Alía C. First identification of autochthonous Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isloated from goats with predominantly severe pulmonary disease in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:458-61. [PMID: 9466758 PMCID: PMC104559 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.2.458-461.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is associated with Eucalyptus trees growing in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The identification of 13 autochthonous strains of C. neoformans var. gattii in Spain is reported. These strains were isolated from lung (10 samples), liver (1 sample), and brain (2 samples) tissue specimens from six goats suffering from predominantly severe pulmonary disease that were autopsied. The animals were members of five different herds of goats grazing in rural areas of the province of Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain). Between 1990 and 1994, there were five outbreaks, in which between 2.5 and 12% of the goats were affected. Although respiratory symptoms (pneumonia) associated with cachexia were the predominant clinical picture in all outbreaks, brain and liver involvement was also documented in three of the five outbreaks. Biotyping was performed by culturing the isolates on L-canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue medium and testing them for the assimilation of D-proline and D-tryptophan. Serotyping by agglutination tests confirmed the characterization of all strains as C. neoformans var. gattii serotype B. This is the first confirmation of the presence of this variety in Spain, with a peculiar ability to produce severe pulmonary and systemic disease in normal goats, particularly in the form of outbreaks of pneumonia in association with cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Baró
- Clinical and Experimental Mycology Research Group, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|