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Neves AP, Rosa ACS, Larentis AL, da Silva Rodrigues Vidal PJ, Gonçalves ES, Geraldino BR, da Silveira GR, de Carvalho LVB, Alves SR. A state-of-the-science review of analytical methods for urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: From 2000 to 2022. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5746. [PMID: 37723598 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas. This paper aims to conduct an integrative review of the most used analytical methods for identifying and quantifying dialkylphosphate-which are metabolites of organophosphate insecticides-in the urine of exposed workers, discussing their advantages, limitations and applicability. Searches utilized the PubMed, the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations databases between 2000 and 2021. Twenty-five studies were selected. The extraction methods most used were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (36%) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) (36%), with the SPE being more economical in terms of time and amount of solvents needed, and presenting the best percentage of recovery of analytes, when compared with LLE. Nineteen studies (76%) used the gas chromatography method of separation, and among these, 12 records (63%) indicated mass spectrometry used as a detection technology (analyzer). Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neves
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões Rosa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute-Department of Health, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- General Superintendence of Scientific and Technical Police/Rio de Janeiro State Civil Police Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bastiaensen M, Van den Eede N, Su G, Letcher RJ, Stapleton HM, Covaci A. Towards establishing indicative values for metabolites of organophosphate ester contaminants in human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124348. [PMID: 31326757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, nine laboratories from Belgium, USA, Canada, China, and Australia participated in an interlaboratory exercise to quantify metabolites of organophosphate ester (OPE) contaminants in pooled human urine. Pooled human urine available as SRM 3673 (Organic contaminants in non-smokers' urine) was obtained from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology and was analyzed for its content of OPE metabolites. Each participating laboratory received 10 mL sample and used its own validated method and standards to report the concentrations of the OPE metabolites of its choice. Four OPE metabolites were consistently measured by most laboratories and they were the following diesters: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP). Concentrations of other OPE metabolites in SRM 3673 were also reported but are only considered as informative values since they were measured by three laboratories at most. All laboratories used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with or without solid-phase extraction (SPE). This is the first study to report indicative values for OPE metabolites in a human urine Standard Reference Material. It is expected that these indicative values obtained for these four metabolites will be used as quality control to ensure compatibility of results in biomonitoring studies and by other researchers who validate their own methods for the quantification of OPE metabolites in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yuan G, Zhang R, Chen X, Wang B, Guo R. A simple and economical method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the presence of 6 pesticides in human plasma and its clinical application in patients with acute poisoning. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:201-207. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Xuwang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Benjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ruichen Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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Prapamontol T, Sutan K, Laoyang S, Hongsibsong S, Lee G, Yano Y, Hunter RE, Ryan PB, Barr DB, Panuwet P. Cross validation of gas chromatography-flame photometric detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for measuring dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in human urine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:554-66. [PMID: 24280209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report two analytical methods for the measurement of dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in human urine. These methods were independently developed/modified and implemented in two separate laboratories and cross validated. The aim was to develop simple, cost effective, and reliable methods that could use available resources and sample matrices in Thailand and the United States. While several methods already exist, we found that direct application of these methods required modification of sample preparation and chromatographic conditions to render accurate, reliable data. The problems encountered with existing methods were attributable to urinary matrix interferences, and differences in the pH of urine samples and reagents used during the extraction and derivatization processes. Thus, we provide information on key parameters that require attention during method modification and execution that affect the ruggedness of the methods. The methods presented here employ gas chromatography (GC) coupled with either flame photometric detection (FPD) or electron impact ionization-mass spectrometry (EI-MS) with isotopic dilution quantification. The limits of detection were reported from 0.10ng/mL urine to 2.5ng/mL urine (for GC-FPD), while the limits of quantification were reported from 0.25ng/mL urine to 2.5ng/mL urine (for GC-MS), for all six common DAP metabolites (i.e., dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate, and diethyldithiophosphate). Each method showed a relative recovery range of 94-119% (for GC-FPD) and 92-103% (for GC-MS), and relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 20%. Cross-validation was performed on the same set of urine samples (n=46) collected from pregnant women residing in the agricultural areas of northern Thailand. The results from split sample analysis from both laboratories agreed well for each metabolite, suggesting that each method can produce comparable data. In addition, results from analyses of specimens from the German External Quality Assessment Scheme (G-EQUAS) suggested that the GC-FPD method produced accurate results that can be reasonably compared to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Kunrunya Sutan
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Sompong Laoyang
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Yukiko Yano
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Ronald Elton Hunter
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA.
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