1
|
Forcada S, Menéndez Miranda M, Stevens F, Royo LJ, Fernández Pierna JA, Baeten V, Soldado A. Industrial impact on sustainable dairy farms: Essential elements, hazardous metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in forage and cow's milk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20977. [PMID: 37886788 PMCID: PMC10597811 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable dairy farms are characterised by the self-production of forage for animal feed. These farms are sometimes located near industrial areas, entailing a risk of food chain contamination with hazardous metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Accordingly, evaluating the impact of pollution on forage and milk is of great interest. In this study, the effects of industrial factors on sustainable forage from 43 dairy farms and possible correlations between inorganic elements and PAHs were studied. Spearman's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the forage and milk. Most of the inorganic elements in the forage were below the maximum residual limits for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), established in EU 2013/1275 and EU 2019/1869, respectively. However, arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) levels were above their respective limits in the forage (EU 2019/1869). No milk samples exceeded the maximum residual limits for Pb (EU 488/2014) or Cd (EU 1881/2006) in dairy products. Heavy-weight PAHs (HW-PAHs, four or more aromatic rings) were detected in forage but not in milk. In the forage samples, HW-PAHs were positively correlated with Zn and Cd. In addition, some hazardous metals (chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), As, Hg, and Pb) also were positively correlated with Zn and Cd. Interestingly, no correlations were found between forage pollutants and milk, suggesting that these pollutants have a low transfer rate to milk. The PCA results highlighted the predominant contribution of PAHs to the global variance in forage samples collected at different distances from industrial areas. In milk, the contributions of hazardous metals and PAHs were more balanced than in forages. Finally, when distances to potential pollution sources were included in the PCA of forage samples, a negative correlation was observed between the former and the concentrations of HW-PAHs, Cd, and Zn, suggesting that thermal power plants and steel factory emissions were the main sources of polluting forage in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Forcada
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), PO Box 13, 33300, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mario Menéndez Miranda
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), PO Box 13, 33300, Asturias, Spain
| | - François Stevens
- Department of Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Luis J. Royo
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), PO Box 13, 33300, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Fernández Pierna
- Department of Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Department of Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Chaussée de Namur 24, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ana Soldado
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Forcada S, Menéndez-Miranda M, Boente C, Rodríguez Gallego JL, Costa-Fernández JM, Royo LJ, Soldado A. Impact of Potentially Toxic Compounds in Cow Milk: How Industrial Activities Affect Animal Primary Productions. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081718. [PMID: 37107514 PMCID: PMC10138093 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) frequently coexist in soils near industrial areas and sometimes in environmental compartments directly linked to feed (forage) and food (milk) production. However, the distribution of these pollutants along the dairy farm production chain is unclear. Here, we analyzed soil, forage, and milk samples from 16 livestock farms in Spain: several PTEs and PAHs were quantified. Farms were compared in terms of whether they were close to (<5 km) or far away from (>5 km) industrial areas. The results showed that PTEs and PAHs were enriched in the soils and forages from farms close to industrial areas, but not in the milk. In the soil, the maximum concentrations of PTEs reached 141, 46.1, 3.67, 6.11, and 138 mg kg-1 for chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, respectively, while fluoranthene (172.8 µg kg-1) and benzo(b)fluoranthene (177.4 µg kg-1) were the most abundant PAHs. Principal component analysis of the soil PTEs suggested common pollution sources for iron, arsenic, and lead. In the forage, the maximum contents of chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were 32.8, 7.87, 1.31, 0.47, and 7.85 mg kg-1, respectively. The PAH found in the highest concentration in the feed forage was pyrene (120 µg kg-1). In the milk, the maximum PTE levels were much lower than in the soil or the feed forages: 74.1, 16.1, 0.12, 0.28, and 2.7 µg kg-1 for chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, respectively. Neither of the two milk samples exceeded the 20 µg kg-1 limit for lead set in EU 1881/2006. Pyrene was the most abundant PAH found in the milk (39.4 µg kg-1), while high molecular weight PAHs were not detected. For PTEs, the results showed that soil-forage transfer factors were higher than forage-milk ratios. Our results suggest that soils and forages around farms near industries, as well as the milk produced from those farms, have generally low levels of PTE and PAH contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Forcada
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), P.O. Box 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mario Menéndez-Miranda
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), P.O. Box 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Carlos Boente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, CIQSO-Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071 Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez Gallego
- Environmental Biogeochemistry & Raw Materials Group and INDUROT, Campus de Mieres, University of Oviedo, C/Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - José M Costa-Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis J Royo
- Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), P.O. Box 13, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Genetics, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Soldado
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shoaei F, Talebi-Ghane E, Amirsadeghi S, Mehri F. The investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk and its products: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
4
|
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hasan GMMA, Shaikh MAA, Satter MA, Hossain MS. Detection of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (I-PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow milk from selected areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh and potential human health risks assessment. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1514-1522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
6
|
Yan K, Wu S, Gong G, Xin L, Ge Y. Simultaneous Determination of Typical Chlorinated, Oxygenated, and European Union Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk Samples and Milk Powders. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3923-3931. [PMID: 33780239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have suggested that PAH contamination in dairy products demands high concern. This study established an efficient determination method for the European Union 15 + 1 PAHs and four PAH derivatives in dairy samples using a QuEChERS method coupled with GC-QqQ-MS. The optimized method obtained a recovery of 63.38-109.17% with a precision of 3.82-15.62%, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.08-0.78 and 0.27-2.59 μg/kg, respectively. The validated method was then successfully applied to identify the 20 PAHs in 82 dairy samples, including 43 commercial milk samples and 39 milk powders. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.37 to 11.83 μg/kg, and benzo[a]pyrene was only quantified in one milk and one milk powder sample at 0.35 and 0.42 μg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of PAH4 in milk samples and milk powders were not quantified (nq)-3.99 and nq-4.51 μg/kg, respectively. The results confirmed the appreciable occurrence of PAHs in dairy products, especially in infant formula. The data in this study provide a scientific basis for assessment on origin tracing, dietary exposure, and health risk of PAHs and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyi Gong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Le Xin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuxing Ge
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kiani A, Ahmadloo M, Moazzen M, Shariatifar N, Shahsavari S, Arabameri M, Hasani MM, Azari A, Abdel‐Wahhab MA. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and probabilistic health risk assessment in yogurt and butter in Iran. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2114-2128. [PMID: 33841828 PMCID: PMC8020939 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels and health risk of yogurt and butter samples collected from Tehran using MSPE/GC-MS (magnetic solid-phase extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The results revealed that the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were ranged from 0.040 to 0.060 and 0.121 to 0.181 μg/kg, respectively; with recoveries ranged from 86.1% to 100.3%. The highest mean of total PAHs was higher in butter (6.87 ± 1.21 μg/kg) than in yogurt (3.82 ± 0.54 μg/kg). The level of benzo (a)pyrene in all samples was lower than of standard levels of the European Union (EU). The highest value of all PAHs in samples was recorded in the winter season and also in the expiration date. The percentile 95% of the total hazard quotient (THQ) due to the consumption of yogurt and butter recorded 1.33E-02 and 3.69E-04 in adults and 6.12E-02 and 1.75E-03 in children, respectively. The percentile of 95% incremental lifetime of cancer risk (ILCR) due to the ingestion of yogurt and butter recorded 1.17E-06 and 2.02E-08 for adults and 5.51E-06 and 9.46E-08 for children, respectively. The rank order of 7 PAHs in adult and children based on P95% Hazard Quotient (HQ) in all samples was benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) > pyrene (P) > fluorene (F) > fluoranthene (Fl) > acenaphthylene (Ace) > anthracene (A) > naphthalene (NA). According to the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method, health-risk assessment showed that children and adults are not at significant health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kiani
- Department of Public HealthSchool of Public HealthFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Mahsa Ahmadloo
- Department of Food Safety and HygieneSchool of Public HealthQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringSchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringSchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeed Shahsavari
- Health Products Safety Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (salt)Semnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hasani
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringFaculty of HealthTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ali Azari
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringFaculty of HealthKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Y, Yan K, Wu S, Gong G. Occurrence, spatial distribution and impact factors of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milks from nine countries. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and milk powder samples and their likely risk assessment in Iranian population. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Distribution and Health Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Egyptian Milk and Dairy-Based Products. BEVERAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a market-basket study conducted in Cairo, Egypt, the most commonly consumed milk products were sampled and the contents of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector. The obtained data showed that the total amount of 13 PAHs was within the range of 1.3–8.2 µg/g. The results proved that the, highest mean levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in powdered milk (8.2 μg/g) followed by ultra-heat treatment milk and milk beverages (6.07 μg/g). The lowest level was detected in unsmoked cheese and yogurt (1.3 μg/g). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was used to estimate the carcinogenic risk. The total mean estimated daily intake for children in different age categories (1–10 years) was calculated with respect to benzo[a]pyrene, which ranged from 0.058 to 0.31 mg/day. The total mean value of EDI for the sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs in terms of benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 0.61 to 1.22 mg/day in all age categories. These results were higher than the critical limit set by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, there should be concerns regarding the effects of the consumption of different milk products on the local population.
Collapse
|
11
|
Quantification techniques for important environmental contaminants in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
12
|
García Londoño VA, Reynoso CM, Resnik S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk powders marketed in Uruguay. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:284-291. [PMID: 28659018 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1349191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence in forty-four samples of milk powder, marketed in Uruguay, was determined. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied with fluorescence detector (FLD) and UV-VIS diodes array detector (DAD). Milk powder was fortified with PAHs at three levels producing average recovery higher than 78.6% for all levels. The highest concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 2.85 μg kg-1 in milk powder. Contamination of samples expressed as the sum of 16 analysed PAHs varied between 5.77 and 427.28 μg kg-1 and as PAH4 (BaP, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) was between below LOD and 11.54 μg kg-1. Only one sample exceeded the maximum limit for BaP, but 84% of the commercial milk powders did not comply with the European Union maximum limit for PAH4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Alonso García Londoño
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,c Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján , Argentina
| | - Cora Marcela Reynoso
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvia Resnik
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Orgánica e Industrias , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina.,c Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedictina de la Cruz , Luján , Argentina.,d Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , La Plata , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|