1
|
Nahum M, Sinvani RT, Afek A, Ben Avraham R, Jordan JT, Ben Shachar MS, Ben Yehuda A, Berezin Cohen N, Davidov A, Gilboa Y. Inhibitory control and mood in relation to psychological resilience: an ecological momentary assessment study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13151. [PMID: 37573400 PMCID: PMC10423230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological resilience, the ability to adapt to adversity, is theorized to rely on intact inhibitory control (IC) mechanisms, which underlie one's ability to maintain goal-directed behavior by inhibiting prepotent responses. However, no study to date has explored daily fluctuations of IC performance in relation to resilience. Here, we examined the association between IC and mood measured daily in relation to psychological resilience in young adults in a stressful situation. Baseline resilience was obtained from 144 female and male soldiers during their basic combat training. Then, participants completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol, in which they reported their momentary mood and completed a short IC assessment twice/day for 2 weeks. A hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that psychological resilience moderated the relationship between momentary IC and momentary mood, such that better IC was associated with better mood only for those with higher, but not lower, self-reported psychological resilience at baseline. These results show that psychological resilience is manifested in the everyday association between IC and mood. Furthermore, they lend important support to cognitive models of resilience and may have significant contribution to our understanding of resilient behavior in real life.Trial Registration: MOH_2018-0-13_002451.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mor Nahum
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Rachel-Tzofia Sinvani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Afek
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rina Ben Avraham
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua T Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | | | - Ariel Ben Yehuda
- Department of Health and Well-Being, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Ramat Gan, Israel
- "Shalvata" Mental Health Center, "Clalit" Health Services, Hod-Hasharon, Israel
| | - Noa Berezin Cohen
- Department of Health and Well-Being, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alex Davidov
- Mental Health Section, Medical Services Center, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yafit Gilboa
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hung S, Wu D, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Stronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12340. [PMID: 36187196 PMCID: PMC9489163 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health. Methods We measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in cognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high risk) Aβ42/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-naming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task. Results We found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants. Discussion These findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early pathological aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Min Hung
- Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA,Faculty of Science and EngineeringWaseda UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Daw‐An Wu
- Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shinsuke Shimojo
- Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA,Computation and Neural SystemsCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bell TR, Hill NL, Bhargava S, Mogle J. Parental dementia and subjective memory impairment in the health and retirement study. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:992-1000. [PMID: 33855905 PMCID: PMC8517028 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1910790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine relationships between subjective memory impairment (SMI) and parental dementia among in older adults while considering the interactive influence of depressive symptoms, ethnicity, and race. METHOD The sample was drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of aging (n = 3,809; Mage = 66.09; SD = 1.88; 84.20% White; 12.23% Black; 7.88% Hispanic). Biennial assessments included two measures of SMI (current memory problems and perceived memory decline), depressive symptoms, and parental dementia, over periods of up to sixteen years. Multilevel modeling analyses examined longitudinal relationships between parental dementia and SMI and whether depressive symptoms, ethnicity, and race interactively influenced this association. RESULTS Results showed that when older adults reported parental dementia, they were more likely to report a decline in memory in the past two years. They also reported poorer current memory problems, especially when they experienced increased depressive symptoms. Associations of parental dementia were consistent across ethnicity and race. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate the importance of considering parental dementia as a factor that may contribute to SMI in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92122
| | - Nikki L. Hill
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Sakshi Bhargava
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crawford JL, English T, Braver TS. Incorporating ecological momentary assessment into multimethod investigations of cognitive aging: Promise and practical considerations. Psychol Aging 2022; 37:84-96. [PMID: 35113616 PMCID: PMC8860503 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) represents a promising approach to study cognitive aging. In contrast to laboratory-based studies, EMA involves the repeated sampling of experiences in daily life contexts, enabling investigators to gain access to dynamic processes (e.g., situational contexts, intraindividual variability) that are likely to strongly contribute to aging and age-related change across the adult life-span. As such, EMA approaches complement the prevailing research methods in the field of cognitive aging (e.g., laboratory-based paradigms, neuroimaging), while also providing the opportunity to replicate and extend findings from the laboratory in more naturalistic contexts. Following an overview of the methodological and conceptual strengths of EMA approaches in cognitive aging research, we discuss best practices for researchers interested in implementing EMA studies. A key goal is to highlight the tremendous potential for combining EMA methods with other laboratory-based approaches, in order to increase the robustness, replicability, and real-world implications of research findings in the field of cognitive aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roye S, Linck JF, Hoffmeister J, Copeland CT. OUP accepted manuscript. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:1555-1563. [PMID: 35596956 PMCID: PMC9582161 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention, inhibition, and processing speed are related to functional decline among older adults. This study attempts to clarify the relationships between these cognitive factors and adaptive functioning. Method We examined relationships between attention, inhibition, and processing speed, with scores on the Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), a performance-based measure of daily functioning, in a mixed clinical sample of 530 older adults who were referred for an outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Results The current study used a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to derive a three-factor cognitive model consisting of attention, inhibition, and processing speed. Results from a hierarchical regression, which included factor scores from the CFA, revealed that processing speed was the only significant predictor of TFLS performance when all three cognitive factors were included within a single model. Conclusion These results highlight the influence of processing speed as an important indicator of functional decline among a clinical population of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Roye
- Corresponding author at: Neuropsychology Services, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Tel.: (405) 271-4468; Fax: (405) 271-8802. E-mail address: (Scott Roye)
| | - John F Linck
- Neuropsychology Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan Hoffmeister
- Neuropsychology Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Christopher T Copeland
- Neuropsychology Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Small BJ, Jim HSL, Eisel SL, Jacobsen PB, Scott SB. Cognitive performance of breast cancer survivors in daily life: Role of fatigue and depressed mood. Psychooncology 2019; 28:2174-2180. [PMID: 31418499 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer and its treatment are associated with long-term cognitive deficits. However, most studies of cancer patients have used traditional, office-based cognitive evaluations instead of assessing patients in their daily lives. Recent research in cognitive aging suggests that variability in performance may be a sensitive indicator of cognitive decline. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we examined cognitive variability among breast cancer survivors and evaluated whether ratings of fatigue and depressed mood were associated with cognition. METHODS Participants were 47 women (M age = 53.3 years) who completed treatment for early stage breast cancer 6 to 36 months previously. Smartphones were preloaded with cognitive tests measuring processing speed, executive functioning, and memory, as well as rating scales for fatigue and depressed mood. Participants were prompted five times per day over a 14-day period to complete EMA cognitive tasks and fatigue and depressed mood ratings. RESULTS Cognitive variability was observed across all three EMA cognitive tasks. Processing speed responses were slower at times that women rated themselves as more fatigued than their average (P < .001). Ratings of depressed mood were not associated with cognition. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report cognitive variability in the daily lives of women treated for breast cancer. Performance was worse on a measure of processing speed at times when a woman rated her fatigue as greater than her own average. The ability to identify moments when cognition is most vulnerable may allow for personalized interventions to be applied at times when they are most needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Florida.,Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Heather S L Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah L Eisel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Florida.,Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Paul B Jacobsen
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stacey B Scott
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seifert A, Hofer M, Allemand M. Mobile Data Collection: Smart, but Not (Yet) Smart Enough. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:971. [PMID: 30618590 PMCID: PMC6305304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seifert
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hofer
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Allemand
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turner SL, Berg CA, Butner JE, Wiebe DJ. Attention Problems as a Predictor of Type 1 Diabetes Adherence and Metabolic Control Across Adolescence. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:72-82. [PMID: 28505321 PMCID: PMC5896588 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Management of type 1 diabetes is a difficult self-regulatory process requiring continued attention to complex regimen tasks. The purpose of this study was to examine whether youths' attention problems were associated with poorer adherence and HbA1c across time, and whether higher parental involvement reduced these associations. Methods Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (N = 199, M age = 12.43 years, SD = 1.50) and their mothers rated youths' attention problems and adherence at three time points. Adolescents rated parents' diabetes-specific monitoring and behavioral involvement. HbA1c was collected from medical records. Results Adolescents' (but not mothers') greater reports of attention problems compared with their average related to lower adherence across time. Adolescents' (but not mothers') reports of greater attention problems compared with their average related to lower adherence across time. Conclusions Youth attention problems may help us understand poor adherence, and interventions to promote parental involvement may buffer this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deborah J Wiebe
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roldán-Tapia MD, Cánovas R, León I, García-Garcia J. Cognitive Vulnerability in Aging May Be Modulated by Education and Reserve in Healthy People. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:340. [PMID: 29118710 PMCID: PMC5661171 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is related to a deterioration of cognitive performance and to multiple alterations in the brain. Even before the beginning of a noticeable cognitive decline, the framework which holds cognitive function experiences these alterations. From a system-vulnerability point of view of cognition, the deterioration associated with age would be the collection of repercussions during a life. Brain function and structure are modified in a multidimensional way, which could concern different aspects like structural integrity, functional activity, connectivity, or glucose metabolism. From this point of view, the effects of aging could affect the most brain systems and their functional activity. In this study, we analyze the functional development of three cognitive domains in relation to aging, educational level, and cognitive reserve (CR). A total of 172 healthy subjects were divided into two age groups (young and old), and completed a battery of classic neuropsychological tests. The tests were organized and analyzed according to three cognitive domains: working memory and flexibility, visuoconstructive functions, and declarative memory. Subjects also completed a questionnaire on CR. Results showed that the performance in all cognitive domains decreased with age. In particular, tests related to working memory, flexibility, and visuoconstructive abilities were influenced by age. Nevertheless, this effect was attenuated by effects of education, mainly in visuoconstructive domain. Surprisingly, visual as well as verbal memory tests were not affected either by aging, education, or CR. Brain plasticity plays a prominent role in the aging process, but, as other studies have shown, the plasticity mechanism is quite different in healthy vs. pathological brains. Moreover, this plasticity brain mechanism could be modulated by education and CR. Specially, cognitive domains as working memory, some executive functions and the visuoconstructive abilities seem to be modulated by education. Therefore, it seems to be crucial, to propose mechanisms of maintenance of a healthy and enriched brain, since it promotes auto-regulatory mechanisms of well-aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Cánovas
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Irene León
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Halliday DWR, Stawski RS, MacDonald SWS. Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented Status Moderates the Time-Varying Association between Finger Tapping Inconsistency and Executive Performance. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 32:110-116. [PMID: 27737850 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Response time inconsistency (RTI) in cognitive performance predicts deleterious health outcomes in late-life; however, RTI estimates are often confounded by additional influences (e.g., individual differences in learning). Finger tapping is a basic sensorimotor measure largely independent of higher-order cognition that may circumvent such confounds of RTI estimates. We examined the within-person coupling of finger-tapping mean and RTI on working memory, and the moderation of these associations by cognitive status. METHOD A total of 262 older adults were recruited and classified as controls, cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) unstable or CIND stable. Participants completed finger-tapping and working-memory tasks during multiple weekly assessments, repeated annually for 4 years. RESULTS Within-person coupling estimates from multilevel models indicated that on occasions when RTI was greater, working-memory response latency was slower for the CIND-stable, but not for the CIND-unstable or control individuals. CONCLUSIONS The finger-tapping task shows potential for minimizing confounds on RTI estimates, and for yielding RTI estimates sensitive to central nervous system function and cognitive status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew W R Halliday
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2.,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2 .,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cognitive Aging in the Seattle Longitudinal Study: Within-Person Associations of Primary Mental Abilities with Psychomotor Speed and Cognitive Flexibility. J Intell 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence4030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
12
|
Lufi D, Segev S, Blum A, Rosen T, Haimov I. The Effect of Age on Attention Level. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2015; 81:176-88. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415015614953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a computerized test was used to compare the attention level of a group of healthy older participants aged 75 with that of a group of students aged 31. The second part of the study examined only the older participants and sought to discover how three measures of lifestyle were related to measures of attention. The results showed that the young group performed better on measures of attention. No differences between the two age groups were found on measures of impulsivity and on four measures of sustained attention. A discriminant function analysis found that reaction time and standard deviation of reaction time can explain 87.50% of the variance in both groups. The older participants’ answers to the lifestyle questions showed that variables of attention correlated significantly with time spent watching television and reading. The results indicate that attention level declines with age; however, no decline was observed on measures of impulsivity and sustained attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dubi Lufi
- The Center for Psychobiological Research, the Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| | - Shahar Segev
- The Center for Psychobiological Research, the Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| | - Adi Blum
- The Center for Psychobiological Research, the Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| | - Tal Rosen
- The Center for Psychobiological Research, the Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| | - Iris Haimov
- The Center for Psychobiological Research, the Yezreel Valley College, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iskandar S, Murphy KJ, Baird AD, West R, Armilio M, Craik FIM, Stuss DT. Interacting effects of age and time of day on verbal fluency performance and intraindividual variability. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 23:1-17. [PMID: 25827792 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1028326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the effects of age and time of day (TOD) on verbal fluency ability with respect to performance level and intraindividual variability (IIV). Verbal fluency, which involves complex cognitive operations, was examined in 20 older (mean age = 72.8 years) and 20 younger (mean age = 24.2 years) adults with test start time alternating between morning and evening across four days. Older adults generated more words in the morning and younger adults more in the evening, corresponding with self-report peak TOD. Age by TOD interactions were also observed across fluency tasks on the number of switches among subcategory exemplars during word generation and on the IIV observed in switching behavior. Older adults exhibited greater variability in switching in the evening than in the morning, whereas younger adults showed the opposite pattern. These findings demonstrate that processes involving energization (initiating and sustaining) and attentional control may be particularly sensitive to age differences in TOD influences on cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Iskandar
- a Psychology Department , University of Windsor , Windsor , ON , Canada
| | - Kelly J Murphy
- b Psychology Department , Baycrest , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Psychology Department , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Anne D Baird
- a Psychology Department , University of Windsor , Windsor , ON , Canada
| | - Robert West
- d Psychology Department , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Maria Armilio
- e Credit Valley Neuropsychology Group , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Fergus I M Craik
- c Psychology Department , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,f Rotman Research Institute , Baycrest & University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Donald T Stuss
- c Psychology Department , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,f Rotman Research Institute , Baycrest & University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,g Ontario Brain Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Könen T, Dirk J, Schmiedek F. Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:171-82. [PMID: 25052368 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested substantial fluctuations of cognitive performance in adults both across and within days, but very little is known about such fluctuations in children. Children's sleep behavior might have an important influence on their daily cognitive resources, but so far this has not been investigated in terms of naturally occurring within-person variations in children's everyday lives. METHODS In an ambulatory assessment study, 110 elementary school children (8-11 years old) completed sleep items and working memory tasks on smartphones several times per day in school and at home for 4 weeks. Parents provided general information about the children and their sleep habits. RESULTS We identified substantial fluctuations in the children's daily cognitive performance, self-reported nightly sleep quality, time in bed, and daytime tiredness. All three facets were predictive of performance fluctuations in children's school and daily life. Sleep quality and time in bed were predictive of performance in the morning, and afternoon performance was related to current tiredness. The children with a lower average performance level showed a higher within-person coupling between morning performance and sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings contribute important insights regarding a potential source of performance fluctuations in children. The effect of varying cognitive resources should be investigated further because it might impact children's daily social, emotional, and learning-related functioning. Theories about children's cognitive and educational development should consider fluctuations on micro-longitudinal scales (e.g., day-to-day) to identify possible mechanisms behind long-term changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Könen
- German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany; IDeA (Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk) Center, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hülür G, Hertzog C, Pearman A, Ram N, Gerstorf D. Longitudinal associations of subjective memory with memory performance and depressive symptoms: between-person and within-person perspectives. Psychol Aging 2014; 29:814-27. [PMID: 25244464 DOI: 10.1037/a0037619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic criteria for memory loss in adults typically assume that subjective memory ratings accurately reflect compromised memory functioning. Research has documented small positive between-person associations between subjective memory and memory performance in older adults. Less is known, however, about whether within-person fluctuations in subjective memory covary with within-person variance in memory performance and depressive symptoms. The present study applied multilevel models of change to 9 waves of data from 27,395 participants of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; mean age at baseline = 63.78; SD = 10.30; 58% women) to examine whether subjective memory is associated with both between-person differences and within-person variability in memory performance and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of known correlates (age, gender, education, and functional limitations). Results revealed that across persons, level of subjective memory indeed covaried with level of memory performance and depressive symptoms, with small-to-moderate between-person standardized effect sizes (0.19 for memory performance and -0.21 for depressive symptoms). Within individuals, occasions when participants scored higher than usual on a test of episodic memory or reported fewer-than-average depressive symptoms generated above-average subjective memory. At the within-person level, subjective memory ratings became more sensitive to within-person alterations in memory performance over time and those suffering from functional limitations were more sensitive to within-person alterations in memory performance and depressive symptoms. We take our results to suggest that within-person changes in subjective memory in part reflect monitoring flux in one's own memory functioning, but are also influenced by flux in depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Hülür
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University
| | | | - Ann Pearman
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Nilam Ram
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
McArdle JJ, Hofer SM. Fighting for Intelligence: A Brief Overview of the Academic Work of John L. Horn. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2014; 49:1-16. [PMID: 26246642 PMCID: PMC4523296 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2013.841089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
John L. Horn (1928-2006) was a pioneer in multivariate thinking and the application of multivariate methods to research on intelligence and personality. His key works on individual differences in the methodological areas of factor analysis and the substantive areas of cognition are reviewed here. John was also our mentor, teacher, colleague, and friend. We overview John Horn's main contributions to the field of intelligence by highlighting 3 issues about his methods of factor analysis and 3 of his substantive debates about intelligence. We first focus on Horn's methodological demonstrations describing (a) the many uses of simulated random variables in exploratory factor analysis; (b) the exploratory uses of confirmatory factor analysis; and (c) the key differences between states, traits, and trait-changes. On a substantive basis, John believed that there were important individual differences among people in terms of cognition and personality. These sentiments led to his intellectual battles about (d) Spearman's g theory of a unitary intelligence, (e) Guilford's multifaceted model of intelligence, and (f) the Schaie and Baltes approach to defining the lack of decline of intelligence earlier in the life span. We conclude with a summary of John Horn's unique approaches to dealing with common issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J McArdle
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Scott M Hofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|