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Shirani-Bidabadi M, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Sorkheh K, Ismaili A. Transcriptomic analysis of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber development reveals new insights into starch biosynthesis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297334. [PMID: 38574179 PMCID: PMC10994339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato tubers are rich sources of various nutrients and unique sources of starch. Many genes play major roles in different pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism during the potato tuber's life cycle. Despite substantial scientific evidence about the physiological and morphological development of potato tubers, the molecular genetic aspects of mechanisms underlying tuber formation have not yet been fully understood. In this study, for the first time, RNA-seq analysis was performed to shed light on the expression of genes involved in starch biosynthesis during potato tuber development. To this end, samples were collected at the hook-like stolon (Stage I), swollen tips stolon (Stage II), and tuber initiation (Stage III) stages of tuber formation. Overall, 23 GB of raw data were generated and assembled. There were more than 20000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); the expression of 73 genes involved in starch metabolism was further studied. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression profile of the starch biosynthesis DEGs was consistent with that of the RNA-seq data, which further supported the role of the DEGs in starch biosynthesis. This study provides substantial resources on potato tuber development and several starch synthesis isoforms associated with starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani-Bidabadi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Karim Sorkheh
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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2
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Zhang M, Mukhamed B, Yang Q, Luo Y, Tian L, Yuan Y, Huang Y, Feng B. Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Change the Quality of Waxy and Non-Waxy Broomcorn Millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) Starch. Foods 2023; 12:3009. [PMID: 37628008 PMCID: PMC10453922 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse of nitrogen fertilizers has led to environmental pollution, which has prompted the widespread adoption of biochar as a soil conditioner in agricultural production. To date, there has been a lack of research on the effects of biochar and its combination with nitrogen fertilizer on the quality of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) starch. Thus, this study examined the physicochemical characteristics of starch in two types of broomcorn millet (waxy and non-waxy) under four different conditions, including a control group (N0), nitrogen fertilizer treatment alone (N150), biochar treatment alone (N0+B), and a combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (N150+B). The results showed that, in comparison to the control, all the treatments, particularly N150+B, decreased the content of amylose and gelatinization temperature and enhanced the starch transparency gel consistency and swelling power. In addition, biochar can improve the water solubility of starch and the gelatinization enthalpy. Importantly, the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer increased the proportion of A-granules, final viscosity, starch content, and the average degree of amylopectin in polymerization. Thus, this research indicates that the combinations of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer result in the most significant improvement in the quality of starch produced from broomcorn millet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China (Y.Y.)
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3
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Fox GP, Bettenhausen HM. Variation in quality of grains used in malting and brewing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172028. [PMID: 37377804 PMCID: PMC10291334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains have been domesticated largely from food grains to feed and malting grains. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) remains unparalleled in its success as a primary brewing grain. However, there is renewed interest in "alternative" grains for brewing (and distilling) due to attention being placed on flavor, quality, and health (i.e., gluten issues) aspects that they may offer. This review covers basic and general information on "alternative grains" for malting and brewing, as well as an in-depth look at several major biochemical aspects of these grains including starch, protein, polyphenols, and lipids. These traits are described in terms of their effects on processing and flavor, as well as the prospects for improvement through breeding. These aspects have been studied extensively in barley, but little is known about the functional properties in other crops for malting and brewing. In addition, the complex nature of malting and brewing produces a large number of brewing targets but requires extensive processing, laboratory analysis, and accompanying sensory analysis. However, if a better understanding of the potential of alternative crops that can be used in malting and brewing is needed, then significantly more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P. Fox
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Harmonie M. Bettenhausen
- Center for Craft Food and Beverage, Hartwick College Center for Craft Food and Beverage, Oneonta, NY, United States
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4
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Suitable nitrogen fertilizer application drives the endosperm development and starch synthesis to improve the physicochemical properties of common buckwheat grain. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123837. [PMID: 36842742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on endosperm development, starch component, key enzyme activity and grain quality of common buckwheat were investigated in this study. The results showed that N fertilization significantly enhanced the number and area of endosperm cells, and significant increases were also observed in the contents of amylose, amylopectin and total starch. With increasing N level, the activities of key enzyme significantly increased showing the maximum under the N2 level (180 kg N ha-1), and then decreased under high N level. As N level increased, the ash, crude protein and amylose content varied from 1.36 to 2.25 %, from 7.99 to 15.84 % and from 22.69 to 27.64 %, respectively. The gelatinization enthalpy significantly increased with the range of 3.46-5.66 J/g, while no change was found in crystalline structure of common buckwheat flour. These results indicated that appropriate N application could effectively improve the endosperm development, starch synthesis and accumulation, and grain properties of common buckwheat, with the best effect under the level of 180 kg N ha-1.
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Wang J, Leng J, Gao L, Han M, Wu Y, Lei X, Gao J. Effects of selenium solution on the crystalline structure, pasting and rheological properties of common buckwheat starch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1053480. [PMID: 36531376 PMCID: PMC9751854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1053480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is an important element that affects human growth and development, and also affects the yield and quality of common buckwheat. In our study, two common buckwheat varieties were sprayed with different concentrations (0 g/hm2, 5 g/hm2, 20 g/hm2) of sodium selenite solution at the initial flowering period and the full flowering period, respectively, to determine the effects of selenium solution on the physicochemical properties of common buckwheat starch. With increasing selenium levels, the amylose content, peak viscosity, breakdown, relative crystallinity, pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy first decreased and then increased, while the transparency showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. All samples exhibited a typical A-type pattern, while at high selenium level, the degree of short-range order of common buckwheat starches changed. From the rheological properties, it can be seen that the starch paste is dominated by elastic properties, while the low selenium treatment decreases the viscosity of the starch paste. These results showed that spraying different concentrations of selenium solutions at different periods significantly affected the physicochemical properties of common buckwheat starch.
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Junejo SA, Flanagan BM, Zhang B, Dhital S. Starch structure and nutritional functionality - Past revelations and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118837. [PMID: 34893254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch exists naturally as insoluble semi-crystalline granules assembled by amylose and amylopectin. Acknowledging the pioneers, we have reviewed the major accomplishments in the area of starch structure from the early 18th century and further established the relation of starch structure to nutritional functionality. Although a huge array of work is reported in the area, the review identified that some features of starch are still not fully understood and needs further elucidation. With the rise of diet-related diseases, it has never been more important to understand starch structure and use that knowledge to improve the nutritional value of the world's principal energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ahmed Junejo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia.
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome analysis insights into cold stress of Winter Rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) grown in the field. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23434. [PMID: 34873178 PMCID: PMC8648733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) is a major oilseed crop in Northern China, where its production was severely affected by chilling and freezing stress. However, not much is known about the role of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) during the chilling and freezing stress. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology was performed to identify DAPs under freezing stress. To explore the molecular mechanisms of cold stress tolerance at the cellular and protein levels, the morphological and physiological differences in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of two winter rapeseed varieties, Longyou 7 (cold-tolerant) and Lenox (cold-sensitive), were explored in field-grown plants. Compared to Lenox, Longyou 7 had a lower SAM height and higher collar diameter. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was also decreased. Simultaneously, the soluble sugars (SS) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, soluble protein (SP) content, and collar diameter were increased in Longyou 7 as compared to Lenox. A total of 6330 proteins were identified. Among this, 98, 107, 183 and 111 DAPs were expressed in L7 CK/Le CK, L7 d/Le d, Le d/Le CK and L7 d/L7 CK, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of the coding genes for seventeen randomly selected DAPs was performed for validation. These DAPs were identified based on gene ontology enrichment analysis, which revealed that glutathione transferase activity, carbohydrate-binding, glutathione binding, metabolic process, and IAA response were closely associated with the cold stress response. In addition, some cold-induced proteins, such as glutathione S-transferase phi 2(GSTF2), might play an essential role during cold acclimation in the SAM of Brassica rapa. The present study provides valuable information on the involvement of DAPs during cold stress responses in Brassica rapa L, and hence could be used for breeding experiments.
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8
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Analysis of synthesis, accumulation and physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat starches affected by nitrogen fertilizer. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118570. [PMID: 34560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizer is a crucial factor affecting the growth and grain quality of Tartary buckwheat. This study was to investigate the synthesis, accumulation, and physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat starches under four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha-1). The results showed that activities of four key enzymes, starch contents all first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen levels, and peaked at 180 kg N ha-1. All the starches showed typical A-type, while higher nitrogen levels significantly increased the relative crystallinity. The viscosities significantly decreased, onset, peak, and conclusion first decreased and then increased, while pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy increased with increasing nitrogen levels. Nitrogen fertilizer and year had significant effects on the synthesis, accumulation and physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat starch, and the nitrogen level of 180 kg N ha-1 was more suitable for planting in the northern area of the Loess Plateau.
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9
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Dong S, Fang G, Luo Z, Gao Q. Effect of granule size on the structure and digestibility of jackfruit seed starch. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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SHARMA KAMALDEV, PATIL GAURAV, KIRAN ASHA. Characterization and differential expression of sucrose and starch metabolism genes in contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under low temperature. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Leonel M, Fernandes DDS, Dos Santos TPR. Unmodified cassava starches with high phosphorus content. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:113-118. [PMID: 34298045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study was based on the fact that physiological changes in the plant resulting from the growth conditions alter the properties of the starch. An experimental trial was installed with cassava plants in poor phosphorus soil. A part of plants received phosphate fertilization at a level three times higher than the recommended dose, in order to provide high availability of phosphorus in the soil. The plants grew for two years and the starches were isolated at three times in the second vegetative cycle. The starches had A-type X-ray pattern. Starches isolated from cassava plants grown in soils with high phosphorus had increases of more than 100% in the content of bound phosphorus, which caused changes in the size of the granules, amylose, swelling power, solubility, pasting and thermal properties. These results indicate possibilities of increasing the commercial value of native cassava starch due to the expansion of use, considering the range of uses of phosphate starches for food and non-food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Leonel
- Center for Tropical Roots and Starch (CERAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Universitaria Avenue 3780, PC 18.610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daiana de Souza Fernandes
- Center for Tropical Roots and Starch (CERAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Universitaria Avenue 3780, PC 18.610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Paes Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Center for Tropical Roots and Starch (CERAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Universitaria Avenue 3780, PC 18.610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Qu A, Xu Y, Yu X, Si Q, Xu X, Liu C, Yang L, Zheng Y, Zhang M, Zhang S, Xu J. Sporophytic control of anther development and male fertility by glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 1 (OsGPT1) in rice. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:695-705. [PMID: 34315684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coordination between the sporophytic tissue and the gametic pollen within anthers is tightly controlled to achieve the optimal pollen fitness. Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (GPT) transports glucose-6-phosphate, a key precursor of starch and/or fatty acid biosynthesis, into plastids. Here, we report the functional characterization of OsGPT1 in the rice anther development and pollen fertility. Pollen grains from homozygous osgpt1 mutant plants fail to accumulate starch granules, resulting in pollen sterility. Genetic analyses reveal a sporophytic effect for this mutation. OsGPT1 is highly expressed in the tapetal layer of rice anther. Degeneration of the tapetum, an important process to provide cellular contents to support pollen development, is impeded in osgpt1 plants. In addition, defective intine and exine are observed in the pollen from osgpt1 plants. Expression levels of multiple genes that are important to tapetum degeneration or pollen wall formation are significantly decreased in osgpt1 anthers. Previously, we reported that AtGPT1 plays a gametic function in the accumulation of lipid bodies in Arabidopsis pollen. This report highlights a sporophytic role of OsGPT1 in the tapetum degeneration and pollen development. The divergent functions of OsGPT1 and AtGPT1 in pollen development might be a result of their independent evolution after monocots and dicots diverged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qi Si
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Liuyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Bashyal BM, Parmar P, Zaidi NW, Aggarwal R. Molecular Programming of Drought-Challenged Trichoderma harzianum-Bioprimed Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655165. [PMID: 33927706 PMCID: PMC8076752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma biopriming enhances rice growth in drought-stressed soils by triggering various plant metabolic pathways related to antioxidative defense, secondary metabolites, and hormonal upregulation. In the present study, transcriptomic analysis of rice cultivar IR64 bioprimed with Trichoderma harzianum under drought stress was carried out in comparison with drought-stressed samples using next-generation sequencing techniques. Out of the 2,506 significant (p < 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 337 (15%) were exclusively expressed in drought-stressed plants, 382 (15%) were expressed in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed plants, and 1,787 (70%) were commonly expressed. Furthermore, comparative analysis of upregulated and downregulated genes under stressed conditions showed that 1,053 genes (42%) were upregulated and 733 genes (29%) were downregulated in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed rice plants. The genes exclusively expressed in T. harzianum-treated drought-stressed plants were mostly photosynthetic and antioxidative such as plastocyanin, small chain of Rubisco, PSI subunit Q, PSII subunit PSBY, osmoproteins, proline-rich protein, aquaporins, stress-enhanced proteins, and chaperonins. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis states that the most enriched pathways were metabolic (38%) followed by pathways involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites (25%), carbon metabolism (6%), phenyl propanoid (7%), and glutathione metabolism (3%). Some of the genes were selected for validation using real-time PCR which showed consistent expression as RNA-Seq data. Furthermore, to establish host-T. harzianum interaction, transcriptome analysis of Trichoderma was also carried out. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of T. harzianum transcriptome suggested that the annotated genes are functionally related to carbohydrate binding module, glycoside hydrolase, GMC oxidoreductase, and trehalase and were mainly upregulated, playing an important role in establishing the mycelia colonization of rice roots and its growth. Overall, it can be concluded that T. harzianum biopriming delays drought stress in rice cultivars by a multitude of molecular programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Parmar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India
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14
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Impact of granule size on microstructural changes and oil absorption of potato starch during frying. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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GWAS for Starch-Related Parameters in Japonica Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080292. [PMID: 31430915 PMCID: PMC6724095 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice quality is mainly related to the following two starch components, apparent amylose content (AAC) and resistant starch (RS). The former affects grain cooking properties, while RS acts as a prebiotic. In the present study, a Genome Wide Association Scan (GWAS) was performed using 115 rice japonica accessions, including tropical and temperate genotypes, with the purpose of expanding the knowledge of the genetic bases affecting RS and AAC. High phenotypic variation was recorded for the two traits, which positively correlated. Moreover, both the parameters correlated with seed length (positive correlation) and seed width (negative correlation). A correlational selection according to human preferences has been hypothesized for the two starch traits and grain size. In addition, human selection has been proposed as the causal agent even for the different phenotypes related to starch and grain size showed by the tropical and temperate japonica accessions utilized in this study. The present GWAS led to the identification of 11 associations for RS on seven chromosomes and five associations for AAC on chromosome 6. Candidate genes and co-positional relationships with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously identified as affecting RS and AAC were identified for 6 associations. The candidate genes and the new RS- and/or AAC-associated regions detected provide valuable sources for future functional characterizations and for breeding programs aimed at improving rice grain quality.
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16
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Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) as a Tool for Measuring Starch-Related Physiochemical Properties in Cereals: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Li L, Liu Z, Wang T, Wang B, Zhang W, Li G, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Xue B, Luo Z. Starch isolated from different hulless barley cultivars differs in their chemical and structural characteristics. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2374-2380. [PMID: 31367366 PMCID: PMC6657746 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate starch and evaluate its chemical and structural characteristics from six Chinese hulless barley (HB) cultivars. Starch isolated from naked barley displays A-type crystalline packing and a regular granular shape. We measured peak viscosity values ranging from 237 to 264 cP, trough viscosity values from 305 to 380 cP, breakdown values from 390 to 535 cP, final viscosities from 357 to 523 cP, setback values from 245 to 354 cP and 383 to 460 cP, peak times from 5.53 to 5.73 min, and pasting temperatures from 93.10 to 94.65°C by RVA. Transition temperatures (T 0, T p, and T c), gelatinization temperature ranges (ΔT r), and enthalpies of gelatinization (ΔH) were measured on a differential scanning calorimeter analyzer (DSC) and ranged from 57.81 to 61.25°C, 64.36 to 67.57°C, 82.03 to 84.70°C, and 21.52 to 26.89°C and 7.14 to 10.66 J/g, respectively. The varying chemical and structural characteristics of HB starch isolated from different cultivars suggested the potential for broader applications of the cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
- TAAHC‐SWU Medicinal Plants Joint Research and Development CentreTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry CollegeNyingchiChina
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Tieqiao Wang
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Agriculture Products Development and Food Science Research of Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal ScienceLhasaChina
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Institute of Agriculture Products Development and Food Science Research of Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal ScienceLhasaChina
| | - Guanghuan Li
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Zhaoling Guo
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Yongxian Zhang
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Bei Xue
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
| | - Zhang Luo
- Food Science CollegeTibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry UniversityNyingchiChina
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18
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Zhang W, Yang Q, Xia M, Bai W, Wang P, Gao X, Li J, Feng B, Gao J. Effects of nitrogen level on the physicochemical properties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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20
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Ouyang L, Leus L, De Keyser E, Van Labeke MC. Seasonal changes in cold hardiness and carbohydrate metabolism in four garden rose cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:188-199. [PMID: 30537606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied metabolic adaptations to cold stress in roses and identified genes in the carbohydrate pathway during acclimation and deacclimation. A field experiment with four rose cultivars belonging to different USDA plant hardiness zones was set up in Melle, Belgium (51° 0' N, 3° 48' E). The more cold-hardy cultivars ('Dagmar Hastrup' and 'John Cabot') reached their lowest LT50 value in December, indicating a rapid acclimation after the first occurrence of frost. Less cold-hardy cultivars ('Abraham Darby' and 'Chandos Beauty') reached their lowest LT50 in January/February when exposed to prolonged freezing temperatures. A cell dehydration pattern was found in the less cold-hardy cultivars 'Abraham Darby' and 'Chandos Beauty'. The expression of dehydrins (RhDHN5 and RhDNH6) was up-regulated during November-January. Carbohydrate metabolism is highly involved in cold acclimation in roses. Starch decreased from November towards January in all four cultivars and the hydrolysis of starch by the β-amylolytic pathway (BAM, DPE2) was identified in 'Dagmar Hastrup' from November to January. Oligosaccharides correlated with cold hardiness in three cultivars although no significant upregulation in RhMIPS and RhRS6, key genes in their biosynthesis, was found. Higher sucrose levels were found during acclimation in hardy cultivars, although transcript levels of RhINV2 was more prominent in 'Chandos Beauty'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ouyang
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Leen Leus
- ILVO, Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- ILVO, Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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21
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Comparing Characteristics of Root, Flour and Starch of Biofortified Yellow-Flesh and White-Flesh Cassava Variants, and Sustainability Considerations: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10093089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cassava is a significant food security and industrial crop, contributing as food, feed and industrial biomass in Africa, Asia and South America. Breeding efforts have led to the development of cassava variants having desirable traits such as increased root, flour, and starch yield, reduced toxicity, reduced pest/disease susceptibility and improved nutrient contents. Prominent among those breeding efforts is the development of colored-flesh cassava variants, especially biofortified yellow-fleshed ones, with increased pro-vitamin A carotenoids, compared to the white-flesh variants. The concept of sustainability in adoption of biofortified yellow-flesh cassava and its products cannot be fully grasped without some detailed information on its properties and how these variants compare to those of the white-flesh cassava. Flour and starch are highly profitable food products derived from cassava. Cassava roots can be visually distinguished based on flesh color and other physical properties, just as their flours and starches can be differentiated by their macro- and micro-properties. The few subtle differences that exist between cassava variants are identified and exploited by consumers and industry. Although white-flesh variants are still widely cultivated, value addition offered by biofortified yellow-flesh variants may strengthen acceptance and widespread cultivation among farmers, and, possibly, cultivation of biofortified yellow-flesh variants may outpace that of white-flesh variants in the future. This review compares properties of cassava root, flour, and starch from white-flesh and biofortified yellow-flesh variants. It also states the factors affecting the chemical, functional, and physicochemical properties; relationships between the physicochemical and functional properties; effects of processing on the nutritional properties; and practical considerations for sustaining adoption of the biofortified yellow-flesh cassava.
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22
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Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H. Vitamin B₆ and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070084. [PMID: 30037155 PMCID: PMC6071262 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is one of the most central molecules in cells of living organisms. It is a critical co-factor for a diverse range of biochemical reactions that regulate basic cellular metabolism, which impact overall physiology. In the last several years, major progress has been accomplished on various aspects of vitamin B6 biology. Consequently, this review goes beyond the classical role of vitamin B6 as a cofactor to highlight new structural and regulatory information that further defines how the vitamin is synthesized and controlled in the cell. We also discuss broader applications of the vitamin related to human health, pathogen resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, the information assembled shall provide helpful insight on top of what is currently known about the vitamin, along with addressing currently open questions in the field to highlight possible approaches vitamin B6 research may take in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Parra
- Hellmann Lab, School of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6234 WA, USA.
| | - Seth Stahl
- Hellmann Lab, School of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6234 WA, USA.
| | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Hellmann Lab, School of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6234 WA, USA.
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23
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Morton DW. High-performance thin-layer chromatography HPTLC-direct bioautography as a method of choice for alpha-amylase and antioxidant activity evaluation in marine algae. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1530:197-203. [PMID: 29157606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
High-Performance Thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) combined with DPPH free radical method and α-amylase bioassay was used to compare antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from 10 marine macroalgae species (3 Chlorophyta, 4 Phaeophyta and 3 Rhodophyta) from Blue Lagoon beach (Malaysia). Samples were also evaluated for their phenolic and stigmasterol content. On average, higher antioxidant activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extracts (55.1mg/100g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) compared to 35.0mg/100g GAE) while, as expected, phenolic content was higher in ethanol extracts (330.5mg/100g GAE compared to 289.5mg/100g GAE). Amounts of fucoxanthin, stigmasterol and α-amylase inhibitory activities were higher in ethyl acetate extracts. Higher enzyme inhibition is therefore related to higher concentrations of triterpenes and phytosterols (Note: these compounds are more soluble in ethyl acetate). Ethyl acetate extracts from Caulerpa racemosa and Padina minor, had the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity, and also showed moderately high antioxidant activities, stigmasterol content and polyphenolic content. Caulerpa racemose, being green algae, does not contain fucoxanthin, while Padina minor, being brown algae, contains high amounts of fucoxanthin. Therefore, it is very unlikely that fucoxanthin contributes to α-amylase inhibitory activity as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo, 3550, Australia.
| | - David W Morton
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo, 3550, Australia
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Huang XF, Nazarian F, Vincken JP, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. A tandem CBM25 domain of α-amylase from Microbacterium aurum as potential tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 29202734 PMCID: PMC5715617 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been used as a tool for starch engineering. Previous studies showed that expression of starch binding domain fusion proteins in planta resulted in modified starch granule structures and physicochemical properties. However, although 13 carbohydrate binding module families have been reported to contain starch-binding domains, only starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been well studied and introduced into plants successfully. In this study, two fragments, the tandem CBM25 domain and the tandem CBM25 with multiple fibronectin type III (FN3) domains of the α-amylase enzyme from Microbacterium aurum, were expressed in the tubers of a wild type potato cultivar (cv. Kardal) and an amylose-free (amf) potato mutant. RESULTS The (CBM25)2 and FN3 protein were successfully accumulated in the starch granules of both Kardal and amf transformants. The accumulation of (CBM25)2 protein did not result in starch morphological alterations in Kardal but gave rise to rough starch granules in amf, while the FN3 resulted in morphological changes of starch granules (helical starch granules in Kardal and rough surface granules in amf) but only at a very low frequency. The starches of the different transformants did not show significant differences in starch size distribution, apparent amylose content, and physico-chemical properties in comparison to that of untransformed controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 25 can be used as a novel tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis without side-effects on starch morphology, composition and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Huang
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Campus delivery 1370, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Farhad Nazarian
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Agronomy and plant breeding group, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, P.O.Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Takagi H, Suzuki S, Akdogan G, Kitamura S. Surface structure and water adsorption behavior of waxy
/amylose extender
(wx/ae
) double-mutant rice starch. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takagi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
- Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.; Fuji Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Guray Akdogan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Shinichi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
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26
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Carpenter MA, Shaw M, Cooper RD, Frew TJ, Butler RC, Murray SR, Moya L, Coyne CJ, Timmerman-Vaughan GM. Association mapping of starch chain length distribution and amylose content in pea (Pisum sativum L.) using carbohydrate metabolism candidate genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:132. [PMID: 28764648 PMCID: PMC5540500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although starch consists of large macromolecules composed of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic linkages with α-1,6-glycosidic branchpoints, variation in starch structural and functional properties is found both within and between species. Interest in starch genetics is based on the importance of starch in food and industrial processes, with the potential of genetics to provide novel starches. The starch metabolic pathway is complex but has been characterized in diverse plant species, including pea. RESULTS To understand how allelic variation in the pea starch metabolic pathway affects starch structure and percent amylose, partial sequences of 25 candidate genes were characterized for polymorphisms using a panel of 92 diverse pea lines. Variation in the percent amylose composition of extracted seed starch and (amylopectin) chain length distribution, one measure of starch structure, were characterized for these lines. Association mapping was undertaken to identify polymorphisms associated with the variation in starch chain length distribution and percent amylose, using a mixed linear model that incorporated population structure and kinship. Associations were found for polymorphisms in seven candidate genes plus Mendel's r locus (which conditions the round versus wrinkled seed phenotype). The genes with associated polymorphisms are involved in the substrate supply, chain elongation and branching stages of the pea carbohydrate and starch metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The association of polymorphisms in carbohydrate and starch metabolic genes with variation in amylopectin chain length distribution and percent amylose may help to guide manipulation of pea seed starch structural and functional properties through plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Carpenter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin Shaw
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca D Cooper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tonya J Frew
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ruth C Butler
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah R Murray
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Leire Moya
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Clarice J Coyne
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, 59 Johnson Hall, WSU Pullman, Pullman, Washington, WA 99164-6402, USA
| | - Gail M Timmerman-Vaughan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, PO Box 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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27
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Koch I, Nöthen J, Schleiff E. Modeling the Metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana: Application of Network Decomposition and Network Reduction in the Context of Petri Nets. Front Genet 2017; 8:85. [PMID: 28713420 PMCID: PMC5491931 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation:Arabidopsis thaliana is a well-established model system for the analysis of the basic physiological and metabolic pathways of plants. Nevertheless, the system is not yet fully understood, although many mechanisms are described, and information for many processes exists. However, the combination and interpretation of the large amount of biological data remain a big challenge, not only because data sets for metabolic paths are still incomplete. Moreover, they are often inconsistent, because they are coming from different experiments of various scales, regarding, for example, accuracy and/or significance. Here, theoretical modeling is powerful to formulate hypotheses for pathways and the dynamics of the metabolism, even if the biological data are incomplete. To develop reliable mathematical models they have to be proven for consistency. This is still a challenging task because many verification techniques fail already for middle-sized models. Consequently, new methods, like decomposition methods or reduction approaches, are developed to circumvent this problem. Methods: We present a new semi-quantitative mathematical model of the metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana. We used the Petri net formalism to express the complex reaction system in a mathematically unique manner. To verify the model for correctness and consistency we applied concepts of network decomposition and network reduction such as transition invariants, common transition pairs, and invariant transition pairs. Results: We formulated the core metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana based on recent knowledge from literature, including the Calvin cycle, glycolysis and citric acid cycle, glyoxylate cycle, urea cycle, sucrose synthesis, and the starch metabolism. By applying network decomposition and reduction techniques at steady-state conditions, we suggest a straightforward mathematical modeling process. We demonstrate that potential steady-state pathways exist, which provide the fixed carbon to nearly all parts of the network, especially to the citric acid cycle. There is a close cooperation of important metabolic pathways, e.g., the de novo synthesis of uridine-5-monophosphate, the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt, and the urea cycle. The presented approach extends the established methods for a feasible interpretation of biological network models, in particular of large and complex models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Koch
- Department of Molecular Bioinformatics, Institute of Computer Science, Cluster of Excellence “Macromolecular Complexes”, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Nöthen
- Department of Molecular Bioinformatics, Institute of Computer Science, Cluster of Excellence “Macromolecular Complexes”, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence “Macromolecular Complexes”, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
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Zhang H, Hou J, Liu J, Zhang J, Song B, Xie C. The roles of starch metabolic pathways in the cold-induced sweetening process in potatoes. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhang
- College of Forestry; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Juping Zhang
- College of Forestry; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang P.R. China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
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29
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Koteswara Reddy C, Kimi L, Haripriya S. Variety Difference in Molecular Structure, Physico-chemical and Thermal Properties of Starches from Pigmented Rice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Starches isolated from three different pigmented rice varieties (Chak-hao Amubi, Chak-hao Poireiton, and Chak-hao Angangba) and investigated for their molecular structure and physico-chemical properties including amylose content, morphology, crystallinity, pasting viscosity, color, thermal property, swelling power and solubility. Significant differences were detected in physico-chemical and functional properties (p≤0.05) of rice starches. The amylose content results revealed that Chak-hao Angangba (1.93 %) and Chak-hao Poireiton (1.98 %) are waxy rice, and Chak-hao Amubi (3.16 %) is a very low-amylose rice. The morphology of rice starch granules shown polyhedral edges with an irregular shape; and the XRD patterns of rice starches exhibited A-type crystalline patterns with peaks at 2θ=15.1°, 17.1°, 18.2° and 23.0°. Waxy rice starches shown higher peak viscosity and enthalpy with lower gelatinization temperatures than very low amylose rice starches. The pasting viscosity, swelling power and solubility crystallinity of rice starches were varied significantly (p≤0.05). Finally, the present study provides knowledge for the utilization of starches isolated from three pigmented rice varieties grown in North-Eastern part of India that would be relevant for both domestic and industrial applications.
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30
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Raigond P, Ezekiel R, Raigond B. Resistant starch in food: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1968-78. [PMID: 25331334 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional property of starch is related to its rate and extent of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. For nutritional purposes, starch is classified as rapidly available, slowly available and resistant starch (RS). The exact underlying mechanism of relative resistance of starch granules is complicated because those factors are often interconnected. The content of RS in food is highly influenced by food preparation manner and processing techniques. Physical or chemical treatments also alter the level of RS in a food. Commercial preparations of RS are now available and can be added to foods as an ingredient for lowering the calorific value and improving textural and organoleptic characteristics along with increasing the amount of dietary fiber. RS has assumed great importance owing to its unique functional properties and health benefits. The beneficial effects of RS include glycemic control and control of fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and absorption of minerals. This review attempts to analyze the information published, especially in the recent past, on classification, structure, properties, applications and health benefits of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Raigond
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Rajarathnam Ezekiel
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Baswaraj Raigond
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
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31
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Luo J, Ahmed R, Kosar-Hashemi B, Larroque O, Butardo VM, Tanner GJ, Colgrave ML, Upadhyaya NM, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Millar A, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Li Z. The different effects of starch synthase IIa mutations or variation on endosperm amylose content of barley, wheat and rice are determined by the distribution of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme IIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1407-19. [PMID: 25893467 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme IIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma plays an important role in determining endosperm amylose content of cereal grains. Starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) catalyses the polymerisation of intermediate length glucan chains of amylopectin in the endosperm of cereals. Mutations of SSIIa genes in barley and wheat and inactive SSIIa variant in rice induce similar effects on the starch structure and the amylose content, but the severity of the phenotypes is different. This study compared the levels of transcripts and partitioning of proteins of starch synthase I (SSI) and starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) inside and outside the starch granules in the developing endosperms of these ssIIa mutants and inactive SSIIa variant. Pleiotropic effects on starch granule-bound proteins suggested that the different effects of SSIIa mutations on endosperm amylose content of barley, wheat and rice are determined by the distribution of SSI and SBEIIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma in cereals. Regulation of starch synthesis in ssIIa mutants and inactive SSIIa variant may be at post-translational level or the altered amylopectin structure deprives the affinity of SSI and SBEIIb to amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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33
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McMaugh SJ, Thistleton JL, Anschaw E, Luo J, Konik-Rose C, Wang H, Huang M, Larroque O, Regina A, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Li Z. Suppression of starch synthase I expression affects the granule morphology and granule size and fine structure of starch in wheat endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2189-201. [PMID: 24634486 PMCID: PMC3991748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies in Arabidopsis and rice suggest that manipulation of starch synthase I (SSI) expression in wheat may lead to the production of wheat grains with novel starch structure and properties. This work describes the suppression of SSI expression in wheat grains using RNAi technology, which leads to a low level of enzymatic activity for SSI in the developing endosperm, and a low abundance of SSI protein inside the starch granules of mature grains. The amylopectin fraction of starch from the SSI suppressed lines showed an increased frequency of very short chains (degree of polymerization, dp 6 and 7), a lower proportion of short chains (dp 8-12), and more intermediate chains (dp 13-20) than in the grain from their negative segregant lines. In the most severely affected line, amylose content was significantly increased, the morphology of starch granules was changed, and the proportion of B starch granules was significantly reduced. The change of the fine structure of the starch in the SSI-RNAi suppression lines alters the gelatinization temperature, swelling power, and viscosity of the starch. This work demonstrates that the roles of SSI in the determination of starch structure and properties are similar among different cereals and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McMaugh
- CSIRO Food Future Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Cheng X, Wu Y, Guo J, Du B, Chen R, Zhu L, He G. A rice lectin receptor-like kinase that is involved in innate immune responses also contributes to seed germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:687-98. [PMID: 24033867 PMCID: PMC4285754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination and innate immunity both have significant effects on plant life spans because they control the plant's entry into the ecosystem and provide defenses against various external stresses, respectively. Much ecological evidence has shown that seeds with high vigor are generally more tolerant of various environmental stimuli in the field than those with low vigor. However, there is little genetic evidence linking germination and immunity in plants. Here, we show that the rice lectin receptor-like kinase OslecRK contributes to both seed germination and plant innate immunity. We demonstrate that knocking down the OslecRK gene depresses the expression of α-amylase genes, reducing seed viability and thereby decreasing the rate of seed germination. Moreover, it also inhibits the expression of defense genes, and so reduces the resistance of rice plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens as well as herbivorous insects. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that OslecRK interacts with an actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) in vivo via its kinase domain. Moreover, the rice adf mutant exhibited a reduced seed germination rate due to the suppression of α-amylase gene expression. This mutant also exhibited depressed immune responses and reduced resistance to biotic stresses. Our results thus provide direct genetic evidence for a common physiological pathway connecting germination and immunity in plants. They also partially explain the common observation that high-vigor seeds often perform well in the field. The dual effects of OslecRK may be indicative of progressive adaptive evolution in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhan, 430072, China
- For correspondence (e-mail )
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Bauer R, Basson CE, Bekker J, Eduardo I, Rohwer JM, Uys L, van Wyk JH, Kossmann J. Reuteran and levan as carbohydrate sinks in transgenic sugarcane. PLANTA 2012; 236:1803-1815. [PMID: 22903192 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the effect of high molecular weight bacterial fructan (levan) and glucan (reuteran) on growth and carbohydrate partitioning in transgenic sugarcane plants. These biopolymers are products of bacterial glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of glucose or fructose residues from sucrose. Constructs, targeted to different subcellular compartments (cell wall and cytosol) and driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus-35S: maize-ubiquitin promoter, were introduced into sugarcane by biolistic transformation. Polysaccharide accumulation severely affected growth of callus suspension cultures. Regeneration of embryonic callus tissue into plants proved problematic for cell wall-targeted lines. When targeted to the cytosol, only plants with relative low levels of biopolymer accumulation survived. In internodal stalk tissue that accumulate reuteran (max 0.03 mg/g FW), sucrose content (ca 60 mg/g FW) was not affected, while starch content (<0.4 mg/g FW) was increased up to four times. Total carbohydrate content was not significantly altered. On the other hand, starch and sucrose levels were significantly reduced in plants accumulating levan (max 0.01 mg/g FW). Heterologous expression resulted in a reduction in total carbohydrate assimilation rather than a simple diversion by competition for substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolene Bauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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Li Z, Li D, Du X, Wang H, Larroque O, Jenkins CLD, Jobling SA, Morell MK. The barley amo1 locus is tightly linked to the starch synthase IIIa gene and negatively regulates expression of granule-bound starch synthetic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5217-31. [PMID: 21813797 PMCID: PMC3193023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study of barley starch synthesis, the interaction between mutations at the sex6 locus and the amo1 locus has been characterized. Four barley genotypes, the wild type, sex6, amo1, and the amo1sex6 double mutant, were generated by backcrossing the sex6 mutation present in Himalaya292 into the amo1 'high amylose Glacier'. The wild type, amo1, and sex6 genotypes gave starch phenotypes consistent with previous studies. However, the amo1sex6 double mutant yielded an unexpected phenotype, a significant increase in starch content relative to the sex6 phenotype. Amylose content (as a percentage of starch) was not increased above the level observed for the sex6 mutation alone; however, on a per seed basis, grain from lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 mutants and amo1sex6 double mutants) synthesize significantly more amylose than the wild-type lines and sex6 mutants. The level of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) protein in starch granules is increased in lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 and amo1sex6). In the amo1 genotype, starch synthase I (SSI), SSIIa, starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), and SBEIIb also markedly increased in the starch granules. Genetic mapping studies indicate that the ssIIIa gene is tightly linked to the amo1 locus, and the SSIIIa protein from the amo1 mutant has a leucine to arginine residue substitution in a conserved domain. Zymogram analysis indicates that the amo1 phenotype is not a consequence of total loss of enzymatic activity although it remains possible that the amo1 phenotype is underpinned by a more subtle change. It is therefore proposed that amo1 may be a negative regulator of other genes of starch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Food Future National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
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Mukerjea R, Falconer DJ, Yoon SH, Robyt JF. Large-scale isolation, fractionation, and purification of soluble starch-synthesizing enzymes: starch synthase and branching enzyme from potato tubers. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rathore RS, Garg N, Garg S, Kumar A. Starch phosphorylase: role in starch metabolism and biotechnological applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 29:214-24. [PMID: 19708823 DOI: 10.1080/07388550902926063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-glucan phosphorylases of the glycosyltransferase family are important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The plant alpha-glucan phosphorylase, commonly called starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), is largely known for the phosphorolytic degradation of starch. Starch phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible transfer of glucosyl units from glucose-1-phosphate to the nonreducing end of alpha-1,4-D-glucan chains with the release of phosphate. Two distinct forms of starch phosphorylase, plastidic phosphorylase and cytosolic phosphorylase, have been consistently observed in higher plants. Starch phosphorylase is industrially useful and a preferred enzyme among all glucan phosphorylases for phosphorolytic reactions for the production of glucose-1-phosphate and for the development of engineered varieties of glucans and starch. Despite several investigations, the precise functional mechanisms of its characteristic multiple forms and the structural details are still eluding us. Recent discoveries have shed some light on their physiological substrates, precise biological functions, and regulatory aspects. In this review, we have highlighted important developments in understanding the role of starch phosphorylases and their emerging applications in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rathore
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India
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Sedighian A, Moghbeli MR. Graft Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate onto Potato Starch Dissolved in an Alkaline Solution. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Comparot-Moss S, Denyer K. The evolution of the starch biosynthetic pathway in cereals and other grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:2481-92. [PMID: 19505928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In most species, the precursor for starch synthesis, ADPglucose, is made exclusively in the plastids by the enzyme ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). However, in the endosperm of grasses, including the economically important cereals, ADPglucose is also made in the cytosol via a cytosolic form of AGPase. Cytosolic ADPglucose is imported into plastids for starch synthesis via an ADPglucose/ADP antiporter (ADPglucose transporter) in the plastid envelope. The genes encoding the two subunits of cytosolic AGPase and the ADPglucose transporter are unique to grasses. In this review, the evolutionary origins of this unique endosperm pathway of ADPglucose synthesis and its functional significance are discussed. It is proposed that the genes encoding the pathway originated from a whole-genome-duplication event in an early ancestor of the grasses.
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Ferreira SJ, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR, Groenewald JH. The reduction of starch accumulation in transgenic sugarcane cell suspension culture lines. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:1398-406. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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SILVA ANAPAULAFIORAVANTEBERNARDES, NASCIMENTO JOÃOROBERTOOLIVEIRADO, LAJOLO FRANCOMARIA, CORDENUNSI BEATRIZROSANA. STARCH MOBILIZATION AND SUCROSE ACCUMULATION IN THE PULP OF KEITT MANGOES DURING POSTHARVEST RIPENING. J Food Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2008.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clarke B, Liang R, Morell MK, Bird AR, Jenkins CLD, Li Z. Gene expression in a starch synthase IIa mutant of barley: changes in the level of gene transcription and grain composition. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 8:211-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-007-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Starch occurs as highly organized structures, known as starch granules. Starch has unique thermal properties and functionality that have permitted its wide use in food products and industrial applications. When heated in water, starch undergoes a transition process, during which the granules break down into a mixture of polymers-in-solution, known as gelatinization. The sequence of structural transformations that the starch granule undergoes during this order-to-disorder transition has been extensively researched. None of the published starch gelatinization theories can fully and adequately explain the exact mechanism of sequential structural changes that starch granules undergo during gelatinization. This chapter analyzes several published theories and summarizes our current understanding of the starch gelatinization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajira S Ratnayake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0919, USA
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Konik-Rose C, Thistleton J, Chanvrier H, Tan I, Halley P, Gidley M, Kosar-Hashemi B, Wang H, Larroque O, Ikea J, McMaugh S, Regina A, Rahman S, Morell M, Li Z. Effects of starch synthase IIa gene dosage on grain, protein and starch in endosperm of wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 115:1053-65. [PMID: 17721773 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthases (SS) are responsible for elongating the alpha-1,4 glucan chains of starch. A doubled haploid population was generated by crossing a line of wheat, which lacks functional ssIIa genes on each genome (abd), and an Australian wheat cultivar, Sunco, with wild type ssIIa alleles on each genome (ABD). Evidence has been presented previously indicating that the SGP-1 (starch granule protein-1) proteins present in the starch granule in wheat are products of the ssIIa genes. Analysis of 100 progeny lines demonstrated co-segregation of the ssIIa alleles from the three genomes with the SGP-1 proteins, providing further evidence that the SGP-1 proteins are the products of the ssIIa genes. From the progeny lines, 40 doubled haploid lines representing the eight possible genotypes for SSIIa (ABD, aBD, AbD, ABd, abD, aBd, Abd, abd) were characterized for their grain weight, protein content, total starch content and starch properties. For some properties (chain length distribution, pasting properties, swelling power, and gelatinization properties), a progressive change was observed across the four classes of genotypes (wild type, single nulls, double nulls and triple nulls). However, for other grain properties (seed weight and protein content) and starch properties (total starch content, granule morphology and crystallinity, granule size distribution, amylose content, amylose-lipid dissociation properties), a statistically significant change only occurred for the triple nulls, indicating that all three genes had to be missing or inactive for a change to occur. These results illustrate the importance of SSIIa in controlling grain and starch properties and the importance of amylopectin fine structure in controlling starch granule properties in wheat.
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Tang X, De Rooij M, De Jong L. Volume change measurements of rice by environmental scanning electron microscopy and stereoscopy. SCANNING 2007; 29:197-205. [PMID: 17721884 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volume change, which is induced by changing the relative humidity, is performed on rice by using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and stereoscopy techniques. The typical DeltaV% approximately RH curve of rice in both sorption and desorption can be categorized into three regions: low, intermediate, and high dependence on relative humidity from low- to high-relative humidity. The volume changes faster for rice samples with lower crystallinity, which is because the amorphous component is easier to absorb moisture than the crystalline component. The volume change behavior in various relative humidity environments is comparable with rice isotherm curve in sorption process though discrepancies exist in desorption, which are thought to be the presence of small pores and microstructure changes at high relative humidity. The volume in the desorption branch is less than that in the sorption branch at the same relative humidity, which can be attributed to the collapse of interior structures, existence of small pores, surface topography loss, and amylose leach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Tang
- Microlab, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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Senoura T, Asao A, Takashima Y, Isono N, Hamada S, Ito H, Matsui H. Enzymatic characterization of starch synthase III from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FEBS J 2007; 274:4550-60. [PMID: 17681016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In plants and green algae, several starch synthase isozymes are responsible for the elongation of glucan chains in the biosynthesis of amylose and amylopectin. Multiple starch synthase isozymes, which are classified into five major classes (granule-bound starch synthases, SSI, SSII, SSIII, and SSIV) according to their primary sequences, have distinct enzymatic properties. All the starch synthase isozymes consist of a transit peptide, an N-terminal noncatalytic region (N-domain), and a C-terminal catalytic region (C-domain). To elucidate the enzymatic properties of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) SSIII and the function of the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII, three recombinant proteins were constructed: putative mature recombinant SSIII, recombinant kidney bean SSIII N-domain, and recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain. Purified recombinant kidney bean SSIII displayed high specific activities for primers as compared to the other starch synthase isozymes from kidney bean. Kinetic analysis showed that the high specific activities of recombinant kidney bean SSIII are attributable to the high k(cat) values, and that the K(m) values of recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain for primers were much higher than those of recombinant kidney bean recombinant SSIII. Recombinant kidney bean SSIII and recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain had similar chain-length specificities for the extension of glucan chains, indicating that the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII does not affect the chain-length specificity. Affinity gel electrophoresis indicated that recombinant kidney bean SSIII and recombinant kidney bean SSIII N-domain have high affinities for amylose and amylopectin. The data presented in this study provide direct evidence for the function of the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII as a carbohydrate-binding module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Senoura
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Firouzabadi FN, Vincken JP, Ji Q, Suurs LCJM, Buléon A, Visser RGF. Accumulation of multiple-repeat starch-binding domains (SBD2-SBD5) does not reduce amylose content of potato starch granules. PLANTA 2007; 225:919-33. [PMID: 17039369 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates whether it is possible to produce an amylose-free potato starch by displacing the amylose enzyme, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), from the starch granule by engineered, high-affinity, multiple-repeat family 20 starch-binding domains (SBD2, SBD3, SBD4, and SBD5). The constructs were introduced in the amylose-containing potato cultivar (cv. Kardal), and the starches of the resulting transformants were compared with those of SBD2-expressing amylose-free (amf) potato clones. It is shown that a correctly sized protein accumulated in the starch granules of the various transformants. The amount of SBD accumulated in starch increased progressively from SBD to SBD3; however, it seemed as if less SBD4 and SBD5 was accumulated. A reduction in amylose content was not achieved in any of the transformants. However, it is shown that SBDn expression can affect physical processes underlying granule assembly, in both genetic potato backgrounds, without altering the primary structure of the constituent starch polymers and the granule melting temperature. Granule size distribution of the starches obtained from transgenic Kardal plants were similar to those from untransformed controls, irrespective of the amount of SBDn accumulated. In the amf background, granule size is severely affected. In both the Kardal and amf background, apparently normal oval-shaped starch granules were composed of multiple smaller ones, as evidenced from the many "Maltese crosses" within these granules. The results are discussed in terms of different binding modes of SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Junior AV, do Nascimento JRO, Lajolo FM. Molecular cloning and characterization of an alpha-amylase occurring in the pulp of ripening bananas and its expression in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8222-8. [PMID: 17032032 DOI: 10.1021/jf060805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are glycosyl hydrolases with endoglycolytic activity on the alpha-1,4-d-glucosidic linkages in starch. In bananas, the mobilization of starch accounts for sugar accumulation during ripening, and among several hydrolytic enzymes, alpha-amylase is the only enzyme argued to be able to attack the intact granules, indicating a pivotal role for this enzyme. A 1953 bp full-length banana alpha-amylase cDNA (MAmy), encoded for a sequence of 416 amino acids, was cloned and used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The cloned MAmy presented the highly conserved motifs common to alpha-amylases, and the amylolytic activity of the extracts from yeast transformed with MAmy demonstrated that it encodes for a functional alpha-amylase, suggesting a putative role for this gene in starch degradation during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adair Vieira Junior
- Laboratório de Química, Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes 580, bloco 14, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
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