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Richards J, Rickert M, Carr K, Meyer D, Kollbaum P. The association between participant-reported ratings of comfort, dryness and vision quality in soft contact lens wearers. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:693-703. [PMID: 38404148 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous literature has indicated an association between participant-reported perceptions (e.g., ratings) of comfort, dryness and vision quality during soft contact lens wear. However, these reports do not account for participant- and lens-specific factors which may impact the interpretation of these results. The purpose of this project was to quantify the association between these participant-reported ratings while accounting for both participant- and lens-specific factors. METHODS Participant-reported ratings (scale 0-100) of comfort, dryness and quality of vision for 675 soft contact lens wearers (1207 eyes) were aggregated across 31 studies completed at Indiana University. Linear mixed-effects regression modelling was performed on each outcome rating individually. Covariate-adjusted models incorporated both participant- (e.g., age, sex) and lens-related (e.g., lens material, edge and optics) factors. The models were statistically adjusted for the duration of lens wear in hours and cumulative days of exposure. RESULTS Consistent with estimates from covariate-adjusted regression models, pairwise Spearman correlations [95% CI] between dryness and comfort (rs = 0.71, [0.69, 0.74]), vision quality and comfort (rs = 0.53, [0.49, 0.57]) and vision quality and dryness (rs = 0.49, [0.42, 0.54]) were all positive and had p < 0.001. Average participant-reported ratings of comfort, dryness and vision quality decreased by (bs [95% CI]) = -0.81 [-1.15, -0.46] -0.34 [-0.67, 0.0005] and -0.90 [-1.19, -0.60] rating units, respectively, for each hour of lens wear. CONCLUSIONS Significant positive associations were found between participant-reported measures of comfort, dryness and vision quality during soft contact lens wear. The associations between these ratings and the participant- and lens-related factors that drive them should be considered by clinicians and manufacturers when fitting and designing soft contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Richards
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Martin Rickert
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kenzie Carr
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Dawn Meyer
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Pete Kollbaum
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Yamasaki K, Dantam J, Sasanuma K, Hisamura R, Mizuno Y, Hui A, Jones L. Impact of in vitro lens deposition and removal on bacterial adhesion to orthokeratology contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102104. [PMID: 38161140 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of several contact lens (CL) care solutions on the removal of proteins and lipids, and how deposit removal impacts bacterial adhesion and solution disinfection. METHODS Lysozyme and lipid deposition on three ortho-k (rigid) and two soft CL materials were evaluated using an ELISA kit and gas chromatography respectively. Bacterial adhesion to a fluorosilicone acrylate material using Pseudomonas aeruginosa with various compositions of artificial tear solutions (ATS), including with denatured proteins, was also investigated. The impact of deposition of the different formulations of ATS on biofilm formation was explored using cover slips. Finally, the lysozyme and lipid cleaning efficacy and disinfection efficacy against P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus of four different contact lens care solutions were studied using qualitative analysis. RESULTS While maximum lysozyme deposition was observed with the fluorosilicone acrylate material (327.25 ± 54.25 µg/lens), the highest amount of lipid deposition was recorded with a fluoro-siloxanyl styrene material (134.71 ± 19.87 µg/lens). Adhesion of P. aeruginosa to fluorosilicone acrylate lenses and biofilm formation on cover slips were significantly greater with the addition of denatured proteins and lipids. Of the four contact lens care solutions investigated, the solution based on povidone-iodine removed both denatured lysozyme and lipid deposits and could effectively disinfect against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus when contaminated with denatured proteins and lipids. In contrast, the peroxide-based solution was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa growth only, while the two multipurpose solutions were unable to disinfect lenses contaminated with denatured proteins and lipids. CONCLUSION Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is influenced by components within artificial tear solutions depositing on lenses, including denatured proteins and lipids, which also affects disinfection. The ability of different solutions to remove these deposits should be considered when selecting systems to clean and disinfect ortho-k lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaya Dantam
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yohei Mizuno
- Kobe Research Center, OPHTECS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Alex Hui
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
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Noushad B, Mohamed Z, Suresh Vankudre G, Hussaindeen JR, Rani K, Elhaj M, Alshamli N. Profile of contact lens prescribing in GCC countries. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102128. [PMID: 38342732 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to report the pattern of contact lens prescribing from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. METHODS Optometrists in the GCC region were contacted to participate in a web-based survey hosted on Qualtrics XM (Provo, Utah, USA). The survey methodology was adapted from the International Contact Lens Prescribing Consortium, and participants were asked to report their last five lens fits. It collected information on practitioner demographics (age, gender, nationality, qualification, country of practice, and number of years of experience), CL user demographics (age and gender) and on lens specific details such as lens type, lens design, lens material, replacement plan, and modality of lens wear. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and report the data. RESULTS This study reports 739 contact lens fits by 174 practitioners from six GCC countries. The average age of the patients was 29.72 ± 9.07 (Mean ± SD) years and 64 % of them were females. The majority (80.2 %) were fitted with soft contact lenses, with 59 % preferring silicone hydrogels, 20 % wearing them for cosmetic purposes and nearly half of them disposed of their lenses daily (55 %). Among the RGP lenses, 41 % were scleral lenses. This survey demonstrated a greater proportion of new lens fits (55 % vs. 37 %), disposable hydrogel lens use (21 % vs. 13 %), and a preference for cosmetic contact lenses (20 % vs. 4 %) compared to the international data. CONCLUSION The pattern of CL prescriptions in the GCC region closely resembled the global trend. The survey observed a higher preference towards frequent replacement soft lenses, a greater proportion of silicone hydrogel lenses, a higher percentage of rigid lens fits, a greater affinity for cosmetic contact lenses, and a higher percentage of new fits. These trends suggest that contact lens prescription habits in the region are likely to continue evolving in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Noushad
- Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, University of Buraimi, Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Zoelfigar Mohamed
- Department of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, University of Buraimi, Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Gopi Suresh Vankudre
- Department of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, University of Buraimi, Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen
- Department of Optometry, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Kim M, Paik JS, Kim D, Hwang HS, Han K, Na KS. Current status of contact lenses usage in Korea: A population-based cohort study 2021. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296279. [PMID: 38507419 PMCID: PMC10954094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate trends in contact lens usage in a nationally representative sample of the Korean population in 2021. METHODS For this retrospective study, we analyzed data of 3,601 Korean participants aged 10-59 years, from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2021 version), who underwent eye examination, of whom 1,136 individuals (274 men and 862 women) were contact lens users. The demographic trend among Korean contact lens wearers was examined using statistical analyses to investigate the changes in their contact lens-wearing experience, duration of lens use, type of lens used, location of purchase, presence of an Eye Care Practitioner(ECP)'s prescription, lens-related ophthalmic complications, and type of lenses worn at the time of complications, according to sex. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of each variable with the rate of complications and use of soft lenses. RESULTS The average age of the contact lens users was 33.42±0.33 years, with 70.36% (weighted percentage) of users being women who used contact lenses for significantly longer periods than men (p<0.001). Additionally, only wearing of cosmetic lenses was significantly correlated with the occurrence of complications (p = 0.006), and 6.76% of users purchased lenses without a prescription. Multivariate analysis among the contact lens users revealed a significant relationship between the complication rate and female sex (p = 0.002), pre-existing eye disease diagnosed by ECPs (p = 0.0288), and duration of contact lens use (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION We identified sex differences in contact lens usage trends in Korea. The main changes observed were an increase in middle-aged lens users and a decrease in female users compared to that in the early 2000s. In addition, contact lens complications were significantly associated with sex and pre-existing eye disease. Therefore, those wearing contact lenses for extended periods should exercise caution and consult eye care specialists in the presence of any symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daran Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sik Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Na
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Itokawa T, Yamasaki K, Suzuki T, Koh S. Advances in Contact Lens Care Solutions: PVP-I Disinfectant and HAD Wetting Agents From Japan. Eye Contact Lens 2024; 50:91-101. [PMID: 38019569 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Half of the individuals who wear contact lenses use reusable lenses that require proper care. Improper contact lens (CL) care and using inadequate disinfecting solutions can lead to lens contamination, CL-related microbial keratitis, and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Oxidative disinfecting solutions, such as hydrogen peroxide, show higher efficacy than multipurpose solutions. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), an oxidative disinfectant used in ophthalmic surgery, has been proven to be safe and effective. The PVP-I system, a CL disinfecting solution developed in Japan, has demonstrated excellent antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Although CL discomfort does not have a risk of ocular disorders with poor visual prognosis, such as keratitis, CL discomfort can still lead to lens dropout and thus needs to be addressed. To mitigate CL discomfort, it is essential to use disinfecting solutions containing surfactants and wetting agents that improve wettability of the lens surface. A CL solution containing hyaluronic acid derivatives (HADs) as wetting agents that permanently adhere to the lens surface to improve wettability of the lens surface was developed in Japan. There is potential for HAD to be integrated into various solutions. This article reviews the efficacy of novel PVP-I-based disinfecting solution and HAD wetting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Itokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology (T.I., T.S.), Toho University, Tokyo, Japan; OPHTECS Corporation (K.Y.), Kobe Research Center, Kobe, Japan; Ishizuchi Eye Clinic (T.S.), Ehime, Japan; Department of Innovative Visual Science (S.K.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Ophthalmology (S.K.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Przybek-Skrzypecka J, Walkden A, Brahma A, Chidambaram J, Carley FM. Impact of First Healthcare Provider on Acanthamoeba Keratitis Course: How to Overcome Poor Prognosis in Acanthamoeba Keratitis Treatment? A Single Tertiary Center, Observational Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3975-3982. [PMID: 38146454 PMCID: PMC10749575 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s438990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the difference in course and final visual outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) patients based on the first healthcare provider (HCP) seen. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study of AK patients admitted to the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital between 2003 and 2017. HCPs were grouped (Group 1: Optometrists, Opticians; Group 2: General Practitioners (GPs); Group 3: Ophthalmologists) and the data analyzed on demographics, risk factors, clinical history, clinical features, and Acanthamoeba subspecies. Results Forty-one patients with unilateral culture-proven AK were included. Median time to consultation with first HCP was 7 days (IQR 4-14 days), while mean time to the correct diagnosis of AK was 15 days (IQR 7-29 days). Patients saw an optician, optometrist or ophthalmologists significantly earlier than GPs (median 4 days, vs 15 or 5 days, respectively, p = 0.04). Bacterial keratitis was the most common initial clinical diagnosis (43%). The shortest time to making the AK diagnosis (median 11 days) and the highest rate of initiating AK treatment started at the first visit (38%) were both in the ophthalmologists' group. No significant differences were observed in initial and final visual acuity between HCP groups (p = 0.36). Conclusion AK patients often seek ocular help earlier from optometrists and opticians than medical doctors. Final clinical outcomes did not significantly differ based on the first HCP seen, but ophthalmologists were more likely to make the diagnosis of AK and initiate anti-amoebal therapy faster than other HCPs. Greater education and collaboration between ophthalmologists and other HCPs to increase awareness of AK are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Przybek-Skrzypecka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrew Walkden
- Cornea Department, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Arun Brahma
- Cornea Department, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK
| | - Jaya Chidambaram
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona M Carley
- Cornea Department, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ghorbani-Mojarrad N, Rountree L, Terry L, Bruce H, Hallam E, Jolly L, Retallic N, Evans K. Clinical Investigation of Flat Pack Toric Contact Lenses and Wearer Attitudes to Environmental Impact. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:475-482. [PMID: 37707468 PMCID: PMC10589431 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the performance of a novel flat pack toric daily disposable contact lens compared with traditionally packaged toric lenses in a randomized, crossover study. Environmental attitudes to contact lens wear were also explored. METHODS Habitual contact lens wearers were recruited to wear a hioxifilcon A (Miru 1 day Flat Pack Toric, Menicon, Nagoya, Japan) test lens and a control lens: either nelfilcon A (Dailies AquaComfort Plus, Alcon, Geneva, Switzerland) or etafilcon A (1-Day Acuvue Moist, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ). Objective lens performance was assessed at fitting, and participants wore lenses in a randomized order for three consecutive days. Subjective measures of lens performance (comfort, vision, and handling) were then assessed by a questionnaire, with further questions on overall lens preference and environmental perceptions. RESULTS Objective measures of lens fit were similar for the test and control lenses, except for distance VA which was better with the control lenses ( P <0.05; difference of two logMAR letters). End of day comfort was greater with the test lens, but this did not reach significance. Both lenses demonstrated similar scores for overall satisfaction. 87.5% of participants indicated the environmental impact of contact lenses to be important/extremely important to them, with 100% of participants identifying the flat pack packaging as having a smaller environmental impact. CONCLUSION Overall, the lenses used in the study performed to similar levels. Environmental credentials are important to contact lens wearers, which may contribute to overall lens preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Ghorbani-Mojarrad
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences (K.E., L.T.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School of Optometry and Vision Science (H.B., E.H., L.J., L.R., N.G.-M.), University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; Menicon UK Ltd (N.R.), Northampton, United Kingdom; and Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research (N.G.-M.), Bradford, United Kingdom
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Morgan OA, Mirza AA, Parmar KR, Plowright AJ, Vega JA, Orsborn GN, Maldonado-Codina C, Whitehead JC, Morgan PB. Clinical performance and Willingness To Pay for soft toric contact lenses in low and moderate astigmats. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101887. [PMID: 37460374 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine clinical performance and the 'Willingness To Pay' for toric vs. spherical soft contact lenses in an astigmatic population. METHODS In the clinical study, subjects with binocular low to moderate astigmatism (-0.75DC to -1.50DC) wore pairs of soft toric (Biofinity toric) and spherical (Biofinity) contact lenses in random sequence. Visual acuity (high and low contrast, monocular and binocular), subjective comfort and subjective vision were recorded. In the economics study, first subjects who had participated in the clinical study were presented with a series of randomised economic scenarios in order to determine their Willingness To Pay a premium (i.e. an increase) for toric lenses. Then, a similar set of scenarios were presented to a much larger group of online respondents and again, Willingness To Pay was established. RESULTS For the four measures of visual acuity, the Biofinity toric lens out-performed the Biofinity spherical lens by 0.6 to 1.1 lines.. Subjective vision performance was statistically significantly better with the toric lens for the distance task only. Comfort scores were not significantly different. Similar findings for Willingness To Pay were established for the clinical subjects and for the online respondents. The Willingness To Pay premium (additional fee) for a monthly supply of toric lenses (over spherical lenses) was between £13 and £16, if a toric lens provides better vision and similar comfort, as shown in the clinical study. CONCLUSION Consumers are willing to pay a monthly premium of around 50% to benefit from the typical experience of better vision and similar comfort for toric vs. spherical lenses. The level of additional cost for toric lenses compared to their spherical equivalents is less than this in the market, so eye care professionals should consider that toric lenses are delivering a greater clinical return than anticipated by wearers for the relatively small increase in price.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ashton Morgan
- Department of Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States
| | - Aftab A Mirza
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan R Parmar
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Plowright
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Vega
- CooperVision Incorporated, 6101 Bollinger Canyon Rd, Suite 500, San Ramon, CA 94583, United States
| | - Gary N Orsborn
- CooperVision Incorporated, 6101 Bollinger Canyon Rd, Suite 500, San Ramon, CA 94583, United States
| | - Carole Maldonado-Codina
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - John C Whitehead
- Department of Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States
| | - Philip B Morgan
- Eurolens Research, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Shin SM, Park HI, Sung AY. Correlation Analysis of Surface and Physical Properties of Ophthalmic Lenses Containing Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1883. [PMID: 37893320 PMCID: PMC10609528 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Since contact lenses directly contact the cornea, the surface roughness of the lens may cause various side effects. In addition, gold nanoparticles can realize a variety of colors and characteristics depending on their shape and size. In this study, the surface roughness of tinted lenses containing gold nanoparticles of various sizes was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) at aspect ratio(surface to volume ratio) ranging from 1:1 to 1:10. The characteristics of the lenses were then confirmed. As a result, tinted lenses with different colors depending on the size of the gold nanoparticles were manufactured. The surface roughness of the lens decreased with increasing size of the gold nanoparticles. However, at aspect ratio of 1:10, increase in surface roughness was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that the wettability and antibacterial properties of the lens had the same effect according to the average surface roughness value. Therefore, it was confirmed that the addition of gold nanoparticles reduced the surface roughness of the lens, which had a great effect on properties such as wettability and antimicrobial properties of the lens. The produced copolymer controls the surface roughness of the lens, and thus it is judged that it can be used as a material for various ophthalmology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A-Young Sung
- Department of Optometry & Vision Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.S.); (H.-I.P.)
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Moledina M, Roberts HW, Mukherjee A, Spokes D, Pimenides D, Stephenson C, Bassily R, Rajan MS, Myerscough J. Analysis of microbial keratitis incidence, isolates and in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in the East of England: a 6-year study. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2716-2722. [PMID: 36709219 PMCID: PMC9883814 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To report the incidence, microbiological profile and in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of microbial keratitis (MK) in the East of England (EoE) over a 6-year period. SUBJECTS/METHODS A retrospective study of patients diagnosed with MK who underwent corneal scraping at participating trusts, within the EoE, between 01/01/2015-01/07/2020. Analysis was performed on MK isolate profiles, in-vitro anti-microbial sensitivities and trends over time. RESULTS The mean incidence of IK, in the EoE, was estimated at 6.96 per 100 000 population/year. 1071 corneal scrapes were analysed, 460 were culture positive (42.95%) of which 87.2% were bacteria (50.3% gram-positive and 49.7% gram-negative), 2.4% polymicrobial, 9.3% fungi and 1.1% acanthamoeba. The most common organisms were pseudomonas spp (29.57%). There was a non-statistically significant trend (NST) in increasing incidence of pseudomonas spp, staph aureus and serratia (p = 0.719, p = 0.615, and p = 0.099 respectively) and a declining NST in Fungi (p = 0.058). Susceptibilities in-vitro to, penicillin classes, fluoroquinolone and aminoglycosides were 76.7% and 89.4%, 79.2% and 97.2% and 95.4 and 96.1% to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria respectively. Gram-negative organisms were increasingly resistant to cephalosporins with a 19.2% reduction in sensitivity over time. (p = 0.011). Ceftriaxone showed the greatest decrease in sensitivity of 41.67% (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION In the EoE, MK is relatively prevalent though likely underestimated. Profiles are similar to other UK regions with the exception of a higher fungal and lower acanthamoeba incidence. Common first and second-line antimicrobial selection provides, on the whole, good coverage. Nevertheless, anti-microbial resistance, to cephalosporins, was observed so selection should be carefully considered when treating MK empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Moledina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southend University Hospital, Southend, UK
| | - Harry W Roberts
- West of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Achyut Mukherjee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Colchester General Hospital, Colchester, UK
| | - David Spokes
- Department of Ophthalmology Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Ramy Bassily
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, UK
| | - Madhavan S Rajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Myerscough
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southend University Hospital, Southend, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
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Jones L, Efron N, Bandamwar K, Barnett M, Jacobs DS, Jalbert I, Pult H, Rhee MK, Sheardown H, Shovlin JP, Stahl U, Stanila A, Tan J, Tavazzi S, Ucakhan OO, Willcox MDP, Downie LE. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of contact lenses on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:175-219. [PMID: 37149139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lifestyle choices made by contact lens wearers can have adverse consequences on ocular health. These include being non-adherent to contact lens care, sleeping in lenses, ill-advised purchasing options, not seeing an eyecare professional for regular aftercare visits, wearing lenses when feeling unwell, wearing lenses too soon after various forms of ophthalmic surgery, and wearing lenses when engaged in risky behaviors (e.g., when using tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs). Those with a pre-existing compromised ocular surface may find that contact lens wear exacerbates ocular disease morbidity. Conversely, contact lenses may have various therapeutic benefits. The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impinged upon the lifestyle of contact lens wearers, introducing challenges such as mask-associated dry eye, contact lens discomfort with increased use of digital devices, inadvertent exposure to hand sanitizers, and reduced use of lenses. Wearing contact lenses in challenging environments, such as in the presence of dust and noxious chemicals, or where there is the possibility of ocular trauma (e.g., sport or working with tools) can be problematic, although in some instances lenses can be protective. Contact lenses can be worn for sport, theatre, at high altitude, driving at night, in the military and in space, and special considerations are required when prescribing in such situations to ensure successful outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis, incorporated within the review, identified that the influence of lifestyle factors on soft contact lens dropout remains poorly understood, and is an area in need of further research. Overall, this report investigated lifestyle-related choices made by clinicians and contact lens wearers and discovered that when appropriate lifestyle choices are made, contact lens wear can enhance the quality of life of wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kalika Bandamwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle Jalbert
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heiko Pult
- Dr Heiko Pult Optometry & Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ulli Stahl
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Tan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Tavazzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Call T, Pucker AD, McGwin G, Franklin QX, Logan A. Real-Time Ocular Comfort Reporting in Monthly Replacement Contact Lens Wearers. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2023; 15:97-103. [PMID: 37181863 PMCID: PMC10167961 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s403319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To map contact lens (CL) comfort over the full wear day and across 1 month's wear in established, asymptomatic to minimally symptomatic, reusable, soft CL wearers. Methods Adult, 18- to 45-year-old, participants were recruited and required to have 20/20 best-corrected visual acuity or better and must have been asymptomatic to minimally symptomatic CL wearers. Participants were required to be able to wear TOTAL30® sphere CLs and have minimal astigmatism. Participants were fit in the study CLs and asked to wear these CLs daily for the next month for 16 hours per day each day. Participants were asked to complete a visual analog scale (VAS) survey via text message at time of CL application and after 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 hours of wear and at CL removal on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and at 2 weeks and 1 month. The utilized VAS had a ±50 scale with positive scores being comfortable, negative scores being uncomfortable, and scores of 0 being neutral comfort. Results Forty-eight participants were recruited who had a mean ± SD age of 26.2 ± 5.2 years (71% female). Mean initial VAS CL comfort scores at initial CL dispense were 45.56 ± 9.20 units. Mean CL wear times for any of the days evaluated were at least 14.80 ± 2.41 hours per day and did not differ across the study (p = 0.77). Mean comfort VAS scores significantly decreased over the wear day (all days p ≤ 0.02), yet there were no significant differences in VAS comfort scores across the same time of day for the duration of the study (all times p ≥ 0.06). Conclusion This study determined that while CL wearers were slightly less comfortable at the end of the day compared to application, this comfort change was minimal given that the average participants had overwhelmingly good comfort at all time-points evaluated. Comfort scores were likewise consistent across 1 month of wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Call
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Pucker
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Quentin X Franklin
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amy Logan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Craig JP, Alves M, Wolffsohn JS, Downie LE, Efron N, Galor A, Gomes JAP, Jones L, Markoulli M, Stapleton F, Starr CE, Sullivan AG, Willcox MDP, Sullivan DA. TFOS Lifestyle Report Introduction: A Lifestyle Epidemic - Ocular Surface Disease. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:304-309. [PMID: 37121544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration, Miami, FL, USA
| | - José Alvaro P Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Lutmer KM, Wagner H, Richdale K, Zimmerman AB, Datta A, Dougherty BE. Examining daily disposable soft contact lens wearers' attitudes and beliefs using the Health Belief Model. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:202-211. [PMID: 36464862 PMCID: PMC10823430 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use the Health Belief Model (HBM) to understand daily disposable (DD) soft contact lens (SCL) wearers' attitudes and beliefs. METHODS A convenience sample of DD SCL wearers (18-33 years) was enrolled at two sites. Participants were queried about demographics, SCL wear and HBM constructs. Rasch analysis was used to assess the psychometric properties of the survey instrument and generate scores for each HBM subscale. ANOVA was used to determine relationships among HBM constructs, subject demographics and DD SCL-related health behaviours. RESULTS One hundred people participated (mean ± SD), age = 24.2 ± 3.9 years, 76% female. Thirty-seven percent reported sleeping in DD SCLs and 25% reported reusing DD SCLs. Self-report of reusing DD SCLs was associated with scores on the benefits: reuse (p = 0.02) and barriers (p = 0.007) subscales, and sleeping in lenses was associated with scores on the susceptibility (p = 0.05), benefits: wear behaviours (p = 0.006) and barriers (p = 0.01) subscales. Rasch analysis showed some subscales demonstrated multidimensionality. CONCLUSIONS Selected health belief constructs were associated with DD SCL-related behaviours including reusing and overnight wear. Increased understanding of SCL attitudes and beliefs could inform patient education and interventions to decrease risks associated with improper SCL wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Lutmer
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Heidi Wagner
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ananya Datta
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Defining Daily Disposable Contact Lens Wear in a Clinical Study. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:145-150. [PMID: 36728687 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates contact lenses as prescription medical devices and defines daily disposable lenses for single use; however, safety comparisons between daily disposable and reusable lenses rely on the lens-wearing regimen. When inappropriately discerned, studies may erroneously report replacement regimen, resulting in inaccurate risk rates. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore different measures for defining daily disposable wearers in the context of a clinical study. METHODS A secondary analysis of data from five multisite fieldings (n = 1059) from the Contact Lens Risk Survey was performed. Descriptive statistics were used to examine self-reported lens replacement, use of lens case, and manufacturer's recommended replacement frequency as defined by the participants' selection of their habitual lenses using a photographic aide. Daily disposable wearers were identified as reporting daily replacement (by self-report and lens identification) and not using a lens case. If there was a discrepancy among these three factors, the lens assignment was assessed as a majority response (two of three) or as missing if conflicting information was reported. RESULTS The cohort was approximately two-thirds (68.7%) female and ranged from 12 to 33 years of age. A total of 154 participants (14.5%) were classified as daily disposable wearers and 896 (84.6%) as reusable wearers. Congruence was observed among all three daily disposable assignment factors for only 106 wearers (68.8%). The greatest discrepancy among daily disposable wearers was the report of using a lens case (n = 32 [20.8%]). In contrast, reusable lens wearers were more likely to report agreement across all three factors (n = 798 [89.1%], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This analysis suggests that the report of not using a lens case is a more conservative surrogate for true single-use lens wear, as one in five may be storing and reusing their daily disposable lenses.
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16
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Harrop K, Beerten R, Steenbekkers G, Voltz K, Johnson L, Siergey J. Foreword - Why specialist lenses? Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101797. [PMID: 36566122 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Moore M, Flitcroft DI, Loughman J. Prescribing patterns of myopia control contact lenses among optometrists in Ireland. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:377-387. [PMID: 36651759 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective analysis of electronic medical record (EMR) data investigated the prescribing patterns of soft myopia control contact lens (MCCL) treatments since their introduction in Ireland in 2017. METHODS Anonymised EMR data were sourced from 33 optometry practices in Ireland from 2017 to 2021 to determine the number of practices prescribing MCCLs to myopic children 5-18 years old. In MCCL-prescribing practices, the proportion of contact lens wearing children fitted with MCCLs and the proportion of progressive (≤-0.25 D/year) myopic children fitted with MCCLs were determined. Logistic regression was used to determine which factors influenced the likelihood of being prescribed a MCCL. RESULTS Overall, just 10 practices were found to prescribe MCCLs of any type. The Coopervision MiSight contact lens was used in 85% of all MCCL fittings with most other fits being off-label multifocals. The use of MCCLs rose from 3% of contact lens fits in 2017 to 27% in 2021. Children fitted with MCCLs were on average younger (12.2 ± 2.3 years vs. 15.4 ± 2.1 years) but more myopic (-3.46 ± 1.84 D vs. -3.03 ± 1.69 D) than those fitted with standard contact lenses. The most predictive factors for being fitted with MCCLs were year of examination (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 2.13, 3.03), younger age (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.64) and greater myopia (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.39). CONCLUSION Clinician engagement in myopia management has increased in Ireland since the formal introduction of MCCLs, but more than two-thirds of practices included are yet to offer this form of myopia management. The proportion of children with progressive myopia that has been prescribed MCCLs has increased, but the majority of children are still managed for vision correction only. There is significant scope for improving the uptake of evidence-based myopia control treatments and for optimising the age and degree of myopia at which such interventions are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moore
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ian Flitcroft
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Efron N, Morgan PB. Affluence and Contact Lens Prescribing. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:455-459. [PMID: 36083156 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of national affluence on the extent of prescribing of various types of soft contact lenses. METHODS Using information derived from a large bank of contact lens prescribing data, the relationship between the percentage prescribing of daily disposable, toric, silicone hydrogel, and multifocal contact lenses versus the gross domestic product at purchasing parity per capita (GDP [PPP]) was determined for all countries in which contact lens prescribers returned survey forms relating to greater than 100 contact lens fits between 2017 and 2021, inclusive. RESULTS Data from 39 countries were analyzed, comprising 94,181 contact lens fits. The relationship between percentage contact lens prescribing versus GDP (PPP) was highly statistically significant for daily disposable lenses (r 2 =0.35, P <0.0001), marginally significant for toric lenses (r 2 =0.08, P =0.06), and not significant for silicone hydrogel lenses (r 2 =0.01, P =0.42) or multifocal lenses (r 2 =0.02, P =0.35). CONCLUSIONS The rate of prescribing daily disposable contact lenses, and to a lesser extent toric lenses, is related to national affluence. The contact lens industry, practitioners, and governments/regulatory bodies should remain cognizant of this association and, where possible, reduce cost barriers to the purchase of such contact lens products so that they can be prescribed based on important clinical, refraction, and lifestyle considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science (N.E.), Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia; and Eurolens Research (P.B.M.), Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Navarro-Gil FJ, Huete-Toral F, Domínguez-Godínez CO, Carracedo G, Crooke A. Contact Lenses Loaded with Melatonin Analogs: A Promising Therapeutic Tool against Dry Eye Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123483. [PMID: 35743553 PMCID: PMC9225312 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin analogs topically administered evoke a potent tear secretagogue effect in rabbits. This route of drug administration requires high drug concentration and frequent dosing due to its reduced ocular surface retention. Therefore, contact lenses (CLs) have emerged as an alternative drug-delivery system that prolongs drug retention in the cornea, improving its therapeutic performance. This study explores the in vitro ability of five commercially available hydrogel CLs to act as a delivery system for melatonin analogs and the in vivo secretagogue effect of melatonin analog-loaded CLs. We soaked CLs with melatonin or melatonin analog solutions (1 mM) for 12 h. Spectroscopic assays showed that IIK7-loaded CLs led to the inadequate delivery of this compound. Conventional hydrogel lenses loaded with agomelatine released more agomelatine than silicone ones (16–33% more). In contrast, the CLs of silicone materials are more effective as a delivery system of 5-MCA-NAT than CLs of conventional materials (24–29%). The adaptation of CLs loaded with agomelatine or 5-MCA-NAT in rabbits triggered a higher tear secretion than the corresponding eye drops (78% and 59% more, respectively). These data suggest that CLs preloaded with melatonin analogs could be an adequate strategy to combat aqueous tear deficient dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Navarro-Gil
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (C.O.D.-G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.N.-G.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-3946883 (F.J.N.-G); +34-91-3946859 (A.C.)
| | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmen Olalla Domínguez-Godínez
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (C.O.D.-G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (C.O.D.-G.); (G.C.)
| | - Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.N.-G.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-3946883 (F.J.N.-G); +34-91-3946859 (A.C.)
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Abstract
Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the eye, the organ responsible for vision, and its attachments. Biomaterials can be made with different types of materials and can replace or improve a function or an organ, specifically the eye in the case of ophthalmic biomaterials. Biomaterials are substances that interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, either as a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic agent, and have continued to improve over the years, leading to the creation of new biomaterials. With the arrival of new generations, biomaterials have succeeded in reducing complications and toxicity and improving biocompatibilities associated with older generations. With the aging population, eye problems are becoming more prevalent, and biomaterials have helped in recent years to improve or restore vision, improving the quality of life of many patients. This review focuses on the most clinically used ophthalmic biomaterials, including contact lenses, intraocular lenses, artificial tears, inlays and vitreous replacements. Tissue engineering is presented as a new tool that is able to be treat several ophthalmologic disorders.
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