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Yue Y, Han J, Shen X, Zhu F, Liu Y, Zhang W, Xia W, Wu M. Structural characteristics, immune-activating mechanisms in vitro, and immunomodulatory effects in vivo of the exopolysaccharide EPS53 from Streptococcus thermophilus XJ53. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122259. [PMID: 38858019 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Our previous investigations have successfully identified the repeating structural units of EPS53, an exopolysaccharide derived from Streptococcus thermophilus XJ53 fermented milk, and substantiated its potential immunomodulatory properties. The present study further elucidated the structural characteristics of EPS53 and investigated the underlying mechanisms governing its in vitro immunoreactivity as well as its in vivo immunoreactivity. The results obtained from multi-detector high performance gel filtration chromatography revealed that EPS53 adopted a rigid rod conformation in aqueous solution, with the weight-average molecular weight of 1464 kDa, the number-average molecular weight of 694 kDa, and the polydispersity index of 2.11. Congo red experiment confirmed the absence of a triple helix conformation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that EPS53 displayed a three-dimensional fibrous structure covered with flakes. The in vitro findings indicated that EPS53 enhanced phagocytosis ability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cytokine levels of macrophages via the TLR4-mediated NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways as confirmed by immunofluorescence staining experiments, inhibition blocking experiments, and Western blot assay. Additionally, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that EPS53 significantly increased macrophage and neutrophil number while enhancing NO and ROS levels in zebrafish larvae; thus, providing further evidence for the immunomodulatory efficacy of EPS53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China
| | - Xinyan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yikang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Tao T, Zhang L, Yu T, Ma J, Lu S, Ren J, Li X, Guo X. Exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus plantarum T10 is responsible for the probiotic activity in enhancing intestinal barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2024; 15:3583-3599. [PMID: 38469921 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillus probiotics exert their effects in a strain-specific and metabolite-specific manner. This study aims to identify lactobacilli that can effectively enhance the intestinal barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the underlying metabolite and molecular mechanisms involved. Nine Lactobacillus isolates were evaluated for their ability to enhance the IPEC-J2 cellular barrier function and for their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in IPEC-J2 cells after an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge. Of the nine isolates, L. plantarum T10 demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing the cellular barrier function and displayed anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in vitro. The bioactivities of L. plantarum T10 were primarily attributed to the production of exopolysaccharides, which exerted their effects through the TLR-mediated p38 MAPK pathway in ETEC-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, the production of EPS by L. plantarum T10 led to the alleviation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by reducing intestinal damage and enhancing the intestinal barrier function in mice. The EPS is classified as a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 23.0 kDa. It is primarily composed of mannose, glucose, and ribose. These findings have practical implications for the targeted screening of lactobacilli used in the production of probiotics and postbiotics with strain-specific features of exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tao
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Tianfei Yu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Jiaxue Ma
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Hubei Province Nutrition Chemicals Biosynthetic Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430074, China.
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López-García E, Marín-Gordillo A, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Ávila-Román J, Romero-Gil V, Bermúdez-Oria A, Benítez-Cabello A, Garrido-Fernández A, Rodríguez-Gómez F, Arroyo-López FN. Functional features of the exopolysaccharide extracts produced by Lactiplantibacillus strains isolated from table olives. Food Funct 2024; 15:1938-1947. [PMID: 38269604 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates the functional characteristics of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) extracts produced by various strains of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (LPG1, 119, 13B4, and Lp13) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp15) isolated from table olives. None of the EPS crude extracts showed cytotoxicity when administered to THP-1 human macrophage cells at dosages ranging from 6.25 to 50 μg mL-1. Many exhibited anti-inflammatory properties (reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 production) and antioxidant activity (reduction of ROS%) when macrophages were stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Notably, the EPS extract produced by the L. pentosus LPG1 strain had the best results corroborated by western blot immune analysis for differential expression of COX-2, Nrf-2, and HO-1 proteins, with the most significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response observed at a dosage of 50 μg mL-1. Chemical analysis revealed that the EPS extract produced by this strain contains a heteropolymer composed of mannose (35.45%), glucose (32.99%), arabinose (17.93%), xylose (7.48%), galactose (4.03%), rhamnose (1.34%), and fucose (0.77%). Finally, we conducted response surface methodology to model the EPS extract production by L. pentosus LPG1 considering pH (3.48-8.52), temperature (16.59-33.41 °C) and salt concentration (0.03-8.77% NaCl) as independent variables. The model identified linear effects of salt and pH and quadratic effects of salt as significant terms. The maximum EPS extract production (566 mg L-1) in a synthetic culture medium (MRS) was achieved at pH 7.5, salt 7.0%, and a temperature of 20 °C. These findings suggest the potential for novel applications for the EPS produced by L. pentosus LPG1 as nutraceutical candidates for use in human diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio López-García
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana Marín-Gordillo
- Technological Applications for Improvement of the Quality and Safety in Foods. R&D Division, Avda. Diego Martín Barrio 10. Second Floor, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica Romero-Gil
- Department of Food Science and Technology. University of Cordoba, Carretera Madrid-Cádiz Km 396A. Darwin Building, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio Benítez-Cabello
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio Garrido-Fernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Gómez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco Noé Arroyo-López
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Carretera de Utrera Km 1. Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide. Building 46, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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Hati S, Ramanuj K, Basaiawmoit B, Sreeja V, Maurya R, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Mishra B. Safety aspects, probiotic potentials of yeast and lactobacillus isolated from fermented foods in North-Eastern India, and its anti-inflammatory activity. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2073-2091. [PMID: 37612545 PMCID: PMC10485210 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus and yeast obtained from fermented foods in North-East India were tested for safety and probiotic properties. All the lactobacilli and yeast tested negative for the catalase, indole, urease, phenylalanine, hemolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, and biogenic amine production tests, indicating that they are safe to use as probiotics in food supplements. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KGL3A (accession no. MG722814) was capable of resisting the replicated gastric fluid (pH 2) till 2 h of exposure, whereas both KGL3A and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus K4E (accession no. KX950834.1) strains were able to resist pH 3 till 2 h of exposure with a reduction in overall viable cell count from 7.48 log CFU/mL to 1.09 log CFU/mL and 7.77 log CFU/mL to 0.83 log CFU/mL, respectively. In vitro gastric juice simulation conditions were tolerated by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae WBS2A. The cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) towards hydrocarbons (n-hexadecane) was seen highest in L. plantarum KGL3A (77.16± 0.84%) and Limosilactobacillus fermentum KGL4 accession no. MF951099 (72.60 ± 2.33%). The percentage auto-aggregation ranged from 8.70 to 25.53 after 2 h, which significantly increased to 10.50 to 26.94 during the fifth hour for cultures. Also, a higher percentage of co-aggregation was found for the culture L. rhamnosus K4E with S. typhi (34.18 ± 0.03%), E. coli (32.97 ± 0.02 %) and S. aureus (26.33 ± 0.06 %) and for the yeast S. cerevisiae WBS2A, a higher percentage of co-aggregation was found with Listeria monocytogenes (25.77 ± 0.22%). The antioxidant activity and proteolytic activity were found to be higher for Lactobacillus helveticus K14 and L. rhamnosus K4E. The proportion of decreased cholesterol was noticeably higher in KGL4 (29.65 ± 4.30%). β glucosidase activity was significantly higher in the L. fermentum KGL4 strain (0.359 ± 0.002), and α galactosidase activity was significantly higher in the L. rhamnosus K4E strain (0.415 ± 0.016). MTT assays suggested that KGL4 and WBS2A at a lower dose did not exhibit cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrota Hati
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Krupali Ramanuj
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Bethsheba Basaiawmoit
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - V Sreeja
- Dairy Microbiology Department, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Birendrakumar Mishra
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Tura, Meghalaya, India.
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Xu X, Liu Y, Pan C, Han S, Ma L, Qiao Y, Shi B, Peng Q. Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Fermented Wheat Products of Grifola frondosa: In Vitro Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:3820276. [PMID: 37593692 PMCID: PMC10432006 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3820276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-known health benefits of Grifola frondosa, there is a lack of understanding regarding the potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of different varieties when fermented with wheat grains. We aimed to explore the potential of G. frondosa-fermented wheat flour as a functional food. Three varieties of G. frondosa (GFA, GFB, and GFC) were fermented with wheat grains for solid-state fermentation. Polysaccharides were extracted and analyzed for total sugar content, monosaccharide composition, Mw profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory properties. Results were evaluated using HPLC, DPPH assay, MTS assay, Griess reagent, and ELISA method. Our study found variations in three different varieties of G. frondosa-fermented wheat polysaccharides. Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide, followed by galactose and mannose. Each variety had a different molecular weight distribution, with GFA-wheat mainly present in fraction II, GFB-wheat in fraction I, and GFC-wheat in fraction III. At a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, GFA-wheat and GFB-wheat polysaccharides increased DPPH scavenging ability by 76.8% and 58.7%, respectively. The polysaccharides showed no apparent toxic effect and enhanced the production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 246.7 macrophages. GFB-wheat polysaccharides demonstrated remarkable immunomodulatory properties at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. Our study provides a theoretical basis for using G. frondosa in wheat staple agricultural products to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Feed Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Dabeinong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Feed Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Dabeinong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Feed Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Dabeinong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Feed Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Dabeinong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Shi
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lee CG, Cha KH, Kim GC, Im SH, Kwon HK. Exploring probiotic effector molecules and their mode of action in gut-immune interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad046. [PMID: 37541953 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, have gained significant attention for their potential therapeutic applications. The beneficial effects of probiotics are believed to stem from their ability to enhance intestinal barrier function, inhibit pathogens, increase beneficial gut microbes, and modulate immune responses. However, clinical studies investigating the effectiveness of probiotics have yielded conflicting results, potentially due to the wide variety of probiotic species and strains used, the challenges in controlling the desired number of live microorganisms, and the complex interactions between bioactive substances within probiotics. Bacterial cell wall components, known as effector molecules, play a crucial role in mediating the interaction between probiotics and host receptors, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that contribute to the health-promoting effects. Previous reviews have extensively covered different probiotic effector molecules, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. Understanding how each probiotic component modulates immune activity at the molecular level may enable the prediction of immunological outcomes in future clinical studies. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and immunological features of probiotic effector molecules, focusing primarily on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We also discuss current gaps and limitations in the field and propose directions for future research to enhance our understanding of probiotic-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Gi-Cheon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc, Bio Open Innovation Center, 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Xu X, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Shi B. Probiotic Properties of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 and In Vitro Comparative Evaluation of Live and Heat-Killed Cells for Antioxidant, Anticancer and Immunoregulatory Activities. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051118. [PMID: 36900635 PMCID: PMC10001366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Latiactobacilli are often used as probiotics due to their functional activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and immunoregulation effect. Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 obtained from our laboratory is a promising probiotic according to the previous study. Coculture, the Oxford cup test and disk-diffusion methods were used to evaluate the probiotic properties and antibiotic resistance of L. coryniformis NA-3. The antioxidant activities of live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3 were assessed via radicals' scavenging ability. The potential anticancer and immunoregulatory capacity was determined in vitro using cell lines. The results indicate that L. coryniformis NA-3 has antibacterial activity and cholesterol removal ability and is sensitive to most antibiotics. Dead L. coryniformis NA-3 can scavenge free radicals as well as live strains. Live L. coryniformis NA-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells; however, dead cells cannot. After RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3, the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced. The increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in treated macrophages mediates the production of NO. In conclusion, L. coryniformis NA-3 showed potential probiotic properties, and the heat-killed strain also exhibited activities similar to those of live bacteria, suggesting the possible value of its further application in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
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Xu X, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Dia VP, Shi B. Probiotic activity of ropy Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NA isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut and comparative evaluation of its live and heat-killed cells on antioxidant activity and RAW 264.7 macrophage stimulation. Food Funct 2023; 14:2481-2495. [PMID: 36804706 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are known to have a positive impact on health and considered as functional supplements and additives. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of ropy Latilactobacillus isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut and to determine the antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities of its heat-killed cells compared to its live strains to assess its functional activity. After the analysis of the 16r DNA and phylogenetic tree, it was identified as a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and named L. plantarum NA. L. plantarum NA was resistant to simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro. In addition, L. plantarum NA exhibited cholesterol degradation, antibiotic susceptibility, and antibacterial activity. Heat-killed L. plantarum NA exhibited antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities similar to live cells, which may be associated with the undamaged overall structure after heating. The results of antioxidant activity analysis suggested that both live and heat-killed L. plantarum NA possessed capacity for scavenging free radicals, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. The ABTS scavenging activity of heat-killed cells (38%) was significantly higher than that of viable (19%) L. plantarum NA. Furthermore, RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with L. plantarum NA induced the production of nitric oxide, cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NO/iNOS signaling pathway could be activated by L. plantarum NA and promoted NO production. Both live and heat-killed cells had a potential impact on the immunomodulatory activity, with different dosages. These results suggest that the novel L. plantarum NA isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut could be useful as a probiotic strain and applied to functional food processing and pharmaceutical fields as a potential immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Qiao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qing Peng
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Vermont Punongba Dia
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Paul AK, Lim CL, Apu MAI, Dolma KG, Gupta M, de Lourdes Pereira M, Wilairatana P, Rahmatullah M, Wiart C, Nissapatorn V. Are Fermented Foods Effective against Inflammatory Diseases? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2481. [PMID: 36767847 PMCID: PMC9915096 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fermented foods have been used over the centuries in various parts of the world. These foods are rich in nutrients and are produced naturally using various biological tools like bacteria and fungi. Fermentation of edible foods has been rooted in ancient cultures to keep food for preservation and storage for a long period of time with desired or enhanced nutritional values. Inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and chronic inflammatory pain are chronic disorders that are difficult to treat, and current treatments for these disorders fail due to various adverse effects of prescribed medications over a long period of time. Fermented foods containing probiotic bacteria and fungi can enhance the immune system, improve gastrointestinal health, and lower the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. Foods prepared from vegetables by fermentation, like kimchi, sauerkraut, soy-based foods, or turmeric, lack proper clinical and translational experimental studies. The current review has focused on the effectiveness of various fermented foods or drinks used over centuries against inflammation, arthritis, and oxidative stress. We also described potential limitations on the efficacies or usages of these fermented products to provide an overarching picture of the research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chooi Ling Lim
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Md. Aminul Islam Apu
- Department of Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Karma G. Dolma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok 737102, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Re-search University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Synbiotics and Their Antioxidant Properties, Mechanisms, and Benefits on Human and Animal Health: A Narrative Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101443. [PMID: 36291652 PMCID: PMC9599591 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are often associated with a variety of anti-aging compounds that can ensure human and animal health longevity. Foods and diet supplements from animals and plants are the common exogenous sources of antioxidants. However, microbial-based products, including probiotics and their derivatives, have been recognized for their antioxidant properties through numerous studies and clinical trials. While the number of publications on probiotic antioxidant capacities and action mechanisms is expanding, that of synbiotics combining probiotics with prebiotics is still emerging. Here, the antioxidant metabolites and properties of synbiotics, their modes of action, and their different effects on human and animal health are reviewed and discussed. Synbiotics can generate almost unlimited possibilities of antioxidant compounds, which may have superior performance compared to those of their components through additive or complementary effects, and especially by synergistic actions. Either combined with antioxidant prebiotics or not, probiotics can convert these substrates to generate antioxidant compounds with superior activities. Such synbiotic-based new routes for supplying natural antioxidants appear relevant and promising in human and animal health prevention and treatment. A better understanding of various component interactions within synbiotics is key to generating a higher quality, quantity, and bioavailability of antioxidants from these biotic sources.
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Potential Applications of an Exopolysaccharide Produced by Bacillus xiamenensis RT6 Isolated from an Acidic Environment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183918. [PMID: 36146061 PMCID: PMC9505781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus xiamenensis RT6 strain was isolated and identified by morphological, biochemical and molecular tests from an extreme acidic environment, Rio Tinto (Huelva). Optimisation tests for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in different culture media determined that the best medium was a minimal medium with glucose as the only carbon source. The exopolymer (EPSt) produced by the strain was isolated and characterised using different techniques (GC-MS, HPLC/MSMS, ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC). The molecular weight of EPSt was estimated. The results showed that the average molecular weight of EPSt was approximately 2.71 × 104 Da and was made up of a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose (60%), mannose (20%) and galactose (20%). The EPSt showed antioxidant capabilities that significantly improved cell viability. Metal chelation determined that EPSt could reduce the concentration of transition metals such as iron at the highest concentrations tested. Finally, the emulsification study showed that EPSt was able to emulsify different natural polysaccharide oils, reaching up to an 80% efficiency (olive and sesame oil), and was a good candidate for the substitution of the most polluting emulsifiers. The EPSt was found to be suitable for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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Sornsenee P, Chatatikun M, Mitsuwan W, Kongpol K, Kooltheat N, Sohbenalee S, Pruksaphanrat S, Mudpan A, Romyasamit C. Lyophilized cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus isolates exhibited antibiofilm, antioxidant, and reduces nitric oxide activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12586. [PMID: 34909285 PMCID: PMC8641486 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics can release bioactive substances known as postbiotics, which can inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, improve immunomodulation, reduce antioxidant production, and modulate the gut microbiota. Methods In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory potential of 10 lyophilized cell-free supernatants (LCFS) of Lactobacillus isolates. LCFS was obtained via centrifugation and subsequent lyophilization of the supernatant collected from the culture medium ofeach isolate. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the LCFS were determined using broth microdilution. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities. Results All the isolates were able to inhibit the four tested pathogens. The isolates exhibited strong antibiofilm activity and eradicated the biofilms formed by Acinetobacter buamannii and Escherichia coli. All the prepared Lactobacillus LCFS contained phenols and flavonoids and exhibited antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays. The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that LCFS was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the ten Lactobacillus LCFS decreased the production of nitric oxide. Conclusions All the isolates have beneficial properties. This research sheds light on the role of postbiotics in functional fermented foods and pharmaceutical products. Further research to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoomjai Sornsenee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Moragot Chatatikun
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Center of Excellence Research for Meliodosis (CERM), Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kantapich Kongpol
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Nateelak Kooltheat
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Sasirat Sohbenalee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Supawita Pruksaphanrat
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Amron Mudpan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Center of Excellence Research for Meliodosis (CERM), Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Jastrząb R, Graczyk D, Siedlecki P. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Influenced by Postbiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413475. [PMID: 34948270 PMCID: PMC8707144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, commensal bacteria colonizing the human body have been recognized as important determinants of health and multiple pathologic conditions. Among the most extensively studied commensal bacteria are the gut microbiota, which perform a plethora of functions, including the synthesis of bioactive products, metabolism of dietary compounds, and immunomodulation, both through attenuation and immunostimulation. An imbalance in the microbiota population, i.e., dysbiosis, has been linked to many human pathologies, including various cancer types and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting gut microbiota and microbiome-host interactions resulting from probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics is a growing opportunity for the effective treatment of various diseases. As more research is being conducted, the microbiome field is shifting from simple descriptive analysis of commensal compositions to more molecular, cellular, and functional studies. Insight into these mechanisms is of paramount importance for understanding and modulating the effects that microbiota, probiotics, and their derivatives exert on host health.
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