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Peng J, Ma P, Wu X, Yang T, Hu Y, Xu Y, Li S, Zhang H, Liu H. A case-control study and systematic review of the association between glutathione S-transferase genes and chronic kidney disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21183. [PMID: 37920524 PMCID: PMC10618768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GSTM1 deletion was reported to be associated with CKD progression in cohort studies. However, the results of case‒control studies were conflicting. The association between GST genes and CKD progression needs to be studied in China. Therefore, we conducted this case‒control study and systematic review for Southwest China to outline the association between GST genes and CKD. Methods CKD patients and healthy controls were enrolled from June 1, 2022 to 1 August 2022. Reported case‒control studies were identified by searching databases until 1 September 2022 for meta-analysis. Results Significant associations were found between deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and CKD risk (all P < 0.01) but not in GSTP1 rs1695 (all P > 0.05) in Southwest China. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis on 30 studies and found positive associations between deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and CKD risk (all P < 0.01) but failed to find associations in GSTP1 rs1695 (all P > 0.05). Stratification analysis for ethnicity only showed a significant association in Southern Asia (P < 0.05) but not in Eastern Asia or other populations. This was different from our case‒control results. The current evidence was influenced by study quality and PCR method but not by control selection. Given the different stages of CKD patients, a subanalysis of disease stages was performed, and the results remained positive. Interestingly, we found no significant associations between DM-CKD and GST genes, which should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were risk factors for CKD in China. The results of the meta-analysis were somewhat different from our results. We considered that antioxidant therapy might be useful for the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 168# Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, PR China
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 168# Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430071, PR China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
| | - Tianrong Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
| | - Yuting Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82# Qinglong Street, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610014, PR China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82# Qinglong Street, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610014, PR China
| | - Hongzhou Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 783# Xindu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610500, PR China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82# Qinglong Street, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610014, PR China
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Levy R, Le TH. Role of GSTM1 in Hypertension, CKD, and Related Diseases across the Life Span. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:2153-2163. [PMID: 36591365 PMCID: PMC9802555 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004552022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years after the introduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, CKD remains a major public health burden with limited therapeutic options to halt or slow kidney disease progression at all ages. The consensus is that oxidative stress contributes to CKD development and progression. Yet, to date, there is no clear evidence that broad use of antioxidant therapy provides a beneficial effect in CKD. Understanding the specific pathophysiologic mechanisms in those who are genetically most susceptible to oxidative stress is a crucial step to inform therapy in an individualized medicine approach, considering differing exposures and risks across the life span. Glutathione-S-transferase μ 1 (GSTM1) is a phase 2 enzyme involved in inactivation of reactive oxygen species and metabolism of xenobiotics. In particular, those with the highly prevalent GSTM1 null genotype (GSTM1[0/0]) may be more susceptible to kidney disease progression, due to impaired capacity to handle the increased oxidative stress burden in disease states, and might specifically benefit from therapy that targets the redox imbalance mediated by loss of the GSTM1 enzyme. In this review, we will discuss the studies implicating the role of GSTM1 deficiency in kidney and related diseases from experimental rodent models to humans, from the prenatal period through senescence, and the potential underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Levy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Thu H. Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Nakanishi G, Pita-Oliveira M, Bertagnolli LS, Torres-Loureiro S, Scudeler MM, Cirino HS, Chaves ML, Miwa B, Rodrigues-Soares F. Worldwide Systematic Review of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Genotypes by Continent, Ethnicity, and Therapeutic Area. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:528-541. [PMID: 36112350 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) enzymes are glutathione-S-transferases with broad significance for susceptibility or resistance to multifactorial human diseases, as well as detoxification of environmental chemicals and drugs. Moreover, some individuals may have a complete deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, which can contribute to patient-to-patient variability in drug safety and efficacy. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion frequencies can vary according to ethnicity and continental origin of the studied population with implications for achieving the goal of precision/personalized medicine in clinical practice. We report here a worldwide systematic review of the null genotypes in these two clinically important genes by continents, ethnicities, and therapeutic areas (TAs). Searches were performed in the PubMed database covering the period from 1992 to 2020. Out of the 1925 articles included, most studies analyzed European individuals, corroborating the literature failure for not adequately considering the non-European ethnicities. The frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes was higher in patients than in healthy volunteers. Conversely, in East Asians, higher frequencies of the null genotypes were observed in healthy volunteers than patients. Oncology was the most intensively studied TA (57% of the articles) in relation to GSTM1 and GSTT1. In all, these results demonstrate that there is an important gap in the literature in terms of failure to consider a broader range of populations, as well as diseases wherein GSTM1 and GSTT1 variations have clinical and biological implications. To achieve precision/personalized medicine on a global/worldwide scale, with equity and inclusiveness, this knowledge/research gap ought to be remedied in studies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest systematic review conducted to date addressing the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes worldwide. The analyses from the 1925 articles highlighted the current knowledge gaps in different TAs, ethnicities, and populations. Filling these gaps is of importance, given the role these genes play in relation to the metabolism of substances to which we have frequent contact with, the associations observed between their deletion and diseases such as cancer, in addition to the interethnic differences observed for the deletion frequencies of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Nakanishi
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Murilo Pita-Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Laísa S Bertagnolli
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Torres-Loureiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Scudeler
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Heithor S Cirino
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Chaves
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Bruno Miwa
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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Albeladi FI, Mostafa MM, Zayed MA, Atta H. Association of Polymorphisms in Antioxidant Enzyme-Encoding Genes with Diabetic Nephropathy in a Group of Saudi Arabian Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5919-5928. [PMID: 35799998 PMCID: PMC9255407 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s367673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma I Albeladi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa M Mostafa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zayed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
- Correspondence: Mohamed A Zayed, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966562603213, Fax +9666400000, Email
| | - Hazem Atta
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Pharmacogenomic analysis of a genetically distinct Indigenous population. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:100-108. [PMID: 34824386 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous Australians face a disproportionately severe burden of chronic disease relative to other Australians, with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. While genomics technologies are slowly gaining momentum in personalised treatments for many, a lack of pharmacogenomic research in Indigenous peoples could delay adoption. Appropriately implementing pharmacogenomics in clinical care necessitates an understanding of the frequencies of pharmacologically relevant genetic variants within Indigenous populations. We analysed whole-genome sequence data from 187 individuals from the Tiwi Islands and characterised the pharmacogenomic landscape of this population. Specifically, we compared variant profiles and allelic distributions of previously described pharmacologically significant genes and variants with other population groups. We identified 22 translationally relevant pharmacogenomic variants and 18 clinically actionable guidelines with implications for drug dosing and treatment of conditions including heart disease, diabetes and cancer. We specifically observed increased poor and intermediate metabolizer phenotypes in the CYP2C9 (PM:19%, IM:44%) and CYP2C19 (PM:18%, IM:44%) genes.
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Glutathione S -transferase (M1 and T1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and chronic kidney disease in Bangladeshi population. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Baba SM, Pandith AA, Shah ZA, Geelani SA, Bhat J, Gul A, Guru SA, El-Serehy HA, Koul AM, Mansoor S. GSTT1 null and rs156697 Polymorphism in GSTO2 Influence the Risk and Therapeutic Outcome of B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:714421. [PMID: 34722260 PMCID: PMC8552530 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.714421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene deletion or polymorphic sequence variations lead to decreased enzyme activity that influences susceptibility and response to chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This case-control study investigated the association of GST gene polymorphisms with the etiology and therapeutic outcome of B-ALL among Kashmiri population. METHODS A total of 300 individuals including 150 newly diagnosed B-ALL patients and an equal number of age and gender matched controls were genotyped for five GST gene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP) and multiplex PCR techniques. RESULTS Higher frequency of GSTT1 null, GSTO2-AG, and GSTO2-GG genotypes was observed in ALL cases compared to controls that associated significantly with ALL risk (GSTT1 null: OR = 2.93, p = 0.0001; GSTO2-AG: OR = 2.58, p = 0.01; GSTO2-GG: OR = 3.13, p = 0.01). GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTO1 SNPs showed no significant association (p > 0.05). Combined genotype analysis revealed significant association of GSTT1 null/GSTM1 null (OR = 4.11, p = 0.011) and GSTT1 null/GSTP1-AG (OR = 4.93, p = 0.0003) with B-ALL susceptibility. Haplotype analysis of rs4925 and rs156697 revealed that carriers of CG haplotype had increased risk of B-ALL (p = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier plots revealed significantly inferior 3-year disease-free survival for GSTO2-GG carriers (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis confirmed GSTO2-GG as an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS (HR = 4.5, p = 0.034). Among combined genotypes, only GSTT1 null/GSTP1-AG associated significantly with poorer DFS rates (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that GSTT1 null individually or in combination with GSTM1null and GSTP1-AG genotypes associated with increased B-ALL risk. Also, rs156697 variant genotypes (AG and GG) associated with B-ALL, whereas the GG genotype of rs156697 influenced the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid M. Baba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India
| | | | - Zafar A. Shah
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India
| | | | - Javid R. Bhat
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar, India
| | - Ayaz Gul
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India
| | - Sameer A. Guru
- Department of Developmental and System Biology, Lurie Children’s Hospital Northwest University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid M. Koul
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, SKIMS, Srinagar, India
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Hashemi-Soteh MB, Ahmadzadeh Amiri A, Sheikh Rezaee MR, Ahmadzadeh Amiri A, Ahrari R, Ahmadzadeh Amiri A, Daneshvar F. Evaluation of glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetic microangiopathy. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species as a result of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to microvascular complications. Glutathione S-transferases play important detoxifying roles with antioxidant potentials. This study aimed to assess whether the glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus microangiopathic complications in the Iranian population.
Results
In this case-control study, the frequencies of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were 4/72 (5.56%) and 12/72 (16.67%) respectively, in uncomplicated DM group. The frequencies of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype in complicated DM group were 16/134 (11.94%) and 37/134 (27.61%), respectively. The proportion of GSTM1 null genotypes was higher in diabetic nephropathy compared to non-nephropathy (19.3% vs. 6.04 %, P = 0.006). At GSTT1 locus, patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy had a higher frequency of deletion compared to those of without neuropathy (30.39% vs. 23.49%) (P = 0.02).
Conclusion
Selective polymorphisms encoding GSTM1 and GSTT1genes may prove useful as genetic markers to recognize individuals with an increased trend in developing diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy, respectively. This will help better identify individuals at higher risk toward microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes due to genetic susceptibility.
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GSTM1-null allele predicts rapid disease progression in nondialysis patients and mortality among South Indian ESRD patients. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 469:21-28. [PMID: 32304007 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main causes of early death in humans worldwide. Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) are involved in a series of xenobiotics metabolism and free radical scavenging. The previous studies elucidated the interlink between GST variants and to the development of various diseases. The present case-control study performed to ascertain whether GST polymorphisms are associated with the incidence and advancement of CKD. From the Southern part of India, a total of 392 CKD patients (nondialysis, ND; n = 170, end-stage renal disease, ESRD; n = 222) and 202 healthy individuals were enrolled. Patients were followed-up for 70 months. Serum biochemical parameters were recorded, and the extraction of DNA was done from the patient's blood samples. To genotype study participants, multiplex PCR for GSTM1/T1 was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between gene frequency and sonographic grading, as well as biochemical parameters for disease development. The GSTM1-null genotype showed threefold increased risk (OR = 2.9304; 95% CI 1.8959 to 4.5296; P < 0.0001) to CKD development and twofold increased risk (OR = 1.8379; 95% CI 1.1937 to 2.8299; P = 0.0057) to ESRD progression. During the mean follow-up of 41 months study, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that GSTM1-null genotype has 4 times increased the risk for all-cause rapid disease progression to ESRD among ND patients and 3.85-fold increased risk for death among ESRD patients. Survival analysis revealed that patients with GSTM1-present allele showed a significantly diminished risk of mortality compared to patients bearing the GSTM1-null allele among ESRD patients with a hazard ratio of 4.6242 (P < 0.0001). Thus, present data confirm that GSTM1-null genotype increased the risk for all-cause rapid disease progression to ESRD among ND patients. Based on our results, GSTM1-null genotype could be considered as a significant predictor for causing mortality among CKD patients when compared to all other variables.
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The endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene G894T, glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) polymorphisms as a risk factor in the patient with nephrolithiasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:719-726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhu J, Du C. Could grape-based food supplements prevent the development of chronic kidney disease? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3054-3062. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1676195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiao Zhu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Effects of Genetic Polymorphism on Susceptibility to Nephrotoxic Properties of BTEXs Compounds. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 60:e377-e382. [PMID: 29851738 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to ascertain whether genetic polymorphism affects susceptibility of individuals to nephrotoxic potentials of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylenes (BTEXs). METHODS Fifty BTEXs exposed workers with one or more abnormal parameter of kidney function and 232 referent subjects, with similar exposure history, free from any abnormal kidney parameters were investigated. Atmospheric concentrations of BTEXs were measured. In addition, genetic polymorphisms were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS The frequencies of GSTP1 Ile-Val/Val-Val, null GSTT1, and null GSTT1/GSTM1 genotypes and mean values of blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine were significantly higher, while average glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in cases than in referent subjects. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that individuals carrying null GSTT1 or null GSTT1/GSTM1 are more susceptible to nephrotoxic properties of BTEXs compounds.
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13
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Zhang Y, Zafar W, Hartzel DN, Williams MS, Tin A, Chang AR, Lee MTM. GSTM1 Copy Number Is Not Associated With Risk of Kidney Failure in a Large Cohort. Front Genet 2019; 10:765. [PMID: 31555322 PMCID: PMC6728412 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of glutathione S-transferase µ1 (GSTM1) is common in populations and has been asserted to associate with chronic kidney disease progression in some research studies. The association needs to be validated. We estimated GSTM1 copy number using whole exome sequencing data in the DiscovEHR cohort. Kidney failure was defined as requiring dialysis or receiving kidney transplant using data from the electronic health record and linkage to the United States Renal Data System, or the most recent eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m2. In a cohort of 46,983 unrelated participants, 28.8% of blacks and 52.1% of whites had 0 copies of GSTM1. Over a mean of 9.2 years follow-up, 645 kidney failure events were observed in 46,187 white participants, and 28 in 796 black participants. No significant association was observed between GSTM1 copy number and kidney failure in Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, genetic principal components, or comorbid conditions (hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and stroke), whether using a genotypic, dominant, or recessive model. In sensitivity analyses, GSTM1 copy number was not associated with kidney failure in participants that were 45 years or older at baseline, had baseline eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, or with baseline year between 1996 and 2002. In conclusion, we found no association between GSTM1 copy number and kidney failure in a large cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Waleed Zafar
- Kidney Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Dustin N Hartzel
- Phenomic Analytics & Clinical Data Core, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Marc S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex R Chang
- Kidney Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
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Perco P, Ju W, Kerschbaum J, Leierer J, Menon R, Zhu C, Kretzler M, Mayer G, Rudnicki M. Identification of dicarbonyl and L-xylulose reductase as a therapeutic target in human chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128120. [PMID: 31217356 PMCID: PMC6629103 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of nephroprotective factors and renal damaging molecules contributes to development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated associations of renoprotective factor gene expression patterns with CKD severity and outcome. Gene expression profiles of 197 previously reported renoprotective factors were analyzed in a discovery cohort in renal biopsies of 63 CKD patients. Downregulation of dicarbonyl and L-xylulose reductase (DCXR) showed the strongest association with disease progression. This significant association was validated in an independent set of 225 patients with nephrotic syndrome from the multicenter NEPTUNE cohort. Reduced expression of DCXR was significantly associated with degree of histological damage as well as with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and increased urinary protein levels. DCXR downregulation in CKD was confirmed in 3 publicly available transcriptomics data sets in the context of CKD. Expression of DCXR showed positive correlations to enzymes that are involved in dicarbonyl stress detoxification based on transcriptomics profiles. The sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors canagliflozin and empagliflozin showed a beneficial effect on renal proximal tubular cells under diabetic stimuli-enhanced DCXR gene expression. In summary, lower expression of the renoprotective factor DCXR in renal tissue is associated with more severe disease and worse outcome in human CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Perco
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia Kerschbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Leierer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Rudnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Omrani H, Jasemi SV, Golmohamadi S, Sadeghi M. Association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of end-stage renal disease: A meta-analysis study. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase and the risk of acute myeloid leukemia in a Saudi population. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1525-1530. [PMID: 31762621 PMCID: PMC6864205 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the genetic association of acute myeloid leukemia and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms in a Saudi population. Method 100 AML cases and 100 healthy controls were recruited from the Riyadh regional hospital. In the GST gene, GSTM1 and GSTT1 variants were genotyped by multiplex PCR, and GSTP1 variants were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis. Statistical analysis between AML cases and controls included anthropometric measurements and evaluation of the genotypic and allelic frequencies. Result The null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 showed no association with AML [OR 0.56 (0.26–1.19); p = 0.31 and OR 0.65 (0.37–1.16); p = 0.14]. Similarly, the GSTP1 genotype and allele frequencies did not indicate any association with AML [GG + AG vs. AA: OR 0.75 (0.43–1.31) and p = 0.32; GG vs. AA: OR 1.73 (0.55–5.44) and p = 0.34; G vs. A: OR 0.95 (0.61–1.46) and p = 0.82]. Further, a haplotype analysis between AML cases and controls did not show any positive association (p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, there was no statistical association of the genotypes and alleles in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 with AML. Our results confirm the negative association of the investigated genetic markers with susceptibility to AML. Further association studies would be required in different ethnic populations to facilitate a meta-analysis in the future. Our findings suggest that the GST gene has no role in the pathogenesis of AML in patients from Saudi Arabia.
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de Lima RM, Dos Anjos LRB, Alves TB, Coelho ASG, Pedrino GR, da Silva Santos R, da Silva Cruz AH, da Silva Reis AA. Do GST polymorphisms influence in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:10-16. [PMID: 29981844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients often develop Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) despite severe long-lasting hyperglycemia, while others develop DN even under intensive insulin therapy. This indicates that factors other than chronic hyperglycemia may also contribute to the susceptibility to the development of DN. The purpose of this case-control study was to investigate the possible role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), GSTP1 313 A > G (Ile105Val), in DN susceptibility. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of GST polymorphisms in the Central Brazilian population was not associated with increased risk of DN. However, the presence GSTT1 null genotype suggest an increase trend in systolic blood pressure and opposite inference was observed for the GSTP1 genotype (Ile⁄Val or Val⁄Val). On the order hand, other studies may clarify the relationship of these polymorphisms with DN and help in the prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Mendes de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Laura Raniere Borges Dos Anjos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thales Biffe Alves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Department of Nature Sciences (LEdoC), Special Academic Unit of Human Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Adamski da Silva Reis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Biological Sciences Institute (ICB), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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18
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Pastor S, Rodríguez-Ribera L, Corredor Z, da Silva Filho MI, Hemminki K, Coll E, Försti A, Marcos R. Levels of DNA damage (Micronuclei) in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Role of GST polymorphisms. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Nomani H, Khanmohamadian H, Vaisi-Raygani A, Shakiba E, Tanhapour M, Rahimi Z. Chemerin rs17173608 and vaspin rs2236242 gene variants on the risk of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and correlation with plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Ren Fail 2018; 40:350-356. [PMID: 29644922 PMCID: PMC6014516 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2018.1459698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with critical kidney illness that seriously affects the lifespan. Genetic factors and oxidative stress could play critical role in the development of ESRD. We assessed the association between chemerin rs17173608 T/G and vaspin rs2236242 T/A genes variants with the risk of ESRD and their correlation with plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Materials and methods: In a case-control study, 131 gender and age-matched unrelated healthy controls and 110 ESRD patients were enrolled. The chemerin rs17173608 T/G and vaspin rs2236242 T/A were detected by Tetra primer-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). The MDA concentration was determined by HPLC. Results: Our findings for the first time revealed that in codominant genetic model (T/G vs. T/T genotype), the T/G genotype of chemerin gene significantly had a protective role against ESRD susceptibility. Also, in the presence of chemerin G allele, the risk of ESRD decreased by 0.79-fold (p = .048) in Kurdish population of Iran. The MDA serum levels in ESRD patients carrying the chemerin T/G + G/G genotype of rs17173608 T/G and also in carriers of A/A + T/A genotype of vaspin rs2236242 T/A were significantly higher compared to those in control subjects. The overall distribution of vaspin rs2236242 T/A genotypes and alleles comparing ESRD patients and healthy subjects were not statistically significant. Conclusion: We found that the G allele of chemerin rs17173608 compared to T allele decreased the risk of ESRD, and there was a significant association between chemerin and vaspin variants with plasma MDA level in a sample of the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nomani
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Hamid Khanmohamadian
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- b Fertility and Infertility Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shakiba
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Maryam Tanhapour
- b Fertility and Infertility Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,c Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
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20
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Qin SL, He Q, Hu L, He CY, Gao LC, Young CA, Chen J, Jiang CF, Luo XF, Zhou Y, Sheng X, Li ZH, Chen ML, Xu G. The relationship between inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and DIO-1 concentration in patients with chronic renal failure accompanied with or without euthyroid sick syndrome. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4061-4070. [PMID: 30152254 PMCID: PMC6166338 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518778190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between inflammatory factors, oxidative
stress and type 1 deiodinase (DIO-1) concentration in patients with chronic
renal failure (CRF) with or without euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). Methods This study recruited patients with CRF and divided them into two groups:
group 1 had low free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels; and group 2 had normal
FT3 levels. Group 3 consisted of healthy volunteers. Serum levels of
interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 8-isoprostane and
DIO-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Multiple
regression analysis was used to analyse correlations between parameters. Results Sixty patients were enrolled into each group and the groups were comparable
in terms of vital signs, white blood cell count, free thyroxine and thyroid
stimulating hormone concentrations. The serum DIO-1 concentration was
significantly higher in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3. Multivariate
regression analysis revealed that the DIO-1 concentration was inversely
correlated with the TNF-α concentration. Conclusions Patients with CRF without ESS showed higher concentrations of DIO-1 than
patients with ESS. The DIO-1 concentration was inversely correlated with the
TNF-α concentration, which might indicate that the inflammatory response was
milder in the patients with CRF without ESS than in those with ESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Qin
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qi He
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ling Hu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan He
- 3 Department of Experimental Centre, Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Cheng Gao
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | | | - Juan Chen
- 3 Department of Experimental Centre, Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng-Fang Jiang
- 3 Department of Experimental Centre, Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Luo
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mei-Ling Chen
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Yahouédéhou SCMA, Carvalho MOS, Oliveira RM, Santiago RP, da Guarda CC, Carvalho SP, Ferreira JRD, Aleluia MM, Adorno EV, Gonçalves MDS. Sickle Cell Anemia Patients in Use of Hydroxyurea: Association between Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Metabolizing Drug Enzymes and Laboratory Parameters. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6105691. [PMID: 29619129 PMCID: PMC5829363 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between SNPs in genes encoding metabolizing drug enzymes and laboratory parameters in sickle cell anemia patients under hydroxyurea (SCA-HU+). We evaluated hematologic and biochemical parameters by electronic methods and SNPs by PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR in 35 SCA-HU+ patients and 67 SCA-HU- patients. The HbS, total cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and fractions levels, and leukocyte, eosinophil, monocyte, and erythroblast counts were reduced in SCA-HU+ patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, they presented higher HbF, C-reactive protein, and ferritin levels and elevated MCH and MCV values (p < 0.05). Genotype frequencies of variants GA + AA of MPO -463G>A and c1c2 + c2c2 of CYP2E1 -1293G>C/-1053C>T were higher in SCA-HU+ patients (p < 0.05). Independent associations were found between the variant A allele and lower total cholesterol, between c2 allele and low alpha-1 antitrypsin and between the null GSTT1 variant and high indirect and total bilirubin in SCA-HU+ patients. In SCA-HU- patients, independent associations were found between the variant A allele and high uric acid and between c2 allele and high urea. Our results suggest that SNPs MPO -463G>A, CYP2E1 -1293G>C/-1053C>T, and GSTT1 can be associated with alterations in lipid, inflammatory, renal, hemolytic, and hepatic profiles. However, further studies are needed to elucidate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sètondji Cocou Modeste Alexandre Yahouédéhou
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia (LPA), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo 147, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Magda Oliveira Seixas Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mota Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rayra Pereira Santiago
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Caroline Conceição da Guarda
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Suellen Pinheiro Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Júnia Raquel Dutra Ferreira
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena Magalhães Aleluia
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Vitória Adorno
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia (LPA), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo 147, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marilda de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Hematologia, Genética e Biologia Computacional (LHGB), Fiocruz Bahia-Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia (LPA), Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo 147, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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