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Lee HS, Lim HI, Moon TJ, Lee SY, Lee JH. Trajectories of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores as a predictor for incident chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:141. [PMID: 38649847 PMCID: PMC11036697 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between atherosclerosis and renal function is well established. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk scores reflect atherosclerotic burden, which changes over time. We investigated the association between ASCVD risk trajectories and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) using data from a large community-based Korean cohort with up to 16 years of follow-up. METHODS We analyzed data from 5032 participants without CKD from the baseline survey of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Ansan-Ansung cohort. Participants were categorized into stable or increasing ASCVD risk groups based on the revised ASCVD risk pooled cohort equation over a median period of exposure of 5.8 years. Incident CKD was defined as two consecutive events of an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. RESULTS During a median 9.9 years of event accrual period, 449 (8.92%) new-onset CKD cases were identified. Multiple Cox proportional regression analyses showed that the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident CKD in the increasing group, compared to the stable group, was 2.13 (1.74-2.62) in the unadjusted model and 1.35 (1.02-1.78) in the fully-adjusted model. Significant relationships were maintained in subgroups of individuals in their 50s, without diabetes mellitus or hypertension. The prevalence of proteinuria was consistently higher in the increasing group than that in the stable group. CONCLUSIONS An increasing trend in ASCVD risk scores independently predicted adverse renal outcomes in patients without diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Continuous monitoring of ASCVD risk is not only important for predicting cardiovascular disease but also for predicting CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Lee
- Department of Research Affairs, Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03277, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Il Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ju Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea.
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Gjyriqi G, Gross A, Burns E, Gianos E, Sidhu M, Mathew R. Patterns of Statin Therapy Use and Associated Outcomes in Older Veterans Across Kidney Function. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00173-6. [PMID: 38574795 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant morbidity and mortality related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, to date, most major clinical trials studying the effects of statin therapy have excluded older adults. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the effect of initiating statin therapy on incident dementia and mortality among individuals 75 years of age or older across the complete spectrum of kidney function. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 640,191 VA health system patients who turned 75 years of age between 2000 and 2018. Patients on statin therapy received the medication for an average of 6.3 years (standard deviation 4.6 years). The primary outcome of interest included incident dementia diagnosis during the study period. The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox-proportional hazard analysis was used to evaluate the adjusted association of statin initiation with these outcomes. RESULTS There was a higher rate of incident dementia in the No Statin group (4.7%) versus the Statin group (3.2%). Additionally, we observed a 22% all-cause mortality benefit associated with statin therapy. We did not observe a treatment effect with respect to primary or secondary outcomes across varying levels of kidney function. CONCLUSION This large cohort study did not reveal an association between the initiation of statin therapy and incident dementia. A survival benefit was seen in statin users compared to non-users. Prospective studies in more diverse populations including older adults will be needed to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grenita Gjyriqi
- Zucker School of Medicine Hofstra Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA
| | - Adam Gross
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Edith Burns
- Zucker School of Medicine Hofstra Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA
| | - Eugenia Gianos
- Zucker School of Medicine Hofstra Northwell, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA
| | - Mandeep Sidhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Education, Albany Medical College, Albany Med Health System, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Roy Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda VA Health Care System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
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Lee S, Lee N, Shin SJ. Relationship of Missed Statin Therapy and 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score to Retear Rate After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:1988-1996. [PMID: 37259963 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231175476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no practical consensus on managing cholesterol in patients with rotator cuff repair despite hyperlipidemia and statin therapy being well-known factors in rotator cuff healing. The 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score is a commonly used guideline to determine statin administration for hyperlipidemia. PURPOSE To identify the relationship between retear and preoperative factors, including 10-year ASCVD risk score and statin administration status, and to compare clinical outcomes and retear rates between patients who are taking and not taking statins. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS This study enrolled 182 patients with a symptomatic full-thickness rotator cuff tear who underwent arthroscopic repair. Serum lipid profile, 10-year ASCVD risk score, statin eligibility, and statin administration status were assessed. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cuff integrity at postoperative 6 months: a healed group and a retear group. Radiographic and intraoperative factors related to retear were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors related to rotator cuff retear. For the subgroup analysis, patients eligible for statin therapy were divided into 2 subgroups according to administration status. RESULTS There were 149 (81.9%) patients in the healed group and 33 (18.1%) in the retear group. In the multiple regression analysis, missed statin therapy, 10-year ASCVD risk score, and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle were the independent factors related to retear. The cutoff value for 10-year ASCVD risk score was 11.85%, with a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.62. In the subgroup analysis of 104 patients eligible for statin therapy, 66 (63.5%; group 1) received statin therapy and 38 (36.5%; group 2) missed it. Group 2 showed a significantly higher retear rate than group 1 (36.8% vs 13.6%; P = .006). CONCLUSION Missed statin therapy, 10-year ASCVD risk score, and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus were the independent factors associated with rotator cuff retear. Patients who missed statin therapy showed a higher retear rate than patients receiving statin therapy. Optimal statin therapy for patients who undergo arthroscopic rotator cuff repair might improve repair integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Narea Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Qiu T, Liang C, Ming B, Liu G, Zhang F, Zeng R, Xie D, Zou Q. Comparison and Optimization of Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Predicting the 4-Year Outcome of Patients with Obstructive Coronary Arteries Disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:319-328. [PMID: 37038594 PMCID: PMC10082600 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s404351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective How well cardiovascular risk models perform in selected atherosclerosis patients for predicting outcomes is unknown. We sought to compare the performance of cardiovascular risk models (Framingham, Globorisk, SCORE2 & SCORE2-OP, and an updated new model) in predicting the 4-year outcome of patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Patients with suspected CAD who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) were recruited. Obstructive CAD was defined from CCTA as ≥ 50% stenosis. Computed tomography images, the scores of the cardiovascular risk models, and 4-year composite endpoints were assessed. Whether the patients underwent revascularization within 60 days after CCTA was also recorded. Multivariate regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were performed. Results A total of 95 patients (mean age: 69.5 ± 10.33 years; 69 males) with obstructive CAD were included in this study. After the ROC analysis, the Framingham, Globorisk, SCORE2 & SCORE2-OP risk score showed prediction values with AUC 0.628 (95% CI: 0.532-0.725), 0.647 (95% CI: 0.542-0.742), 0.684 (95% CI: 0.581-0.776), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that, among the three risk models, only SCORE2 & SCORE2-OP risk score was associated with composite endpoints (hazard ratio: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.021-1.079; p = 0.001) after adjusting for confounding factors. The AUC of the new risk model by combing SCORE2 & SCORE2-OP risk score with revascularization and the number of obstructive vessels in predicting composite endpoints reached 0.898 (95% CI: 0.819-0.951). Conclusion The SCORE2 & SCORE2-OP risk score combined with the number of obstructive vessels and revascularization is predictive for adverse outcomes in patients with obstructive CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichun Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Liang
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Ming
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruxue Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xie
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zou
- Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qing Zou, Department of Radiology, Deyang People’s Hospital, 173# Section 3 Tai Shan Road, Deyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15283804266, Email
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Abdelwahid HA, Dahlan HM, Mojemamy GM, Darraj GH. Predictors of microalbuminuria and its relationship with glycemic control among Type 2 diabetic patients of Jazan Armed Forces Hospital, southwestern Saudi Arabia. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:307. [PMID: 36482350 PMCID: PMC9733223 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is highly prevalent among patients with diabetes mellitus. It affects approximately 20% of diabetic patients, who are believed to be more than 400 million individuals. The objectives of the present work were to assess patterns of albuminuria and determine microalbuminuria predictors among patients living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who attended the family medicine department of Jazan Armed Forces Hospital. METHODS A case-control design was used and included two groups (n, 202/group), one with microalbuminuria and the other with a normal urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Data regarding patient history, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, renal function tests, ACR, ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) risk, etc., were collected. RESULTS The prevalence rates of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were 26.4% and 3.9%, respectively. HbA1c was significantly higher in patients with microalbuminuria (9.3 ± 2.2; P˂0.001) and macroalbuminuria (10.5 ± 2.3; P˂0.001) than in those with normal ACR (8.3 ± 1.9%). The predictors of microalbuminuria were poor glycemic control with HbA1c ≥ 7% {OR, 2.5 (95% C. I, 1.5-4.2)}; hypertension {(OR, 1.8 (95% C. I, 1.2-2.8)}; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ˂90 mL/min/1.73 m2 {OR, 2.2 (95% C. I, 1.4-3.6}; smoking {OR, 1.3 (95% C. I, 0.7-2.6}; and body mass index {OR, 1.05 (95% C. I, 1.01-1.09}. CONCLUSION Microalbuminuria is highly prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes and is associated with poor glycemic control and hypertension, necessitating aggressive and timely screening and treatment.
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Ko HJ, Liu CC, Hsu PJ, Hu KC, Hung CL, Yu LY, Huang YC, Shih SC. Risk assessment indicators and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity to predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29609. [PMID: 35960056 PMCID: PMC9371549 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is used for predicting the severity of vascular damage and prognosis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in people with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This correlation study aimed to compare the baPWV with other risk indicators for identification of subclinical vascular disease for primary prevention and to determine the clinical utility of baPWV-guided therapy in improving prognosis in high-risk subjects. We included 4881 subjects who underwent voluntary health examination at Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan between 2014 and 2019. Participants were categorized into the low-risk (<5%), borderline-risk (5%-7.4%), intermediate-risk (7.5%-19.9%), and high-risk (≥20%) groups based on the 10-year risk for ASCVD. The predictive risk criteria, that is, the metabolic syndrome score, Framingham Risk Score, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and baPWV were compared among these groups. The chief cause of induced responses and the relationships between parameters were identified using principal component analysis. The participants' ages, body mass index, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, creatinine, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, metabolic syndrome, Framingham Risk Score, and age-related arterial stiffness (vascular age) increased significantly from the low-risk to high-risk groups (P < .001). The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly from the low- to high-risk groups (P < .001). The predicted vascular age and actual age differed significantly between the intermediate- and high-risk groups (P < .001). High-density lipoprotein levels plummeted significantly among the 4 groups (P < .001). The right and left baPWV and ankle brachial index differed significantly among the 4 groups (all P < .001) and increased from the low-risk to high-risk groups (P < .001). Carotid Doppler ultrasonography revealed a significant increase in plaque formation (23.5%, 35.4%, 46.3%, and 61.5% for the low-, borderline-, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively). The total explanatory variation was 61.9% for 2 principal variation factors (baPWV, 36.8% and creatinine, 25.1%). The vascular age predicted using baPWV greatly exceeded the chronological age. Plaque formation was significant even in the low-risk group, and its frequency increased with the predicted ASCVD risk. Risk indicators and baPWV are useful predictors of ASCVD, which in conjunction with conventional pharmacotherapy could be useful for primary prevention of plaque formation in subjects with cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Ko
- Health Evaluation Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chuan Liu
- The Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chuan-Chuan Liu, Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 16F, No.92, Sec. 2, Chung-Shan North Road, Taipei 10449, Taiwan (e-mail: )
| | - Po-Jui Hsu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chun Hu
- Health Evaluation Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lieh Hung
- Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lo-Yip Yu
- Health Evaluation Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chieh Huang
- Health Evaluation Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Chuan Shih
- Health Evaluation Center, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zibaeenejad F, Mohammadi SS, Sayadi M, Safari F, Zibaeenezhad MJ. Ten-year atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and its components among an Iranian population: a cohort-based cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:162. [PMID: 35397522 PMCID: PMC8994278 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) continues to be the first cause of mortality globally. Effective preventive strategies require focused efforts to clarify ASCVD risk factors in different subgroups of a population. This study aimed to identify individuals at higher risk of ASCVD among Shiraz University employees to guide decision-making for primary prevention. Methods This cohort-based cross-sectional study was conducted on data of 1191 participants (25–70 years old) from Shiraz University employees selected by systematic random sampling. The 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated with an ASCVD risk score estimator developed by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA). To analyze the data, descriptive and chi-square tests were used. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS version 16.0 software. The p-value < 0.05 was considered a significant level. Results This study demonstrated that 75.3% of the participants had low risk scores, whereas 13.2% and 2.5% of them had intermediate and high risk scores, respectively. Additionally, it revealed that among women 93.7%, 2.7%, and 0.6% had low intermediate and had high risk scores, respectively, whereas among men, 61.5%, 21.1%, and 3.9% had low intermediate and high risk scores, respectively. Based on the results of the chi-square test, men were significantly more prone to ASCVD (38.5%) than women (6.3%) were. Interestingly, 40.9% of known cases of hypertension had uncontrolled blood pressure, and 62.5% of individuals without any history of hypertension, who were considered new cases of hypertension, had abnormal blood pressure. Furthermore, 38.5% of diabetic patients and 1.6% of people who did not have a history of diabetes had abnormal serum fasting blood sugar. Conclusion It was revealed that nearly 15.7% of participants were at intermediate and high risk of developing ASCVD in the next 10 years with greater risk in men. Considerably, some of hypertensive and diabetic participants had uncontrolled blood pressure and blood sugar levels, respectively. New cases of diabetes and hypertension were also recognized in our study. Therefore, to address the primary prevention of ASCVD in this population, it is necessary to have plans for targeted interventions, which can be effective in modifying their risk factors.
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Adeva-Andany MM, Fernández-Fernández C, Carneiro-Freire N, Vila-Altesor M, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E. The differential effect of animal versus vegetable dietary protein on the clinical manifestations of diabetic kidney disease in humans. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 48:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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García-Carro C, Vergara A, Bermejo S, Azancot MA, Sánchez-Fructuoso AI, Sánchez de la Nieta MD, Agraz I, Soler MJ. How to Assess Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression? From Albuminuria to GFR. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112505. [PMID: 34198818 PMCID: PMC8201333 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most relevant complications of type 2 diabetes and dramatically increases the cardiovascular risk in these patients. Currently, DKD is severely infra-diagnosed, or its diagnosis is usually made at advanced stages of the disease. During the last decade, new drugs have demonstrated a beneficial effect in terms of cardiovascular and renal protection in type 2 diabetes, supporting the crucial role of an early DKD diagnosis to permit the use of new available therapeutic strategies. Moreover, cardiovascular and renal outcome trials, developed to study these new drugs, are based on diverse cardiovascular and renal simple and composite endpoints, which makes difficult their interpretation and the comparison between them. In this article, DKD diagnosis is reviewed, focusing on albuminuria and the recommendations for glomerular filtration rate measurement. Furthermore, cardiovascular and renal endpoints used in classical and recent cardiovascular outcome trials are assessed in a pragmatic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara García-Carro
- Nephrology Department, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (A.I.S.-F.); (M.D.S.d.l.N.)
| | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology Research Group, Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.V.); (S.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Sheila Bermejo
- Nephrology Research Group, Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.V.); (S.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - María A. Azancot
- Nephrology Research Group, Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.V.); (S.B.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ana I. Sánchez-Fructuoso
- Nephrology Department, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (A.I.S.-F.); (M.D.S.d.l.N.)
| | - M. Dolores Sánchez de la Nieta
- Nephrology Department, San Carlos Clinical University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (A.I.S.-F.); (M.D.S.d.l.N.)
| | - Irene Agraz
- Nephrology Research Group, Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.V.); (S.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (M.J.S.)
| | - María José Soler
- Nephrology Research Group, Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.V.); (S.B.); (M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (M.J.S.)
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