1
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Ormsby MJ, White HL, Metcalf R, Oliver DM, Feasey NA, Quilliam RS. Enduring pathogenicity of African strains of Salmonella on plastics and glass in simulated peri-urban environmental waste piles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132439. [PMID: 37734312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries, plastic has become a major constituent of landfills and urban dump sites. Environmental plastic pollution can also provide a novel surface for the formation of microbial biofilm, which often includes pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Here, under conditions simulating a peri-urban waste pile typical of an African informal settlement, we aimed to determine if pathogenic Salmonella spp. can retain their virulence following a prolonged period of desiccation on the surfaces of environmental plastic and glass. We show that clinically (and environmentally) relevant strains of Salmonella including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi can persist on plastic and glass for at least 28-days and that temperature (which increases with the depth of an urban waste pile) is a key determinant of this survival. All three strains of Salmonella retained their pathogenicity (determined by using a Galleria mellonella model of infection) following their recovery from the plastisphere indicating that plastics in the environment can act as reservoirs for human pathogens and could facilitate their persistence for extended periods of time. Pathogens colonising environmental plastic waste therefore pose a heightened public health risk, particularly in areas where people are frequently exposed to plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Hannah L White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rebecca Metcalf
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Nicholas A Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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2
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Du B, Zhou X, Li Q, Liu J, Liu Y, Zeng X, Cheng X, Hu H. Surface Treat Method to Improve the Adhesion between Stainless Steel and Resin: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39984-40004. [PMID: 37929129 PMCID: PMC10620901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining metal and polymer into hybrid composite materials is finding increasing interest in many industries. Special attention is being paid to increase the adhesion between the metal and polymer interface. In this paper, the current research progress of surface treatment methods for improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin is reviewed. It involves the stainless steel surface treatment method, resin surface treatment method, and adhesion test methods of stainless steel and resin. The methods of improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin are summarized and prospected according to the research status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Du
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
- College
of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qichang Li
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- School
of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic
Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xianjun Zeng
- The
Green Aerotechnics Research Institute of CQJTU, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiangrong Cheng
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hanjie Hu
- School
of Aeronautics, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- The
Green Aerotechnics Research Institute of CQJTU, Chongqing 401120, China
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3
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Bąk M, Wencel S, Wieczorek P. Characteristics of the Side Surfaces and Edges of Welded Wire Meshes Used in the Construction of Welded Slotted Screens. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6701. [PMID: 37895683 PMCID: PMC10608290 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Welded resistance slotted screens, also known as slotted screens, are a special type of screen primarily used for the filtration and separation of liquids and dust. They are characterized by slots with parallel geometry and precisely defined sizes. The quality of the side surfaces and edges of welded wires determines the durability of the slotted screens made from them. This article presents the results of tests for four types of wires: two types of working profile wires made from austenitic-ferritic steel (duplex) and two types of supporting cross wires made from ferritic steel. The wire surfaces were characterized using a profilometer and atomic force microscopy. Basic roughness parameters Ra, Rz, and SAD (surface area difference) were determined. Surface observations of the working profiles were conducted using scanning electron microscopy. These studies allowed for the characterization of the working wire surfaces used in the production of slotted screens. At work, the results of surface roughness were analyzed based on three measurement methods for wires used in the production of welded slot screens. These results allowed for the identification of the most reliable method for characterizing the surface condition of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Bąk
- Progress Eco S.A., Dobrów 7, 28-142 Tuczępy, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Wencel
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Av. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Paweł Wieczorek
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Av. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland;
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4
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Liu Q, Li R, Qu W, Tian X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Influence of surface properties on the adhesion of bacteria onto different casings. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112463. [PMID: 36738014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria adhere to the surfaces of sausage casing and form biofilms, which causes food spoilage and quality deterioration. However, bacterial adhesion to the casing surfaces has not received enough attention and has not been extensively studied. In this study, the effect of the physicochemical properties of casing surfaces on bacterial initial adhesion were investigated with Leuconostoc mesenteroides as model bacteria. The adhesion of Leuconostoc mesenteroides onto 5 types of casings were systematically investigated, including animal casings, collagen casings, cellulose casings, fiber casings, and nylon casings, which are the most frequently encountered casings in sausage processing. It was found that the number of viable cells on the casings following the trend as: animal casings > collagen casings > fiber casings > cellulose casings > nylon casings after 4 h of incubation time. This phenomenon might be due to the different physicochemical properties of the different casings. Therefore, physicochemical factors, including zeta potential, hydrophobicity and roughness of casings, zeta potential and hydrophobicity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, were further characterized. In terms of hydrophobic interactions, the results showed that the number of bacteria attached to the casings did not conform to the trend of hydrophobic interaction. In terms of electrostatic interactions, the results showed that the number of bacteria attached to the casings did not conform to the trend of hydrophobic interaction. The casings with different surface roughnesses in a range of 1.67-20.83 μm, the variation of bacterial adhesion quantity was in good agreement with the variation trend of casing roughness, the result showed that the surface roughness was the key factor dominating the bacterial adhesion rate compared with the surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential. The results give new insights to explore the mechanism of bacterial adhesion on casings and prevent sausage spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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5
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Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Commonly Used Disinfectants on Salmonella Infantis Isolates. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020301. [PMID: 36838265 PMCID: PMC9958858 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid® S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain-specific; however, it was higher at 20 °C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 °C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence.
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6
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Hu L, Dong Q, Li Z, Ma Y, Aslam MZ, Liu Y. Modelling the Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Boundary of Listeria monocytogenes ST9. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131940. [PMID: 35804756 PMCID: PMC9266252 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that can adhere to or form a biofilm on food contact surfaces, depending on the environmental conditions. The purpose of this work is to determine the adhesion and biofilm formation boundaries for L. monocytogenes ST9 under the combination environments of temperature (5, 15, and 25 °C), NaCl concentration (0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% (w/v)) and pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0). The probability models of adhesion and biofilm formation were built using the logistic regression. For adhesion, only the terms of linear T and NaCl are significant for L. monocytogenes ST9 (p < 0.05), whereas the terms of linear T, NaCl, and pH, and the interaction between T and pH were significant for biofilm formation (p < 0.05). By analyzing contour maps and their surface plots for two different states, we discovered that high temperature promoted adhesion and biofilm formation, whereas excessive NaCl concentration inhibited both of them. With a stringent threshold of 0.1667, the accuracy rate for identifying both adhesion/no-adhesion and biofilm formation/no-biofilm formation events were 0.929, indicating that the probability models are reasonably accurate in predicting the adhesion and biofilm formation boundary of L. monocytogenes ST9. The boundary model may provide a useful way for determining and further controlling L. monocytogenes adhesion and biofilm formation in various food processing environments.
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7
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Electrochemical Control of Biofilm Formation and Approaches to Biofilm Removal. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with microbial adhesion to metal-based surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation, showing that both processes are a serious problem in the food industry, where pathogenic microorganisms released from the biofilm structure may pollute food and related material during their production. Biofilm exhibits an increased resistance toward sanitizers and disinfectants, which complicates the removal or inactivation of microorganisms in these products. In the existing traditional techniques and modern approaches for clean-in-place, electrochemical biofilm control offers promising technology, where surface properties or the reactions taking place on the surface are controlled to delay or prevent cell attachment or to remove microbial cells from the surface. In this overview, biofilm characterization, the classification of bacteria-forming biofilms, the influence of environmental conditions for bacterial attachment to material surfaces, and the evaluation of the role of biofilm morphology are described in detail. Health aspects, biofilm control methods in the food industry, and conventional approaches to biofilm removal are included as well, in order to consider the possibilities and limitations of various electrochemical approaches to biofilm control with respect to potential applications in the food industry.
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8
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Wang P, Zhang N, Miao T, Chan JPT, Huang H, Lee PKH, Li Y. Surface touch network structure determines bacterial contamination spread on surfaces and occupant exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126137. [PMID: 34492926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fomites are known to spread infectious diseases, but their role in determining transmission risk remains unclear. The association of surface touch networks (STNs), proposed to explain this risk, with real-life surface contamination has not yet been demonstrated. To construct STNs, we collected surface touch data from 23 to 26 scholars through 2 independent experiments conducted in office spaces for 13 h each. In parallel, a tracer bacterium (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) was spread by a designated carrier in each experiment during normal activities; the subsequent extent of surface contamination was assessed using qPCR. The touch data were also analyzed using an agent-based model that predicted the observed contamination. Touching public (door handles) and hidden public (desks, chair seatbacks) surfaces that connected occupants, sparse hand-to-hand contact, and active carriers contributed significantly to contamination spread, which was also correlated with the size of the social group containing carriers. The natural and unsupervised experiments reflected realistic exposure levels of mouths (1-10 ppm of total contamination spread by one root carrier), nostrils (~1 ppm), and eyes (~0.1 ppm). We conclude that the contamination degree of known and hidden public surfaces can indicate fomite exposure risk. The social group effect could trigger superspreading events through fomite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihua Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Te Miao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack P T Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Roy PK, Ha AJW, Mizan MFR, Hossain MI, Ashrafudoulla M, Toushik SH, Nahar S, Kim YK, Ha SD. Effects of environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and glucose) on biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky and virulence gene expression. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101209. [PMID: 34089933 PMCID: PMC8182266 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen and an emerging zoonotic bacterial threat in the food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biofilm formation by a cocktail culture of 3 wild isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky on plastic (PLA), silicon rubber (SR), and chicken skin surfaces under various temperatures (4, 10, 25, 37, and 42°C) and pH values (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0). Then, at the optimum temperature and pH, the effects of supplementation with glucose (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.4% w/v) on biofilm formation were assessed on each of the surfaces. The results indicated that higher temperatures (25 to 42°C) and pH values (7.0 and 8.0) led to more robust biofilm formation than lower temperatures (4 and 10°C) and lower pH levels (4.0 to 6.0). Moreover, biofilm formation was induced by 0.025% glucose during incubation at the optimum temperature (37°C) and pH (7.0) but inhibited by 0.4% glucose. Consistent with this finding, virulence related gene (rpoS, rpoH, hilA, and avrA) expression was increased at 0.025% glucose and significantly reduced at 0.4% glucose. This results also confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and autoinducer-2 determination. This study concluded that optimum environmental conditions (temperature 37°C, pH 7.0, and 0.25% glucose) exhibited strong biofilm formation on food and food contract surfaces as well as increased the virulence gene expression levels, indicating that these environmental conditions might be threating conditions for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantu Kumar Roy
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Ji-Won Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sazzad Hossen Toushik
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Peng C, Fan X, Xu Y, Ren H, Huang H. Microscopic analysis towards rhamnolipid-mediated adhesion of Thiobacillus denitrificans: A QCM-D study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129539. [PMID: 33434821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnolipid was proved to increase the abundance of Thiobacillus denitrificans in the mixotrophic denitrification biofilm while its microscopic mechanism remains to be explored. Effect of rhamnolipids on deposition of macromolecular substances and adhesion of Thiobacillus denitrificans at room (20 °C) and low temperature (10 °C) were systematically investigated by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) for the first time. Results showed that low concentration of rhamnolipids (20-80 mg/L) could promote the deposition of macromolecular substances by reducing hydraulic repulsion force, with the maximum deposition amount increased by 4.28 times than that of the control at room temperature. Deposition amount of microorganisms could be improved by increasing its concentration at room temperature while it didn't work at low temperature. Meanwhile, low temperature could significantly inhibit adhesion of Thiobacillus denitrificans (p < 0.05) and deposited layers under low concentration of rhamnolipids were generally rigid, resulting in the negative feedback effect on the microorganisms' adhesion. While high concentration of rhamnolipids (120-200 mg/L) could regulate the biofilm from rigid to viscoelastic and significantly promote the initial adhesion of Thiobacillus denitrificans on SiO2 surface (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated the microscopic mechanism of rhamnolipids on the initial biofilm formation, that is, the reduction of hydration repulsion force was responsible for the enhanced deposition of macromolecules while the regulation of biofilm properties was account for the promoted adhesion of Thiobacillus denitrificans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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11
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Curtin AM, Buckley HL. Biofouling detection methods that are widely applicable and useful across disciplines: a mini-review. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:494-505. [PMID: 34193005 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1926998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, or the build-up of microorganisms in a biofilm at the solid-water or water-air interface, is an interdisciplinary problem. Biofouling causes various issues including clogging systems, contaminating devices, and creating infections that are extremely difficult to treat, to name but a few. Therefore, engineers, pharmacologists, microbiologists, wastewater treatment operators, chemists, food preservative formulators, home and personal care product formulators, and toxicologists all play a role in studying and have an interest in solving biofouling. High-throughput studies on biofilm prevention and removal can take the form of biofilm antimicrobial microdilution susceptibility (BAMS) tests. Due to vested interests of many disciplines, the results from these tests should be applicable and useful to each discipline. This critical review analyses the focuses, biological implications, and metrics required by each discipline. The possible detection methods that could satisfy each desired metric are then summarized. The detection methods were analysed in order to recommend two methods of biofilm detection, Crystal Violet stain and the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain, which correspond with three metrics including total biomass, log reduction, and the MIC, BPC, MBIC, MBC, BBC, and/or MBEC values. Determining these three metrics for each BAMS test will allow this type of research to be widely applicable and useful across many disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Curtin
- Civil Engineering Department, Green Safe Water Lab, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heather L Buckley
- Civil Engineering Department, Green Safe Water Lab, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Dula S, Ajayeoba TA, Ijabadeniyi OA. Bacterial biofilm formation on stainless steel in the food processing environment and its health implications. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:293-302. [PMID: 33768506 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation (BF) and production in the food processing industry (FPI) is a continual threat to food safety and quality. Various bacterial pathogens possess the ability to adhere and produce biofilms on stainless steel (SS) in the FPI due to flagella, curli, pili, fimbrial adhesins, extra polymeric substances, and surface proteins. The facilitating environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, variations in climatic conditions), SS properties (surface energy, hydrophobicity, surface roughness, topography), type of raw food materials, pre-processing, and processing conditions play a significant role in the enhancement of bacterial adhesion and favorable condition for BF. Furthermore, biofilm formers can tolerate different sanitizers and cleaning agents due to the constituents, concentration, contact time, bacterial cluster distribution, and composition of bacteria within the biofilm. Also, bacterial biofilms' ability to produce various endotoxins and exotoxins when consumed cause food infections and intoxications with serious health implications. It is thus crucial to understand BF's repercussions and develop effective interventions against these phenomena that make persistent pathogens difficult to remove in the food processing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Dula
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Titilayo Adenike Ajayeoba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria.
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13
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Zand E, Pfanner H, Domig KJ, Sinn G, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Jaeger H. Biofilm-Forming Ability of Microbacterium lacticum and Staphylococcus capitis Considering Physicochemical and Topographical Surface Properties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030611. [PMID: 33805651 PMCID: PMC8001712 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm characteristics of Microbacterium lacticum D84 (M. lacticum) and Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis (S. capitis) on polytetrafluoroethylene and AISI-304 stainless steel at early- (24, 48 h) and late-stage (144, 192 h) biofilm formation were investigated. M. lacticum biofilm structure was more developed compared to S. capitis, representing vastly mature biofilms with a strongly developed amorphous matrix, possibly extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), at late-stage biofilm formation. S. capitis showed faster growth behavior but still resulted in a relatively flat biofilm structure. Strong correlations were found between several roughness parameters and S. capitis surface coverage (r ≥ 0.98), and between total surface free energy (γs) and S. capitis surface coverage (r = 0.89), while M. lacticum remained mostly unaffected. The pronounced ubiquitous biofilm characteristics make M. lacticum D84 a suitable model for biofilm research. Studying biofilm formation of these bacteria may help one understand bacterial adhesion on interfaces and hence reduce biofilm formation in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.Z.); (H.P.); (H.J.)
| | - Hedwig Pfanner
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.Z.); (H.P.); (H.J.)
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gerhard Sinn
- Institute of Physics and Material Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marija Zunabovic-Pichler
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (E.Z.); (H.P.); (H.J.)
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Kostoglou D, Tsaklidou P, Iliadis I, Garoufallidou N, Skarmoutsou G, Koulouris I, Giaouris E. Advanced Killing Potential of Thymol against a Time and Temperature Optimized Attached Listeria monocytogenes Population in Lettuce Broth. Biomolecules 2021; 11:397. [PMID: 33800308 PMCID: PMC7998208 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh vegetables and salads are increasingly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne infections, such as those caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a dangerous pathogen that can attach to the surfaces of the equipment creating robust biofilms withstanding the killing action of disinfectants. In this study, the antimicrobial efficiency of a natural plant terpenoid (thymol) was evaluated against a sessile population of a multi-strain L. monocytogenes cocktail developed on stainless steel surfaces incubated in lettuce broth, under optimized time and temperature conditions (54 h at 30.6 °C) as those were determined following response surface modeling, and in comparison, to that of an industrial disinfectant (benzalkonium chloride). Prior to disinfection, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each compound were determined against the planktonic cells of each strain. The results revealed the advanced killing potential of thymol, with a concentration of 625 ppm (= 4 × MBC) leading to almost undetectable viable bacteria (more than 4 logs reduction following a 15-min exposure). For the same degree of killing, benzalkonium chloride needed to be used at a concentration of at least 20 times more than its MBC (70 ppm). Discriminative repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) also highlighted the strain variability in both biofilm formation and resistance. In sum, thymol was found to present an effective anti-listeria action under environmental conditions mimicking those encountered in the salad industry and deserves to be further explored to improve the safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (D.K.); (P.T.); (I.I.); (N.G.); (G.S.); (I.K.)
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15
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Zore A, Bezek K, Jevšnik M, Abram A, Runko V, Slišković I, Raspor P, Kovačević D, Bohinc K. Bacterial adhesion rate on food grade ceramics and Teflon as kitchen worktop surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 332:108764. [PMID: 32585372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a research of bacterial adhesion to two most often used materials in modern kitchens, namely food grade ceramics and Teflon. To test the bacterial adhesion on kitchen worktops Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Campylobacter jejuni were used as the most common foodborne contaminants. Contact angle, roughness and streaming potential measurements were used for surface characterization. Crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy were applied for bacterial adhesion analysis. We showed that the adhesion of tested bacteria strains was lower on the Teflon surface compared to the ceramics. The hydrophobicity of the surface substantially contributed to the bacterial adhesion rate. On the other hand, the surface roughness and charge did not play a crucial role in the adhesion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Zore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Bezek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Jevšnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anže Abram
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Runko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Slišković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Raspor
- University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Davor Kovačević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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