1
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Song B, Zhang E, Shi Y, Wang W, Zhu H, Gallagher SJ, Fischer S, Rigney J, Kim E, Cao Z. Zwitterionic Hydrogel Coating with Antisediment Properties for Marine Antifouling Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27908-27916. [PMID: 38752559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Biofouling is a serious issue affecting the marine industry because the attached micro- and macrocontaminants can increase fuel consumption and damage ship hulls. A hydrophilic hydrogel-based coating is considered a promising antifouling material because it is environmentally friendly and the dense hydration layer can protect the substrate from microbial attachment. However, sediment adsorption can be an issue for hydrogel-based coatings. Their natural soft and porous structures can trap sediment from the marine environment and weaken the antifouling capability. There is still little research on the antisediment properties of hydrogels, and none of them deal with this problem. Here, we report on optimizing zwitterionic hydrogel-based coatings to improve their antisediment properties and achieve comparable performance to commercial biocidal coatings, which are the gold standard in the antifouling coating area. After 1 week of sediment contamination and 2 weeks of diatom coculturing, this optimized zwitterionic hydrogel coating maintained its antifouling properties with a few diatoms on the surface. Its large-scale samples also achieved antifouling performance similar to that of biocidal coatings in the Atlantic Ocean for 1.5 months. More importantly, our research provides a universal strategy to improve the antisediment properties of soft hydrogel-based coatings. For the first time, we report that the introduction of interfacial electrostatic interactions enhanced the antisediment properties of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ershuai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yuanjie Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sheu-Jane Gallagher
- Repela Tech, LLC, 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States
| | - Stephen Fischer
- Repela Tech, LLC, 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States
| | - Jennifer Rigney
- Repela Tech, LLC, 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States
| | - Edward Kim
- Repela Tech, LLC, 46701 Commerce Center Drive, Plymouth, Michigan 48170, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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2
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Kim I, Kang SM. Formation of Amphiphilic Zwitterionic Thin Poly(SBMA- co-TFEMA) Brushes on Solid Surfaces for Marine Antifouling Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38314692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Water molecules can bind to zwitterionic polymers, such as carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine, forming strong hydration layers along the polymer chains. Such hydration layers act as a barrier to impede the attachment of marine fouling organisms; therefore, zwitterionic polymer coatings have been of considerable interest as marine antifouling coatings. However, recent studies have shown that severe adsorption of marine sediments occurs on zwitterionic-polymer-coated surfaces, resulting in the degradation of their marine antifouling performance. Therefore, a novel approach for forming amphiphilic zwitterionic polymers using zwitterionic and hydrophobic monomers is being investigated to simultaneously inhibit both sediment adsorption and marine fouling. In this study, amphiphilic zwitterionic thin polymer brushes composed of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) were synthesized on Si/SiO2 surfaces via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. For this, a facile metal-ion-mediated method was developed for immobilizing polymerization initiators on solid substrates to subsequently form poly(SBMA-co-TFEMA) brushes on the initiator-coated substrate surface. Poly(SBMA-co-TFEMA) brushes with various SBMA/TFEMA ratios were prepared to determine the composition at which both marine diatom adhesion and sediment adsorption can be prevented effectively. The results indicate that poly(SBMA-co-TFEMA) brushes prepared with an SBMA/TFEMA ratio of 3:7 effectively inhibit both sediment adsorption and marine diatom adhesion, thereby exhibiting balanced marine antifouling properties. Thus, the findings of this study provide important insights into the design of amphiphilic marine antifouling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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3
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Cao Z, Ma C, Xiang L, Cao L. A main chain biodegradable polyurethane with anti-protein adsorption and anti-bacterial adhesion performances. SOFT MATTER 2023; 20:192-200. [PMID: 38073481 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01344h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are initially formed by substances such as proteins secreted by bacteria adhering to a surface. To achieve a durable antibacterial material, biodegradable dihydroxyl-terminated poly[(ethylene oxide)-co-(ethylene carbonate)] (PEOC(OH)2) with anti-protein adsorption properties was synthesized in this study. Further polycondensation of PEOC(OH)2 and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) led to biodegradable polyurethane (PEOC-PU) with PEOC as the soft segment. For comparison, polyurethanes with polyethylene glycol (PEG-PU) and polypropylene glycol (PPG-PU) as soft segments were also synthesized. The chemical structures of the polyurethanes were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. The biodegradation behavior of PEOC-PU promoted by lipase due to the presence of ethylene carbonate units was also studied. Their resistance to proteins was studied using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and the results revealed that PEOC-PU exhibited excellent nonspecific resistance to proteins. The colonization of microorganisms on PU in the liquid culture medium was further examined and the results showed that PEOC-PU exhibited excellent antibacterial adhesion performance due to its protein resistance and biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (South China University of Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Linyan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China.
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4
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Wei Y, Li W, Liu H, Liu H. In situ preparation of spindle calcium carbonate-chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) anti-biofouling hydrogels inspired by Shellfish. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Ali A, Ul Amin B, Yu W, Gui T, Cong W, Zhang K, Tong Z, Hu J, Zhan X, Zhang Q. Eco-friendly biodegradable polyurethane based coating for antibacterial and antifouling performance. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Liu Z, Jiang T, Qin W. Polymeric Membrane Marine Sensors with a Regenerable Antibiofouling Coating Based on Surface Modification of a Dual-Functionalized Magnetic Composite. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11916-11924. [PMID: 35980333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally compatible polymeric membrane marine sensors with excellent antiadhesive and antibacterial properties have recently been developed. However, the regeneration abilities of these sensors after fouling have rarely been investigated. Herein, a novel strategy for preparation of a regenerable antibiofouling coating via surface modification of a dual-functionalized magnetic composite is proposed. A zwitterionic polymer (i.e., poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)) and a quaternary ammonium compound (i.e., 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl octadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride) are coated on the surface of Fe3O4 microspheres for antiadhesion and bacterial inactivation, respectively. The antifouling magnetic composite can readily be modified on the sensor's surface via the magnetically assisted self-assembly technology. Using a polymeric membrane calcium ion-selective electrode as a model sensor, the protection layer-coated electrode shows the markedly improved antibiofouling activities as compared to the unmodified sensor. More importantly, by altering the direction of the external magnetic field, the antifouling coating can easily be removed after fouling along with the removal of the adsorbed bacterial cells from the electrode's surface, which is followed by re-modifying a fresh coating for regeneration of the antifouling electrode. The proposed methodology for fabrication of a regenerable antibiofouling coating is promising to improve the durability of a marine sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Tianjia Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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7
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Gnanasampanthan T, Karthäuser JF, Spöllmann S, Wanka R, Becker HW, Rosenhahn A. Amphiphilic Alginate-Based Layer-by-Layer Coatings Exhibiting Resistance against Nonspecific Protein Adsorption and Marine Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16062-16073. [PMID: 35377590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic coatings are promising materials for fouling-release applications, especially when their building blocks are inexpensive, biodegradable, and readily accessible polysaccharides. Here, amphiphilic polysaccharides were fabricated by coupling hydrophobic pentafluoropropylamine (PFPA) to carboxylate groups of hydrophilic alginic acid, a natural biopolymer with high water-binding capacity. Layer-by-layer (LbL) coatings comprising unmodified or amphiphilic alginic acid (AA*) and polyethylenimine (PEI) were assembled to explore how different PFPA contents affect their physicochemical properties, resistance against nonspecific adsorption (NSA) of proteins, and antifouling activity against marine bacteria (Cobetia marina) and diatoms (Navicula perminuta). The amphiphilic multilayers, characterized through spectroscopic ellipsometry, water contact angle goniometry, elemental analysis, AFM, XPS, and SPR spectroscopy, showed similar or even higher swelling in water and exhibited higher resistance toward NSA of proteins and microfouling marine organisms than multilayers without fluoroalkyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana F Karthäuser
- Analytical Chemistry─Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Stephan Spöllmann
- RUBION, Central Unit for Ion Beams and Radionuclides, University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry─Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Becker
- RUBION, Central Unit for Ion Beams and Radionuclides, University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry─Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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8
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Schwarze J, Koc J, Koschitzki F, Gardner H, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Reduction of biofilm accumulation by constant and alternating potentials in static and dynamic field experiments. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:119-130. [PMID: 35240893 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2027923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of electric fields to conductive coatings is an environmentally friendly way to reduce biofilm formation. In particular alternating potentials (APs) have received increasing attention in recent studies. Here, an electrochemical rotating disk setup for dynamic field exposure experiments was developed to study how APs alter the attachment of fouling organisms in a multispecies ocean environment. A specific focus of the device design was proper integration of the potentiostat in the strongly corroding saltwater environment. The effect of APs on the accumulation of fouling organisms in short term field exposures was studied. Potentials on conductive gold surfaces were periodically switched between -0.3 V and 0.3 V or between -0.8 V and 0.6 V at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. APs were capable of significantly reducing the attachment of marine fouling organisms compared with the conductive samples immersed at open circuit potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schwarze
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Koschitzki
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Tan J, Liang X, Yang J, Zhou S. Sol-gel-derived hard coatings from tetraethoxysilane and organoalkoxysilanes bearing zwitterionic and isothiazolinone groups and their antifouling behaviors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:406-417. [PMID: 34935850 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current environmentally friendly marine antifouling (AF) coatings are mainly polymeric with a relatively low hardness. Hard sol-gel-derived AF coatings for underwater robot-cleaning are seldom used. In this work, two new organoalkoxysilanes, i.e., (N-methoxyacylethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 2-(2-hydroxy-3-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propoxy)propyl)benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one, were synthesized by a facile method. These two precursors were used with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to produce three series of hybrid AF coatings with zwitterionic group (Z-χ), antibacterial group (1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one) (A-χ) and zwitterionic and antibacterial groups (S-χ) by a sol-gel process. The hardness of the coatings was measured using a pencil hardness tester and the AF behaviors of the coatings were examined by laboratory and field assays. A pencil hardness up to 5 H was achieved and slight deterioration was observed after 9 months of immersion in artificial seawater for the A-χ and S-χ coatings at a sufficiently high TEOS content. A synergistic effect between the zwitterion and antimicrobial agents existed but was not obvious. A higher TEOS content led to a higher hardness and better AF performance regardless of the type of AF group. Even with the same biofilm formation after field assay, coatings with a higher TEOS content exhibited a better resistance to mussel settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Tan
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Shuxue Zhou
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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10
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Schardt L, Martínez Guajardo A, Koc J, Clarke JL, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Low Fouling Polysulfobetaines with Variable Hydrophobic Content. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100589. [PMID: 34734670 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer coatings combining hydrophilic elements, in particular zwitterionic groups, and hydrophobic elements comprise a promising strategy to decrease biofouling. However, the influence of the content of the hydrophobic component in zwitterionic coatings on the interfacial molecular reorganization dynamics and the anti-fouling performance is not well understood. Therefore, coatings of amphiphilic copolymers of sulfobetaine methacrylate 3-[N-2'-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl]-ammonio propane-1-sulfonate (SPE) are prepared which contain increasing amounts of hydrophobic n-butyl methacrylate (BMA). Their fouling resistance is compared to that of their homopolymers PSPE and PBMA. The photo-crosslinked coatings form hydrogel films with a hydrophilic surface. Fouling by the proteins fibrinogen and lysozyme as well as by the diatom Navicula perminuta and the green algae Ulva linza is assessed in laboratory assays. While biofouling is strongly reduced by all zwitterionic coatings, the best fouling resistance is obtained for the amphiphilic copolymers. Also in preliminary field tests, the anti-fouling performance of the amphiphilic copolymer films is superior to that of both homopolymers. When the coatings are exposed to a marine environment, the reduced susceptibility to silt incorporation, in particular compared to the most hydrophilic polyzwitterion PSPE, likely contributes to the improved fouling resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Dai G, Ai X, Mei L, Ma C, Zhang G. Kill-Resist-Renew Trinity: Hyperbranched Polymer with Self-Regenerating Attack and Defense for Antifouling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13735-13743. [PMID: 33710850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antifouling coatings are generally based on a single antifouling mechanism, which can hardly meet the needs of different occasions. Here, a single "kill-resist-renew trinity" polymeric coating integrating fouling killing, resistance, and releasing functions is reported. To achieve the design, a novel monomer-tertiary carboxybetaine ester acrylate with the antifouling group N-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)maleimide (TCB-TCPM) is synthesized and copolymerized with methacrylic anhydride via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization yielding a degradable hyperbranched polymer. Such a polymer at the surface/seawater is able to hydrolyze and degrade to short segments forming a dynamic surface (releasing). The hydrolysis of TCB-TCPM generates the antifouling groups TCPM (killing) and zwitterionic groups (resistance). Such a polymeric coating exhibits a controllable degradation rate, which increases with the degrees of branching. The antibacterial assay demonstrates that the antifouling ability arise from the synergistic effect of "attacking" and "defending". This study provides a new strategy to solve the challenging problem of marine biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Ai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Liqin Mei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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12
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Orooji Y, Movahedi A, Liu Z, Asadnia M, Ghasali E, Ganjkhanlou Y, Razmjou A, Karimi-Maleh H, Kiadeh NTH. Luminescent film: Biofouling investigation of tetraphenylethylene blended polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128871. [PMID: 33308836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the huge contribution of membrane-based brine and wastewater purification systems in today's life, biofouling still affects sustainability of membrane engineering. Aimed at reducing membrane modules wastage, the need to study biofouling monitoring as one of contributory factors stemmed from the short time between initial attachment and irreversible biofoulant adhesion. Hence, a membrane for monitoring is introduced to determine the right cleaning time by using fluorescent sensing as a non-destructive and scalable approach. The classical solid-state emissive fluorophore, tetraphenylethylene (TPE), was introduced as a sustainable, safe and sensitive fluorescent indicator in order to show the potential of the method, and polyethersulfone (PES) and nonsolvent-induced phase separation method, the most popular material and method, are used to fabricate membrane in industry and academia. Since the employed filler has an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic, it can track the biofouling throughout the operation. The fabricated membranes have certain characterizations (i.e. morphology assessment, flux, antibiogram, flow cytometry, surface free energy, and protein adsorption) which indicate that hybrid membrane with 5 wt % of TPE has identical biofouling activity compared to neat PES membrane and its optimal luminescence properties make it an appropriate candidate for non-destructive and online biofouling monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China.
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ehsan Ghasali
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Yadolah Ganjkhanlou
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Centers, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Islamic Republic of Iran; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, P. O. Box 611731, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P. O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
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13
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Wanka R, Koschitzki F, Puzovic V, Pahl T, Manderfeld E, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Synthesis and Characterization of Dendritic and Linear Glycol Methacrylates and Their Performance as Marine Antifouling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6659-6669. [PMID: 33497184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic polyglycerol (PG) was covalently coupled to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by an anionically catalyzed ring-opening polymerization generating a dendritic PG-HEMA with four PG repetition units (PG4MA). Coatings of the methacrylate monomer were prepared by grafting-through and compared against commercially available hydrophilic monomers of HEMA, poly(ethylene) glycol methacrylate (PEGMA), and poly(propylene) glycol methacrylate (PPGMA). The obtained coatings were characterized by modern surface analytical techniques, including water contact angle goniometry (sessile and captive bubble), attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) properties of the coatings were tested against the model organisms Cobetia marina and Navicula perminuta in laboratory-scale dynamic accumulation assays as well as in a dynamic short-term field exposure (DSFE) in the marine environment. In addition, the hydration of the coatings and their susceptibility toward silt uptake were evaluated, revealing a strong correlation between water uptake, silt incorporation, and field assay performance. While all glycol derivatives showed good resistance in laboratory settlement experiments, PPGMA turned out to be less susceptible to silt incorporation and outperformed PEGMA and PG4MA in the DSFE assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Koschitzki
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vuk Puzovic
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorben Pahl
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emily Manderfeld
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Wanka R, Koc J, Clarke J, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Sol-Gel-Based Hybrid Materials as Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53286-53296. [PMID: 33180471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials (HMs) offer unique properties as they combine inorganic and organic components into a single material. Here, we developed HM coatings for marine antifouling applications using sol-gel chemistry and naturally occurring polysaccharides. The coatings were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, AFM, and ATR-FTIR, and their stability was tested in saline media. Marine antifouling and fouling-release properties were tested in laboratory assays against the settlement of larvae of the barnacle Balanus improvisus and against the settlement and removal of the diatom Navicula incerta. Furthermore, laboratory data were confirmed in short-term dynamic field assays in Florida, USA. All hybrid coatings revealed a superior performance in the assays compared to a hydrophobic reference. Within the hybrids, those with the highest degree of hydrophilicity and negative net charge across the surface performed best. Alginate and heparin showed good performance, making these hybrid materials promising building blocks for fouling-resistant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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15
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Koschitzki F, Wanka R, Sobota L, Koc J, Gardner H, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Amphiphilic Dicyclopentenyl/Carboxybetaine-Containing Copolymers for Marine Fouling-Release Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34148-34160. [PMID: 32567832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic materials received great attention in recent studies due to their high antifouling potential, though their application in practical coatings is still challenging. Amphiphilic polymers have been proven to be an effective method to combat fouling in the marine environment. This study reports the incorporation of small amounts of zwitterionic carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) into hydrophobic ethylene glycol dicyclopentenyl ether acrylate (DCPEA). A new set of copolymers with varying amphiphilicities was synthesized and coated on chemically modified glass substrates. The antifouling capabilities were assessed against the diatom Navicula perminuta and multiple species in the field. Unsurprisingly, high diatom densities were observed on the hydrophobic control coatings. The integration of small zwitterionic contents of only ∼5 wt % was already sufficient to rapidly form a hydrophilic interface that led to a strong reduction of fouling. Ultralow fouling was also observed for the pure zwitterionic coatings in laboratory experiments, but it failed when tested in the real ocean environment. We noticed that the ability to absorb large amounts of water and the diffuse nature of the interphase correlate with the adsorption of silt, which can mask the hydrophilic chemistries and facilitate the settlement of organisms. The amphiphilic coatings showed low fouling in dynamic short-term field exposures, which could be explained by the reduced tendency of the coatings for sediment adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Koschitzki
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lennart Sobota
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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16
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Koc J, Schönemann E, Wanka R, Aldred N, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Effects of crosslink density in zwitterionic hydrogel coatings on their antifouling performance and susceptibility to silt uptake. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:646-659. [PMID: 32718200 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1796983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel coatings effectively reduce the attachment of proteins and organisms in laboratory assays, in particular when made from zwitterionic monomers. In field experiments with multiple species and non-living material, such coatings suffer from adsorption of particulate matter. In this study, the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] propanesulfonate (SPE) was copolymerized with increasing amounts of the photo-crosslinker benzophenon-4-yloxyethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) to systematically alter the density of crosslinks between the polymer chains. The effect of increasing crosslink density on the antifouling (AF) performance of the coatings was investigated in laboratory assays and fields tests. In both cases, the AF performance was improved by increasing the crosslinker content. The coatings reduced protein, diatom, and barnacle accumulation, and showed better resistance to biomass accumulation. The findings underline that the marine AF performance of hydrogel coatings does not only depend on the specific chemical structure of the polymers, but also on their physico-chemical properties such as rigidity and swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Flemming HC. Biofouling and me: My Stockholm syndrome with biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115576. [PMID: 32044598 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is the undesired deposition and growth of microorganisms on surfaces, forming biofilms. The definition is subjective and operational: not every biofilm causes biofouling - only if a given a subjective "threshold of interference" is exceeded, biofilms cause technical or medical problems. These range from the formation of slime layers on ship hulls or in pipelines, which increase friction resistance, to separation membranes, on which biofilms increase hydraulic resistance, to heat exchangers where they interfere with heat transport to contamination of treated water by eroded biofilm cells which may comprise hygienically relevant microorganisms, and, most dangerous, to biofilms on implants and catheters which can cause persistent infections. The largest fraction of anti-fouling research, usually in short-term experiments, is focused on prevention or limiting primary microbial adhesion. Intuitively, this appears only logical, but turns out mostly hopeless. This is because in technical systems with open access for microorganisms, all surfaces are colonized sooner or later which explains the very limited success of that research. As a result, the use of biocides remains the major tool to fight persistent biofilms. However, this is costly in terms of biocides, it stresses working materials, causes off-time and environmental damage and it usually leaves large parts of biofilms in place, ready for regrowth. In order to really solve biofouling problems, it is necessary to learn how to live with biofilms and mitigate their detrimental effects. This requires rather an integrated strategy than aiming to invent "one-shot" solutions. In this context, it helps to understand the biofilm way of life as a natural phenomenon. Biofilms are the oldest, most successful and most widely distributed form of life on earth, existing even in extreme environments and being highly resilient. Microorganisms in biofilms live in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which allows them to develop emerging properties such as enhanced nutrient acquisition, synergistic microconsortia, enhanced tolerance to biocides and antibiotics, intense intercellular communication and cooperation. Transiently immobilized, biofilm organisms turn their matrix into an external digestion system by retaining complexed exoenzymes in the matrix. Biofilms grow even on traces of any biodegradable material, therefore, an effective anti-fouling strategy comprises to keep the system low in nutrients (good housekeeping), employing low-fouling, easy-to-clean surfaces, monitoring of biofilm development, allowing for early intervention, and acknowledging that cleaning can be more important than trying to kill biofilms, because cleaning does not cut the nutrient supply of survivors and dead biomass serves as an additional carbon source for "cannibalizing" survivors, supporting rapid after growth. An integrated concept is presented as the result of a long journey of the author through biofouling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Curt Flemming
- Water Academy, Schloss-Strasse 40, D-88045, Friedrichshafen, Germany; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Biofilm Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Muelheim, Germany.
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18
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Cao Z, Gan T, Xu G, Ma C. Biomimetic Self-Renewal Polymer Brushes with Protein Resistance Inspired by Fish Skin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14596-14602. [PMID: 31609120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by fish skin, biomimetic self-renewal poly[(ethylene oxide)-co-(ethylene carbonate)] (PEOC) brushes with protein resistance had been prepared via surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The results of hydrolytic degradation indicated that the PEOC brushes could degrade in artificial seawater. Ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and contact angle results demonstrated that the PEOC brushes degrade uniformly. By using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, we studied the protein adsorption on the surfaces in artificial seawater at different degradation times. After 24, 48, 96, and 168 h of degradation, the PEOC surfaces showed nearly zero Δf and ΔD for bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and fibrinogen. More importantly, there was a notably lower density of microorganisms adhered to the surface modified with PEOC compared with that of the surface without PEOC in natural seawater. The current study showed that the PEOC brushes exhibit a self-renewal property with persistent protein resistance and prevent the adhesion of microorganisms. Such a biomimetic polymer had a great potential in marine antibiofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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19
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Dai G, Xie Q, Ai X, Ma C, Zhang G. Self-Generating and Self-Renewing Zwitterionic Polymer Surfaces for Marine Anti-Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41750-41757. [PMID: 31603306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of antifouling polymer surfaces after contamination or damage is an important issue, especially in complex marine environments. Here, inspired by the self-renewal of silyl acrylate polymers and the protein resistance of zwitterionic polymers, we prepared a novel hydrolysis-induced zwitterionic monomer, tertiary carboxybetaine triisopropylsilyl ester ethyl acrylate (TCBSA), and copolymerized it with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Such a copolymer rapidly self-generates a zwitterionic surface and provides fouling resistance in marine environments. Furthermore, TCBSA was copolymerized with MMA and 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO), where MDO causes degradation of the polymers. Our study demonstrates that the degradation of the polymer is controlled, and the degradation rate increases with the external enzyme concentration in the seawater, leading to a self-renewing dynamic surface. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements show that the polymeric coating with self-generating zwitterions has excellent protein resistance in seawater. Bioassays demonstrate that the coating can effectively inhibit the adhesion of marine bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.) and diatoms (Navicula incerta). The coating with a self-generating and self-renewing zwitterionic surface is potential to find applications in marine anti-biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Ai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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