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Okello D, Yang S, Komakech R, Chung Y, Rahmat E, Gang R, Omujal F, Lamwaka AV, Kang Y. Indirect in vitro Regeneration of the Medicinal Plant, Aspilia africana, and Histological Assessment at Different Developmental Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:797721. [PMID: 34975987 PMCID: PMC8719492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.797721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant, Aspilia africana, has been traditionally used in several African countries to treat many diseases such as tuberculosis, cough, inflammation, malaria, osteoporosis, and diabetes. In this study, we developed a protocol for in vitro propagation of A. africana using indirect shoot organogenesis from leaf and root explants of in vitro-grown seedlings and assessed the tissues at different developmental stages. The highest callus induction (91.9 ± 2.96%) from leaf explants was in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) while from root explants, the highest callus induction (92.6 ± 2.80%) was in the same plant tissue culture medium augmented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The best shoot regeneration capacity from leaf-derived calli (i.e., 80.0 ± 6.23% regeneration percentage and 12.0 ± 6.23 shoots per callus) was obtained in medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.05 mg/L α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); the best regeneration capacity for root-derived calli (i.e., 86.7 ± 6.24% shoot regeneration percentage and 14.7 ± 1.11 shoots per callus) was obtained in the MS medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L BAP, 0.05 mg/L NAA, and 0.1 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ). Regenerated plantlets developed a robust root system in 1/2 MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and had a survival rate of 93.6% at acclimatization. The in vitro regenerated stem tissue was fully differentiated, while the young leaf tissue consisted of largely unorganized and poorly differentiated cells with large intercellular airspaces typical of in vitro leaf tissues. Our study established a protocol for the indirect regeneration of A. africana and offers a basis for its domestication, large-scale multiplication, and germplasm preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to develop an indirect regeneration protocol for A. africana and conduct anatomical assessment through the different stages of development from callus to a fully developed plantlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Okello
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Naju-si, South Korea
| | - Sungyu Yang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
| | - Richard Komakech
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI), Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yuseong Chung
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
| | - Endang Rahmat
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Naju-si, South Korea
| | - Roggers Gang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Naju-si, South Korea
- National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute (NaSARRI), Soroti, Uganda
| | - Francis Omujal
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI), Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alice V. Lamwaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Youngmin Kang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Naju-si, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), Naju-si, South Korea
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Petrek J, Zitka O, Adam V, Bartusek K, Anjum NA, Pereira E, Havel L, Kizek R. Are Early Somatic Embryos of the Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Organised? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144093. [PMID: 26624287 PMCID: PMC4666671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic embryogenesis in conifer species has great potential for the forestry industry. Hence, a number of methods have been developed for their efficient and rapid propagation through somatic embryogenesis. Although information is available regarding the previous process-mediated generation of embryogenic cells to form somatic embryos, there is a dearth of information in the literature on the detailed structure of these clusters. Methodology/Principal Findings The main aim of this study was to provide a more detailed structure of the embryogenic tissue clusters obtained through the in vitro propagation of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We primarily focused on the growth of early somatic embryos (ESEs). The data on ESE growth suggested that there may be clear distinctions between their inner and outer regions. Therefore, we selected ESEs collected on the 56th day after sub-cultivation to dissect the homogeneity of the ESE clusters. Two colourimetric assays (acetocarmine and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining) and one metabolic assay based on the use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride uncovered large differences in the metabolic activity inside the cluster. Next, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The ESE cluster seemed to be compactly aggregated during the first four weeks of cultivation; thereafter, the difference between the 1H nuclei concentration in the inner and outer clusters was more evident. There were clear differences in the visual appearance of embryos from the outer and inner regions. Finally, a cluster was divided into six parts (three each from the inner and the outer regions of the embryo) to determine their growth and viability. The innermost embryos (centripetally towards the cluster centre) could grow after sub-cultivation but exhibited the slowest rate and required the longest time to reach the common growth rate. To confirm our hypothesis on the organisation of the ESE cluster, we investigated the effect of cluster orientation on the cultivation medium and the influence of the change of the cluster’s three-dimensional orientation on its development. Maintaining the same position when transferring ESEs into new cultivation medium seemed to be necessary because changes in the orientation significantly affected ESE growth. Conclusions and Significance This work illustrated the possible inner organisation of ESEs. The outer layer of ESEs is formed by individual somatic embryos with high metabolic activity (and with high demands for nutrients, oxygen and water), while an embryonal group is directed outside of the ESE cluster. Somatic embryos with depressed metabolic activity were localised in the inner regions, where these embryonic tissues probably have a very important transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Petrek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- Department of Plant Biology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Karel Bartusek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 147, CZ-612 64, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal, European Union
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal, European Union
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- * E-mail:
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