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Schot M, Araújo-Gomes N, van Loo B, Kamperman T, Leijten J. Scalable fabrication, compartmentalization and applications of living microtissues. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:392-405. [PMID: 35574053 PMCID: PMC9062422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Towards Physiologic Culture Approaches to Improve Standard Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040886. [PMID: 33924517 PMCID: PMC8069108 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest for their use in cell-based therapies due to their multipotent differentiation and immunomodulatory capacities. In consequence of limited numbers following their isolation from the donor tissue, MSCs require extensive expansion performed in traditional 2D cell culture setups to reach adequate amounts for therapeutic use. However, prolonged culture of MSCs in vitro has been shown to decrease their differentiation potential and alter their immunomodulatory properties. For that reason, preservation of these physiological characteristics of MSCs throughout their in vitro culture is essential for improving the efficiency of therapeutic and in vitro modeling applications. With this objective in mind, many studies already investigated certain parameters for enhancing current standard MSC culture protocols with regard to the effects of specific culture media components or culture conditions. Although there is a lot of diversity in the final therapeutic uses of the cells, the primary stage of standard isolation and expansion is imperative. Therefore, we want to review on approaches for optimizing standard MSC culture protocols during this essential primary step of in vitro expansion. The reviewed studies investigate and suggest improvements focused on culture media components (amino acids, ascorbic acid, glucose level, growth factors, lipids, platelet lysate, trace elements, serum, and xenogeneic components) as well as culture conditions and processes (hypoxia, cell seeding, and dissociation during passaging), in order to preserve the MSC phenotype and functionality during the primary phase of in vitro culture.
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Salari A, Appak-Baskoy S, Coe IR, Tsai SSH, Kolios MC. An ultrafast enzyme-free acoustic technique for detaching adhered cells in microchannels. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32824-32829. [PMID: 35493567 PMCID: PMC9042199 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent cultured cells are widely used biological tools for a variety of biochemical and biotechnology applications, including drug screening and gene expression analysis. One critical step in culturing adherent cells is the dissociation of cell monolayers into single-cell suspensions. Different enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods have been proposed for this purpose. Trypsinization, the most common enzymatic method for dislodging adhered cells, can be detrimental to cells, as it can damage cell membranes and ultimately cause cell death. Additionally, all available techniques require a prolonged treatment duration, typically on the order of minutes (5–10 min). Dissociation of cells becomes even more challenging in microfluidic devices, where, due to the nature of low Reynolds number flow and reduced mixing efficiency, multiple washing steps and prolonged trypsinization may be necessary to treat all cells. Here, we report a novel acoustofluidic method for the detachment of cells adhered onto a microchannel surface without exposing the cells to any enzymatic or non-enzymatic chemicals. This method enables a rapid (i.e., on the order of seconds), cost-effective, and easy-to-operate cell detachment strategy, yielding a detachment efficiency of ∼99% and cellular viability similar to that of the conventional trypsinization method. Also, as opposed to biochemical-based techniques (e.g., enzymatic), in our approach, cells are exposed to the dissociating agent (i.e., substrate-mediated acoustic excitation and microstreaming flow) only for as long as they remain attached to the substrate. After dissociation, the effect of acoustic excitation is reduced to microstreaming flow, therefore, minimizing unwanted effects of the dissociating agent on the cell phenotype. Additionally, our results suggest that cell excitation at acoustic powers lower than that required for complete cell detachment can potentially be employed for probing the adhesion strength of cell–substrate attachment. This novel approach can, therefore, be used for a wide range of lab-on-a-chip applications. We report a novel acoustofluidic method for detaching adhered cells from microchannel surfaces. This method enables a rapid (i.e., on the order of seconds), cost-effective, and easy-to-operate cell detachment strategy with high cellular viability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinaghi Salari
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Sila Appak-Baskoy
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Imogen R. Coe
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Scott S. H. Tsai
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Chavkin NW, Hirschi KK. Single Cell Analysis in Vascular Biology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:42. [PMID: 32296715 PMCID: PMC7137757 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to quantify DNA, RNA, and protein variations at the single cell level has revolutionized our understanding of cellular heterogeneity within tissues. Via such analyses, individual cells within populations previously thought to be homogeneous can now be delineated into specific subpopulations expressing unique sets of genes, enabling specialized functions. In vascular biology, studies using single cell RNA sequencing have revealed extensive heterogeneity among endothelial and mural cells even within the same vessel, key intermediate cell types that arise during blood and lymphatic vessel development, and cell-type specific responses to disease. Thus, emerging new single cell analysis techniques are enabling vascular biologists to elucidate mechanisms of vascular development, homeostasis, and disease that were previously not possible. In this review, we will provide an overview of single cell analysis methods and highlight recent advances in vascular biology made possible through single cell RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Chavkin
- Department of Cell Biology, Developmental Genomics Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, Developmental Genomics Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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