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Mohanto S, Narayana S, Merai KP, Kumar JA, Bhunia A, Hani U, Al Fatease A, Gowda BHJ, Nag S, Ahmed MG, Paul K, Vora LK. Advancements in gelatin-based hydrogel systems for biomedical applications: A state-of-the-art review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127143. [PMID: 37793512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
A gelatin-based hydrogel system is a stimulus-responsive, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymeric system with solid-like rheology that entangles moisture in its porous network that gradually protrudes to assemble a hierarchical crosslinked arrangement. The hydrolysis of collagen directs gelatin construction, which retains arginyl glycyl aspartic acid and matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive degeneration sites, further confining access to chemicals entangled within the gel (e.g., cell encapsulation), modulating the release of encapsulated payloads and providing mechanical signals to the adjoining cells. The utilization of various types of functional tunable biopolymers as scaffold materials in hydrogels has become highly attractive due to their higher porosity and mechanical ability; thus, higher loading of proteins, peptides, therapeutic molecules, etc., can be further modulated. Furthermore, a stimulus-mediated gelatin-based hydrogel with an impaired concentration of gellan demonstrated great shear thinning and self-recovering characteristics in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Therefore, this contemporary review presents a concise version of the gelatin-based hydrogel as a conceivable biomaterial for various biomedical applications. In addition, the article has recapped the multiple sources of gelatin and their structural characteristics concerning stimulating hydrogel development and delivery approaches of therapeutic molecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, genes, drugs, etc.), existing challenges, and overcoming designs, particularly from drug delivery perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Soumya Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Khushboo Paresh Merai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Jahanvee Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Adrija Bhunia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tiruvalam Rd, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthika Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Tadge T, Garje S, Saxena V, Raichur AM. Application of Shape Memory and Self-Healable Polymers/Composites in the Biomedical Field: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32294-32310. [PMID: 37720748 PMCID: PMC10500588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory-assisted self-healing polymers have drawn attention over the past few years owing to their interdisciplinary and wide range of applications. Self-healing and shape memory are two approaches used to improve the applicability of polymers in the biomedical field. Combining both these approaches in a polymer composite opens new possibilities for its use in biomedical applications, such as the "close then heal" concept, which uses the shape memory capabilities of polymers to bring injured sections together to promote autonomous healing. This review focuses on using shape memory-assisted self-healing approaches along with their respective affecting factors for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, biomaterial-inks, and 4D printed scaffolds, soft actuators, wearable electronics, etc. In addition, quantification of self-healing and shape memory efficiency is also discussed. The challenges and prospects of these polymers for biomedical applications have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varun Saxena
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok M. Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Yue X, Zhao S, Qiu M, Zhang J, Zhong G, Huang C, Li X, Zhang C, Qu Y. Physical dual-network photothermal antibacterial multifunctional hydrogel adhesive for wound healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections synthesized from natural polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120831. [PMID: 37059558 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Wound-healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections has always been a clinical challenge. The design and development of effective and economically safe wound dressings with antimicrobial activity and healing-promoting properties is highly desirable, especially in the context of wound-infections. Herein, we designed a physical dual-network multifunctional hydrogel adhesive based on polysaccharide material for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydrogel utilized ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy)-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as the first physical interpenetrating network for providing some brittleness and rigidity; and then branched macromolecules formed after cross-linking Fe3+ with dopamine-conjugated di-aldehyde-hyaluronic acid as the second physical interpenetrating network for providing some flexibility and elasticity. In this system, BSP and hyaluronic acid (HA) are used as synthetic matrix materials to provide strong biocompatibility and wound-healing ability. In addition, ligand cross-linking of catechol-Fe3+ and quadrupole hydrogen-bonding cross-linking of UPy-dimer can form a highly dynamic physical dual-network structure, which imparts good rapid self-healing, injectability, shape-adaptation, NIR/pH responsiveness, high tissue-adhesion and mechanical properties of this hydrogel. Meanwhile, bioactivity experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel also possesses powerful antioxidant, hemostatic, photothermal-antibacterial and wound-healing effects. In conclusion, this functionalized hydrogel is a promising candidate for clinical treatment of full-thickness bacteria-stained wound dressing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Mengyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Guofeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Chi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Xuebo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
| | - Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
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Asim S, Tabish TA, Liaqat U, Ozbolat IT, Rizwan M. Advances in Gelatin Bioinks to Optimize Bioprinted Cell Functions. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2203148. [PMID: 36802199 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a widely utilized bioprinting biomaterial due to its cell-adhesive and enzymatically cleavable properties, which improve cell adhesion and growth. Gelatin is often covalently cross-linked to stabilize bioprinted structures, yet the covalently cross-linked matrix is unable to recapitulate the dynamic microenvironment of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby limiting the functions of bioprinted cells. To some extent, a double network bioink can provide a more ECM-mimetic, bioprinted niche for cell growth. More recently, gelatin matrices are being designed using reversible cross-linking methods that can emulate the dynamic mechanical properties of the ECM. This review analyzes the progress in developing gelatin bioink formulations for 3D cell culture, and critically analyzes the bioprinting and cross-linking techniques, with a focus on strategies to optimize the functions of bioprinted cells. This review discusses new cross-linking chemistries that recapitulate the viscoelastic, stress-relaxing microenvironment of the ECM, and enable advanced cell functions, yet are less explored in engineering the gelatin bioink. Finally, this work presents the perspective on the areas of future research and argues that the next generation of gelatin bioinks should be designed by considering cell-matrix interactions, and bioprinted constructs should be validated against currently established 3D cell culture standards to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Tanveer A Tabish
- Cardiovascular Division, Radcliff Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Usman Liaqat
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Devi V. K. A, Shyam R, Palaniappan A, Jaiswal AK, Oh TH, Nathanael AJ. Self-Healing Hydrogels: Preparation, Mechanism and Advancement in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3782. [PMID: 34771338 PMCID: PMC8587783 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric hydrogels are widely explored materials for biomedical applications. However, they have inherent limitations like poor resistance to stimuli and low mechanical strength. This drawback of hydrogels gave rise to ''smart self-healing hydrogels'' which autonomously repair themselves when ruptured or traumatized. It is superior in terms of durability and stability due to its capacity to reform its shape, injectability, and stretchability thereby regaining back the original mechanical property. This review focuses on various self-healing mechanisms (covalent and non-covalent interactions) of these hydrogels, methods used to evaluate their self-healing properties, and their applications in wound healing, drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering systems. Furthermore, composite materials are used to enhance the hydrogel's mechanical properties. Hence, findings of research with various composite materials are briefly discussed in order to emphasize the healing capacity of such hydrogels. Additionally, various methods to evaluate the self-healing properties of hydrogels and their recent advancements towards 3D bioprinting are also reviewed. The review is concluded by proposing several pertinent challenges encountered at present as well as some prominent future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Devi V. K.
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.D.V.K.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohin Shyam
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.D.V.K.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.D.V.K.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.D.V.K.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Tae-Hwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Arputharaj Joseph Nathanael
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; (A.D.V.K.); (R.S.); (A.P.)
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Methotrexate-Loaded Gelatin and Polyvinyl Alcohol (Gel/PVA) Hydrogel as a pH-Sensitive Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142300. [PMID: 34301057 PMCID: PMC8309343 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to formulate and evaluate Gel/PVA hydrogels as a pH-sensitive matrix to deliver methotrexate (MTX) to colon. The primed Gel/PVA hydrogels were subjected to evaluation for swelling behavior, diffusion coefficient, sol-gel characteristic and porosity using an acidic (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (PBS) (pH 6.8 & pH 7.4) media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate the chemical compatibility of the Gel/PVA hydrogel. The shape alteration and release of Gel/PVA hydrogel was conducted at pH 1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. The drug release kinetic mechanism was determined using various kinetic equations. The physicochemical evaluation tests and drug release profile results were found to be significant (p < 0.01). However, it was dependent on the polymers' concentration, the pH of the release media and the amount of the cross-linking agent. Hydrogels containing the maximum amount of gel showed a dynamic equilibrium of 10.09 ± 0.18 and drug release of 93.75 ± 0.13% at pH 1.2. The kinetic models showed the release of MTX from the Gel/PVA hydrogel was non-Fickian. The results confirmed that the newly formed Gel/PVA hydrogels are potential drug delivery systems for a controlled delivery of MTX to the colon.
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Skopinska-Wisniewska J, De la Flor S, Kozlowska J. From Supramolecular Hydrogels to Multifunctional Carriers for Biologically Active Substances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7402. [PMID: 34299020 PMCID: PMC8307912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels are 3D, elastic, water-swelled materials that are held together by reversible, non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, ionic, host-guest interactions, and metal-ligand coordination. These interactions determine the hydrogels' unique properties: mechanical strength; stretchability; injectability; ability to self-heal; shear-thinning; and sensitivity to stimuli, e.g., pH, temperature, the presence of ions, and other chemical substances. For this reason, supramolecular hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as carriers for active substance delivery systems. In this paper, we focused on the various types of non-covalent interactions. The hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, ionic, coordination, and host-guest interactions between hydrogel components have been described. We also provided an overview of the recent studies on supramolecular hydrogel applications, such as cancer therapy, anti-inflammatory gels, antimicrobial activity, controlled gene drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Justyna Kozlowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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Balavigneswaran CK, Muthuvijayan V. Nanohybrid-Reinforced Gelatin-Ureidopyrimidinone-Based Self-healing Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5362-5377. [PMID: 35007016 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional hydrogels are prone to break due to the applied stress. The deformation of the implanted hydrogels would result in the loss of structural integrity, leading to the failure of hydrogel functionalities and tissue regeneration. Self-healing hydrogels (AG-UPy), composed of oxidized alginate and ureidopyrimidinone-functionalized gelatin (G-UPy), were developed to address this challenge. These self-healing hydrogels possess two independent healing mechanisms, viz., Schiff base formation and UPy dimerization. These hydrogels were compared with oxidized alginate-gelatin (AG) hydrogels. AG-UPy hydrogels showed effective self-healing in a short time (about 2 min) after applying 800% strain, wherein recovery was not achieved with the AG hydrogel. However, the shear-thinning property of UPy made the AG-UPy hydrogel mechanically weaker than the AG hydrogel. To improve the mechanical strength of the AG-UPy hydrogel, we impregnated poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(urethane)/cloisite nanohybrid (PEG-PU/C) to prepare the AG-UPy/PEG-PU/C hydrogel. The incorporation of PEG-PU/C resulted in a 20-fold increase in the compression strength compared to that of the AG-UPy hydrogel. The AG-UPy/PEG-PU/C hydrogels also showed rapid self-healing. Incorporating the nanohybrid improved the cell proliferation by 2- and 1.25-fold compared to that of the AG and AG-UPy hydrogels, respectively. Therefore, PEG-PU/C combined with the UPy-functionalized polymer could be used to modulate mechanical strength and self-healing and enhance cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vignesh Muthuvijayan
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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Melocchi A, Uboldi M, Cerea M, Foppoli A, Maroni A, Moutaharrik S, Palugan L, Zema L, Gazzaniga A. Shape memory materials and 4D printing in pharmaceutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:216-237. [PMID: 33774118 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory materials (SMMs), including alloys and polymers, can be programmed into a temporary configuration and then recover the original shape in which they were processed in response to a triggering external stimulus (e.g. change in temperature or pH, contact with water). For this behavior, SMMs are currently raising a lot of attention in the pharmaceutical field where they could bring about important innovations in the current treatments. 4D printing involves processing of SMMs by 3D printing, thus adding shape evolution over time to the already numerous customization possibilities of this new manufacturing technology. SMM-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) proposed in the scientific literature were here reviewed and classified according to the target pursued through the shape recovery process. Administration route, therapeutic goal, temporary and original shape, triggering stimulus, main innovation features and possible room for improvement of the DDSs were especially highlighted.
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Cegłowski M, Jerca VV, Jerca FA, Hoogenboom R. Reduction-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) for Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E506. [PMID: 32498326 PMCID: PMC7356239 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigger-responsive materials are capable of controlled drug release in the presence of a specific trigger. Reduction induced drug release is especially interesting as the reductive stress is higher inside cells than in the bloodstream, providing a conceptual controlled release mechanism after cellular uptake. In this work, we report the synthesis of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) using 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA) as a reduction-responsive functional cross-linker. The disulfide bond of DTDPA can be cleaved by the addition of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), leading to a reduction-induced 5-FU release. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics for 5-FU indicate that the adsorption kinetics process for imprinted and non-imprinted adsorbents follows two different kinetic models, thus suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible for adsorption. The release kinetics revealed that the addition of TCEP significantly influenced the release of 5-FU from PiPOx-MIP, whereas for non-imprinted PiPOx, no statistically relevant differences were observed. This work provides a conceptual basis for reduction-induced 5-FU release from molecularly imprinted PiPOx, which in future work may be further developed into MIP nanoparticles for the controlled release of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Cegłowski
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentin Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitzescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Adriana Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
- Centre of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitzescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (V.V.J.); (F.A.J.)
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