1
|
Nardin M, Verdoia M, Cao D, Nardin S, Kedhi E, Galasso G, van ‘t Hof AWJ, Condorelli G, De Luca G. Platelets and the Atherosclerotic Process: An Overview of New Markers of Platelet Activation and Reactivity, and Their Implications in Primary and Secondary Prevention. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6074. [PMID: 37763014 PMCID: PMC10531614 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The key role played by platelets in the atherosclerosis physiopathology, especially in the acute setting, is ascertained: they are the main actors during thrombus formation and, thus, one of the major investigated elements related to atherothrombotic process involving coronary arteries. Platelets have been studied from different points of view, according with the technology advances and the improvement in the hemostasis knowledge achieved in the last years. Morphology and reactivity constitute the first aspects investigated related to platelets with a significant body of evidence published linking a number of their values and markers to coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. Recently, the impact of genetics on platelet activation has been explored with promising findings as additional instrument for patient risk stratification; however, this deserves further confirmations. Moreover, the interplay between immune system and platelets has been partially elucidated in the last years, providing intriguing elements that will be basic components for future research to better understand platelet regulation and improve cardiovascular outcome of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Verdoia
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella, 13875 Biella, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Elvin Kedhi
- Division of Cardiology, Hopital Erasmus, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Ruggi D’Aragona, Università di Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Arnoud W. J. van ‘t Hof
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Center, 6419 PC Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Luca
- Division of Cardiology, AOU “Policlinico G. Martino”, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS Hospital Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rakicevic L. DNA and RNA Molecules as a Foundation of Therapy Strategies for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2141. [PMID: 37631355 PMCID: PMC10459020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There has always been a tendency of medicine to take an individualised approach to treating patients, but the most significant advances were achieved through the methods of molecular biology, where the nucleic acids are in the limelight. Decades of research of molecular biology resulted in setting medicine on a completely new platform. The most significant current research is related to the possibilities that DNA and RNA analyses can offer in terms of more precise diagnostics and more subtle stratification of patients in order to identify patients for specific therapy treatments. Additionally, principles of structure and functioning of nucleic acids have become a motive for creating entirely new therapy strategies and an innovative generation of drugs. All this also applies to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. This review considers the most up-to-date achievements related to the use of translatory potential of DNA and RNA in treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and considers the challenges and prospects in this field. The foundations which allow the use of translatory potential are also presented. The first part of this review focuses on the potential of the DNA variants which impact conventional therapies and on the DNA variants which are starting points for designing new pharmacotherapeutics. The second part of this review considers the translatory potential of non-coding RNA molecules which can be used to formulate new generations of therapeutics for CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Rakicevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lombardi M, Bonora M, Baldetti L, Pieri M, Scandroglio AM, Landoni G, Zangrillo A, Foglieni C, Consolo F. Left ventricular assist devices promote changes in the expression levels of platelet microRNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1178556. [PMID: 37396581 PMCID: PMC10308775 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1178556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNAs (miRs) emerged as promising diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. The potential clinical utility of platelet miRs in the setting of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support is unexplored. Methods We prospectively measured the expression levels of 12 platelet miRs involved in platelet activation, coagulation, and cardiovascular diseases in LVAD patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were longitudinally measured before LVAD implant and after 1, 6, and 12 months of LVAD support, and compared with those measured in healthy volunteers (controls). In silico analysis was also performed to identify pathways targeted by differentially expressed miRs. Results Data from 15 consecutive patients and 5 controls were analyzed. Pre-implant expression levels of platelet miR-126, miR-374b, miR-223, and miR-320a were significantly different in patients vs. controls. The expression levels of platelet miR-25, miR-144, miR-320, and miR-451a changed significantly over the course of LVAD support; in silico analysis revealed that these miRs are implicated in both cardiac- and coagulation-associated pathways. Furthermore, the patients who suffered from bleeding (n = 5, 33%) had significantly higher pre-implant expression levels of platelet miR-151a and miR-454 with respect to the patients who did not. The same miRs were also differentially expressed in bleeders following LVAD implantation early before the clinical manifestation of the events. Discussion This study provides a proof-of-concept evidence of significant modulation of platelet miRs expression driven by LVADs. The possible existence of a platelet miRs signature predictive of the development of bleeding events warrants further validation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lombardi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Bonora
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Baldetti
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Pieri
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Mara Scandroglio
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Zangrillo
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Foglieni
- Cardiovascular Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li CT, Jiang X, He XQ, Li DY, Chen SH, Yao SX, Zhang L, Zhao ZR. Plasma microRNAs as potential biomarkers in diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 84:435-448. [PMID: 37334587 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential use of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) in diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS Using BGISEQ-500 sequencing technology, we analyzed the miRNA profile of paired plasma samples from the acute and chronic phases of four patients with unprovoked VTE. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we verified nine upregulated named miRNAs in the acute phase in the plasma samples of 54 patients with acute VTE and 39 controls. We then compared the relative expression of the 9 candidate miRNAs between the acute VTE and control group, and plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the differentially expressed miRNAs. We chose the miRNA with the greatest area under curve (AUC) to evaluate the effect of miRNA on coagulation and platelet function in the plasma samples of 5 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The plasma levels of miR-374b-3p, miR-660-5p, miR-378a-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-3613-5p, miR-130b-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-103b were higher in patients with acute VTE than in the controls, with AUCs of 0.6776, 0.6614, 0.6648, 0.6885, 0.8048, 0.6871, 0.7298, and 0.7498, respectively, and P values of 0.0036, 0.0081, 0.0069, 0.0020,<0.0001, 0.0022, 0.0002, and < 0.0001, respectively. There were no significant differences in miR-193b-5p level between the acute VTE group and the control group. Fibrinogen (Fib), thrombin- antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue plasminogen activator-inhibitor complex (t-PAIC), and TAT/plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were decreased in the miR-3613-5p group when compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and the mean platelet aggregation rate was increased in the miR-3613 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION miRNAs can be potential biomarkers for diagnosing acute VTE, and miR-3613-5p may be involved in the formation, coagulation, and platelet functions in acute VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cang-Tuo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin-Qi He
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dong-Yun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shao-Xin Yao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zeng-Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Aslani M. Dysregulated miRNAs network in the critical COVID-19: An important clue for uncontrolled immunothrombosis/thromboinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109040. [PMID: 35839566 PMCID: PMC9271492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Known as a pivotal immunohemostatic response, immunothrombosis is activated to restrict the diffusion of pathogens. This beneficial intravascular defensive mechanism represents the close interaction between the immune and coagulation systems. However, its uncontrolled form can be life-threatening to patients with the critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hyperinflammation and ensuing cytokine storm underlie the activation of the coagulation system, something which results in the provocation of more immune-inflammatory responses by the thrombotic mediators. This vicious cycle causes grave clinical complications and higher risks of mortality. Classified as an evolutionarily conserved family of the small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) serve as the fine-tuners of genes expression and play a key role in balancing the pro/anticoagulant and pro-/anti-inflammatory factors maintaining homeostasis. Therefore, any deviation from their optimal expression levels or efficient functions can lead to severe complications. Despite their extensive effects on the molecules and processes involved in uncontrolled immunothrombosis, some genetic agents and uncontrolled immunothrombosis-induced interfering factors (e.g., miRNA-single nucleotide polymorphysms (miR-SNPs), the complement system components, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) have apparently disrupted their expressions/functions. This review study aims to give an overview of the role of miRNAs in the context of uncontrolled immunothrombosis/thromboinflammation accompanied by some presumptive interfering factors affecting their expressions/functions in the critical COVID-19. Detecting, monitoring, and resolving these interfering agents mafy facilitate the design and development of the novel miRNAs-based therapeutic approaches to the reduction of complications incidence and mortality in patients with the critical COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Shahabeddin Mortazavi-Jahromi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.
| | - Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eyileten C, Wicik Z, Keshwani D, Aziz F, Aberer F, Pferschy PN, Tripolt NJ, Sourij C, Prietl B, Prüller F, von Lewinski D, De Rosa S, Siller-Matula JM, Postula M, Sourij H. Alteration of circulating platelet-related and diabetes-related microRNAs in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a stepwise hypoglycaemic clamp study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:79. [PMID: 35596173 PMCID: PMC9123651 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) an association between severe hypoglycaemic episodes and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality has been previously established. METHODS We aimed to investigate the influence of hypoglycaemia on several diabetes-related and platelet-related miRNAs selected based on bioinformatic analysis and literature search, including hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-34a, hsa-miR-129-2, hsa-miR-15a, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-106a, miR-223, miR-126. Selected miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR in 14 patients with T2DM on metformin monotherapy, without established CV disease and antiplatelet therapy during a stepwise hypoglycaemic clamp experiment and a follow-up 7 days after the clamp event. In order to identify which pathways and phenotypes are associated with validated miRNAs we performed target prediction on genes expressed with high confidence in platelets. RESULTS Circulating levels of miR-106a-5p, miR-15b, miR-15a, miR-16-5p, miR-223 and miR-126 were increased after euglycaemic clamp followed by hypoglycaemic clamp, each with its distinctive time trend. On the contrary, miR-129-2-3p, miR-92a-3p and miR-34a-3p remained unchanged. MiR-16-5p was negatively correlated with interleukin (IL)-6, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.016, respectively), whereas miR-126 was positively correlated with VCAM (p < 0.001). There were negative correlations between miR-16-5p, miR-126 and coagulation factors, including factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Among all studied miRNAs, miR-126, miR-129-2-3p and miR-15b showed correlation with platelet function. Bioinformatic analysis of platelet-related targets of analyzed miRNAs showed strong enrichment of IL-2 signaling. We also observed significant enrichment of pathways and diseases related to cancer, CV diseases, hyperglycemia, and neurological diseases. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycaemia can significantly influence the expression of platelet-enriched miRNAs, with a time trend paralleling the time course of platelet activation. This suggests miRNAs could be exploited as biomarkers for platelet activation in response to hypoglycaemia, as they are probably released by platelets upon activation by hypoglycaemic episodes. Should they hold their promise in clinical endpoint studies, platelet-derived miRNAs might become helpful markers of CV risk in subjects with diabetes. Trial registration The study was registered at clinical trials.gov; Impact of Hypoglycaemia in Patients With DIAbetes Mellitus Type 2 on PLATElet Activation (Diaplate), trial number: NCT03460899.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Genomics Core Facility, Center of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Disha Keshwani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter N Pferschy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert J Tripolt
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Caren Sourij
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Prietl
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jolanta M Siller-Matula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Platelets are essential mediators of physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Currently available tests and markers of platelet activation did not prove successful in guiding treatment decisions for patients with cardiovascular disease, justifying further research into novel markers of platelet reactivity. Platelets contain a variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) and are a major contributor to the extracellular circulating miRNA pool. Levels of platelet-derived miRNAs in the circulation have been associated with different measures of platelet activation as well as antiplatelet therapy and have therefore been implied as potential new markers of platelet reactivity. In contrast to the ex vivo assessment of platelet reactivity by current platelet function tests, miRNA measurements may enable assessment of platelet reactivity in vivo. It remains to be seen however, whether miRNAs may aid clinical diagnostics. Major limitations in the platelet miRNA research field remain the susceptibility to preanalytical variation, non-standardized sample preparation and data normalization that hampers inter-study comparisons. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature on circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of platelet activation, highlighting the underlying biology, the application in patients with cardiovascular disease and antiplatelet therapy and elaborating on technical limitations regarding their quantification in the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Gutmann
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inzulza-Tapia A, Alarcón M. Role of Non-Coding RNA of Human Platelet in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3420-3444. [PMID: 34967288 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211230104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death in the world. Numerous genetic studies involving transcriptomic approaches aimed at the detailed understanding of the disease and the development of new therapeutic strategies have been conducted over recent years. There has been an increase in research on platelets, which are implicated in CVD due to their capacity to release regulatory molecules that affect various pathways. Platelets secrete over 500 various kinds of molecules to plasma including large amounts of non-coding (nc) RNA (miRNA, lncRNA or circRNA). These ncRNA correspond to 98% of transcripts that are not translated into proteins as they are important regulators in physiology and disease. Thus, miRNAs can direct protein complexes to mRNAs through base-pairing interactions, thus causing translation blockage or/and transcript degradation. The lncRNAs act via different mechanisms by binding to transcription factors. Finally, circRNAs act as regulators of miRNAs, interfering with their action. Alteration in the repertoire and/or the amount of the platelet-secreted ncRNA can trigger CVD as well as other diseases. NcRNAs can serve as effective biomarkers for the disease or as therapeutic targets due to their disease involvement. In this review, we will focus on the most important ncRNAs that are secreted by platelets (9 miRNA, 9 lncRNA and 5 circRNA), their association with CVD, and the contribution of these ncRNA to CVD risk to better understand the relation between ncRNA of human platelet and CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inzulza-Tapia A
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Thrombosis Research Center, University of Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Alarcón M
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Thrombosis Research Center, University of Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding Y, Li Y, Zhao Z, Cliff Zhang Q, Liu F. The chromatin-remodeling enzyme Smarca5 regulates erythrocyte aggregation via Keap1-Nrf2 signaling. eLife 2021; 10:72557. [PMID: 34698638 PMCID: PMC8594921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although thrombosis has been extensively studied using various animal models, our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, using zebrafish model, we demonstrated that smarca5-deficient red blood cells (RBCs) formed blood clots in the caudal vein plexus. We further used the anti-thrombosis drugs to treat smarca5zko1049a embryos and found that a thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, partially prevented blood clot formation in smarca5zko1049a. To explore the regulatory mechanism of smarca5 in RBC homeostasis, we profiled the chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptome features in RBCs from smarca5zko1049a and their siblings and found that both the chromatin accessibility at the keap1a promoter and expression of keap1a were decreased. Keap1 is a suppressor protein of Nrf2, which is a major regulator of oxidative responses. We further identified that the expression of hmox1a, a downstream target of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway, was markedly increased upon smarca5 deletion. Importantly, overexpression of keap1a or knockdown of hmox1a partially rescued the blood clot formation, suggesting that the disrupted Keap1-Nrf2 signaling is responsible for the RBC aggregation in smarca5 mutants. Together, our study using zebrafish smarca5 mutants characterizes a novel role for smarca5 in RBC aggregation, which may provide a new venous thrombosis animal model to support drug screening and pre-clinical therapeutic assessments to treat thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ding
- The Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiangfeng Cliff Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia A, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Fontana P. Do miRNAs Have a Role in Platelet Function Regulation? Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:217-224. [PMID: 34192780 DOI: 10.1055/a-1478-2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs known to repress mRNA translation and subsequent protein production. miRNAs are predicted to modulate many targets and are involved in regulating various cellular processes. Identifying their role in cell function regulation may allow circulating miRNAs to be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers of various diseases. Increasing numbers of clinical studies have shown associations between circulating miRNA levels and platelet reactivity or the recurrence of cardiovascular events. However, these studies differed regarding population selection, sample types used, miRNA quantification procedures, and platelet function assays. Furthermore, they often lacked functional validation of the miRNA identified in such studies. The latter step is essential to identifying causal relationships and understanding if and how miRNAs regulate platelet function. This review describes recent advances in translational research dedicated to identifying miRNAs' roles in platelet function regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Garcia
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - P Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Large extracellular vesicles in the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation-the missing link? Clin Res Cardiol 2021; 111:34-49. [PMID: 34061226 PMCID: PMC8766378 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-021-01873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmic disease in humans, which leads to thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage and stroke through peripheral embolization. Depending on their origin, large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) can exert pro-coagulant functions. In the present study, we investigated how different types of AF influence the levels of large EV subtypes in three distinct atrial localizations. Blood samples were collected from the right and left atrium and the left atrial appendage of 58 patients. 49% of the patients had permanent AF, 34% had non-permanent AF, and 17% had no history of AF. Flow cytometric analysis of the origin of the lEVs showed that the proportion of platelet-derived lEVs in the left atrial appendage was significantly higher in permanent AF patients compared to non-permanent AF. When we grouped patients according to their current heart rhythm, we also detected significantly higher levels of platelet-derived lEVs in the left atrial appendage (LAA) in patients with atrial fibrillation. In vitro studies revealed, that platelet activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to higher levels of miR-222-3p and miR-223-3p in platelet-derived lEVs. Treatment with lEVs from LPS- or thrombin-activated platelets reduces the migration of endothelial cells in vitro. These results suggest that permanent atrial fibrillation is associated with increased levels of platelet-derived lEVs in the LAA, which are potentially involved in LAA thrombus formation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia A, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Nolli S, Reny JL, Fontana P. An Ex Vivo and In Silico Study Providing Insights into the Interplay of Circulating miRNAs Level, Platelet Reactivity and Thrombin Generation: Looking beyond Traditional Pharmacogenetics. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050323. [PMID: 33919053 PMCID: PMC8143175 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet reactivity (PR), a key pharmacodynamic (PD) component of the action of antiplatelet drugs in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, is highly variable. PR is associated with occurrence or recurrence of thrombotic and bleeding events, but this association is modulated by several factors. Conventional pharmacogenetics explains a minor part of this PR variability, and among determinants of PR, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been the focus of attention during these last years as biomarkers to predict PR and clinical outcomes in CVD. This being said, the impact of miRNAs on platelet function and the mechanisms behind it are largely unknown. The level of a set of candidate miRNAs including miR-126-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-204-5p and miR-223-3p was quantified in plasma samples of stable CVD patients and correlated with PR as assessed by light-transmission aggregometry and in vivo thrombin generation markers. Finally, miRNA target networks were built based on genes involved in platelet function. We show that all candidate miRNAs were associated with platelet aggregation, while only miR-126-3p and miR-223-3p were positively correlated with in vivo thrombin generation markers. In silico analysis identified putative miRNA targets involved in platelet function regulation. Circulating miRNAs were associated with different aspects of platelet reactivity, including platelet aggregation and platelet-supported thrombin generation. This paves the way to a personalized antithrombotic treatment according to miRNA profile in CVD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alix Garcia
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.G.); (S.D.-G.); (S.N.); (J.-L.R.)
| | - Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.G.); (S.D.-G.); (S.N.); (J.-L.R.)
| | - Séverine Nolli
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.G.); (S.D.-G.); (S.N.); (J.-L.R.)
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.G.); (S.D.-G.); (S.N.); (J.-L.R.)
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.G.); (S.D.-G.); (S.N.); (J.-L.R.)
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-372-97-51
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Czajka P, Fitas A, Jakubik D, Eyileten C, Gasecka A, Wicik Z, Siller-Matula JM, Filipiak KJ, Postula M. MicroRNA as Potential Biomarkers of Platelet Function on Antiplatelet Therapy: A Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652579. [PMID: 33935804 PMCID: PMC8081881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs, able to regulate cellular functions by specific gene modifications. Platelets are the major source for circulating miRNAs, with significant regulatory potential on cardiovascular pathophysiology. MiRNAs have been shown to modify the expression of platelet proteins influencing platelet reactivity. Circulating miRNAs can be determined from plasma, serum, or whole blood, and they can be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of platelet reactivity during antiplatelet therapy as well as novel therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Herein, we review diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs levels related to platelet reactivity based on human studies, presenting its interindividual variability as well as the substantial role of genetics. Furthermore, we discuss antiplatelet treatment in the context of miRNAs alterations related to pathways associated with drug response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Czajka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alex Fitas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Jakubik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gasecka
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland.,Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jolanta M Siller-Matula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krzysztof J Filipiak
- First Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garcia A, Dunoyer-Geindre S, Fish RJ, Neerman-Arbez M, Reny JL, Fontana P. Methods to Investigate miRNA Function: Focus on Platelet Reactivity. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:409-421. [PMID: 33124028 PMCID: PMC8263142 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs modulating protein production. They are key players in regulation of cell function and are considered as biomarkers in several diseases. The identification of the proteins they regulate, and their impact on cell physiology, may delineate their role as diagnostic or prognostic markers and identify new therapeutic strategies. During the last 3 decades, development of a large panel of techniques has given rise to multiple models dedicated to the study of miRNAs. Since plasma samples are easily accessible, circulating miRNAs can be studied in clinical trials. To quantify miRNAs in numerous plasma samples, the choice of extraction and purification techniques, as well as normalization procedures, are important for comparisons of miRNA levels in populations and over time. Recent advances in bioinformatics provide tools to identify putative miRNAs targets that can then be validated with dedicated assays. In vitro and in vivo approaches aim to functionally validate candidate miRNAs from correlations and to understand their impact on cellular processes. This review describes the advantages and pitfalls of the available techniques for translational research to study miRNAs with a focus on their role in regulating platelet reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alix Garcia
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard J. Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marguerite Neerman-Arbez
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|