1
|
Ao M, Ngullie N. Overview of municipal solid waste management in sub-tropical climatic region of North Eastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23307-23321. [PMID: 38436851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is perceived as a global issue regardless of the place of waste generation. The amount of unmanaged waste is increasing rapidly, along with its impact on the environment and human health. In hilly areas, specifically the North Eastern Region (NER) states of India, due to the unique topography coupled with socio-economic factors, there are inadequate waste management practices marked by insufficient infrastructure, minimal research studies, and limited data availability. This paper comprehensively reviews the existing status of MSWM practices and waste treatment technologies, identifies the challenges, and discusses the prospective approaches for MSWM in NER states of India. NER, is characterized by its hilly terrain and has the most diverse demographic profile in the country. The study highlights the notable increase in waste generation in the urban population in NER. The total amount of waste generated in NER is about 2907 tons per day, with a collection rate of 86.96%, treatment at 31.09%, and landfilling at 33.67%. The biodegradable fraction makes up the majority of waste composition (more than 50%) in NER, followed by recyclables and inert. The existing MSWM consists of waste collection, transportation, and disposal with limited source segregation and treatment. All the states of NER practice open dumping and burning as the primary waste treatment and disposal system. The study discusses the challenges and prospects to ensure effective MSWM in NER. This review is a region-specific study that considers cultural diversity, topography, and socio-economic dynamics. The outcome of this review will be helpful to the researchers and policymakers in making appropriate waste management plans and improve the MSWM system in NER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moanaro Ao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumoukedima, 797103, India
| | - Nzanthung Ngullie
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumoukedima, 797103, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nadeem K, Shahzad S, Hassan A, Usman Younus M, Asad Ali Gillani S, Farhan K. Municipal solid waste generation and its compositional assessment for efficient and sustainable infrastructure planning in an intermediate city of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3196-3214. [PMID: 35302920 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2054370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative to design and operate sustainable solid waste management (SWM) systems in cities based on the results of waste amount and characterization study (WACS). In this work, WACS was conducted and results were used to design an SWM system for an intermediate city of Pakistan. The study revealed that about 110 tons of solid waste per day is generated with a per capita rate of 0.337 kg/day. Around 51.2% of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) is organic in nature and its non-scientific disposal is resulting in higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It was also found that more than 80% of valuables are taken away by the informal sector during the transfer of MSW from the generation source to the dumping site. Ultimate analyses showed that the moisture content (MC) and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio were 64.23% and 51.14%, respectively. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture and calorific values were 57 % and 3505 BTU/lb., respectively. Based on these results, a material sorting facility (MSF) was proposed, with an estimated investment cost of US $3.64 million. However, the efficiency of the existing collection system is limited to 32 % only. In order to improve the collection efficiency (>90 %), an additional investment of US $1.638 million was estimated with an operations and maintenance (O&M) cost of US $19.25 per ton. Existing non-scientific MSW disposal practices contribute 32,079.61 CO2e tons/year of GHG emissions. The proposed MSF followed by composting is estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 38% to 19,722.38 CO2e tons/year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nadeem
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S Shahzad
- LMDC, INSA, UPS Génie Civil, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A Hassan
- Chemical Engineering Department, MNS University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - M Usman Younus
- Ecole Mathématiques, Informatique, Télécommunications de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Computer Science & IT, University of Jhang, Pakistan
| | - S Asad Ali Gillani
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - K Farhan
- The Urban Unit, Planning & Development Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma P, Dutta D, Udayan A, Nadda AK, Lam SS, Kumar S. Role of microbes in bioaccumulation of heavy metals in municipal solid waste: Impacts on plant and human being. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119248. [PMID: 35395353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered as prevalent global pollutants that cause serious risks to the environment and living organisms. Due to industrial and anthropogenic activities, the accumulation of heavy metals in the environmental matrices is increasing alarmingly. MSW causes several adverse environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, river plastic accumulation, and other environmental pollution. Indigenous microorganisms (Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Nitrosomonas, etc.) with the help of new pathways and metabolic channels can offer the potential approaches for the treatment of pollutants. Microorganisms, that exhibit the ability of bioaccumulation and sequestration of metal ions in their intracellular spaces, can be utilized further for the cellular processes like enzyme signaling, catalysis, stabilizing charges on biomolecules, etc. Microbiological techniques for the treatment and remediation of heavy metals provide a new prospects for MSW management. This review provides the key insights on profiling of heavy metals in MSW, tolerance of microorganisms, and application of indigenous microorganisms in bioremediation. The literatures revealed that indigenous microbes can be exploited as potential agents for bioremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Deblina Dutta
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Aswathy Udayan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 234, India
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pal MS, Bhatia M. Current status, topographical constraints, and implementation strategy of municipal solid waste in India: a review. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2022; 15:1176. [PMCID: PMC9202976 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-022-10414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the key components of India’s prominent mission “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.” Rising urbanization, faster economic growth, and lifestyle changes all contribute to higher waste generation in India. Unscientific treatment, improper collection, and low use of technology-based solutions for handling MSW lead to hazards like environmental degradation, water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. The review paper describes the current status of MSW in different states and union territories as well as reviews the MSW generation, characteristics, and processing methods as practiced in India. It also highlighted government policy and various geographic constraints while rolling out an effective municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Furthermore, a comparison of MSW has been described for advanced, developing, and lesser developed countries based on adopted technology, policies, and infrastructure. The study will help decision-makers and scholars formulate more effective strategies for an effective way forward plan for MSWM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Shruti Pal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | - Munish Bhatia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mokotjomela TM, Nemurangoni T, Mundalamo T, Jaca TP, Kuhudzai AG. The value of dump sites for monitoring biological invasions in South Africa. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Tumuluru JS, Yancey NA, Kane JJ. Pilot-scale grinding and briquetting studies on variable moisture content municipal solid waste bales - Impact on physical properties, chemical composition, and calorific value. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 125:316-327. [PMID: 33725517 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low bulk density, variable moisture content, and particle size of municipal solid waste (MSW) create feeding, handling, storage, and transportation challenges. In this study, MSW bales were size-reduced in stage-1 and stage-2 hammer mill grinders fitted with 50.8-mm and 6.35-, 12.7-, and 19.05-mm screens. Ground MSW was densified further in a pilot-scale briquette press by varying moisture content in the range of 10-25% wet basis (w.b.). At 40% (w.b.) MSW moisture content, the stage-1 grinder fitted with a 50.4-mm screen took about 136kWh/ton, while the stage-2 grinder fitted with a 19.05-mm screen took about 151kWh/ton. The bulk density of MSW after stage-1 and stage-2 grinding was about 25-50 kg/m3. Unit bulk and tapped density were in the range of 680-850 kg/m3, 478-315 kg/m3, and 346-540 kg/m3 post briquetting, and 591-830 kg/m3, 295-458 kg/m3, and 319-519 kg/m3 post five days of storage at 20 °C. The durability was about 93.40-98.54% post briquetting, and after five days of storage. Increasing the moisture content and screen size decreased density and improved durability. Briquetting energy increased to 120 kWh/ton at a higher moisture content and larger grind size. MSW flow characteristics improved after briquetting. Higher lignin content (≈30%) and calorific value (19-21 MJ/kg) suggest MSW is suitable for thermochemical conversion. Ash content in the MSW was in the 11.9-14.8% range. CT-scan images of the briquettes showed a network of interconnected pores formed due to compression of various MSW fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Shankar Tumuluru
- Energy Systems Laboratory Energy Systems and Environment Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, 750 MK Simpson Blvd, Idaho Falls, ID, USA.
| | - Neal A Yancey
- Energy Systems Laboratory Energy Systems and Environment Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, 750 MK Simpson Blvd, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Joshua J Kane
- Energy Systems Laboratory Energy Systems and Environment Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, 750 MK Simpson Blvd, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spatial–temporal variations and forecasting analysis of municipal solid waste in the mountainous city of north-western Himalayas. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
8
|
Azam M, Jahromy SS, Raza W, Raza N, Lee SS, Kim KH, Winter F. Status, characterization, and potential utilization of municipal solid waste as renewable energy source: Lahore case study in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105291. [PMID: 31730999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With rapid increases in population and urbanization, uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) is a threat to public health and environmental safety. In this study, we explore its generation, treatment, and characteristics of physical/chemical composition and assess the potential of MSW as a renewable energy source in Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan. Based on the average generation rate of MSW (i.e., 0.65 kg/capita/day), the daily production of MSW in this city would reach 7150 tons/day. However, its disposal in a safely engineered way has been restricted due to the lack of: (a) pre-planning, (b) infrastructure, (c) political will, and (d) public awareness. Various samples of MSW considering socio-economic structure were collected. The physical components of MSW in Lahore were found to be in the descending order of biodegradable, nylon plastic bags, textile, diaper, and paper. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique was used to determine the heavy metal content and leachability of the MSW components to check for the environmental contamination risk. The proximate and ultimate analysis of this MSW was also carried out along with its heating values. The average high heating value of MSW was measured as 14,490 kJ kg-1. Energy recovery potential of 48 MW was assessed further from 2000 tons of MSW/day. The results of this study should be helpful for policy makers to establish a MSW management strategy for the potential renewable energy alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Azam
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bio Science Engineering, TU WIEN, Austria
| | | | - Waseem Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, China
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Govt. Emerson College Affiliated with Bahauddin Zakaryia University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Franz Winter
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bio Science Engineering, TU WIEN, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar S, Dhar H, Nair VV, Govani J, Arya S, Bhattacharya JK, Vaidya AN, Akolkar AB. Environmental quality monitoring and impact assessment of solid waste dumpsites in high altitude sub-tropical regions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 252:109681. [PMID: 31629177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid Waste Management (SWM) in high altitude regions is critically phased because of the non-availability of suitable facilities for the treatment and handling of large quantities of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Open burning practices at hill slopes were noticed which affect the surrounding environment. Hence, it became essential to measure the environmental components around the dumpsites to examine the impacts and suggest new technological solutions. The pollution parameters were monitored in and around the dumpsites, and the data was analysed using statistical tools. The assessment of air quality indicated maximum fine suspended particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration of 206.66 μg/m3 followed by respairable particulate matter (PM10), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Among the gaseous emissions, methane (CH4) concentration was very high (38.53 mg/L) followed by carbon monoxide (CO) concentration (0.96 mg/L). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were also detected at few dumpsites with highest observed benzene (C6H6) concentration of 157.53 μg/m3. The soil sample analysis indicated that iron (Fe) concentration dominates followed by manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). For evaluation of different alternatives for the SWM system, Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) was applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
| | - Hiya Dhar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Vijay V Nair
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Janki Govani
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Shashi Arya
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - J K Bhattacharya
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - A N Vaidya
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - A B Akolkar
- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Parivesh Bhawan, CBD-cum-Office Complex, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, 110 032, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kazuva E, Zhang J. Analyzing Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Scenarios in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2035. [PMID: 31181686 PMCID: PMC6604025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many cities of the developing countries are being dumped in informal or formal but unregulated dumpsites that threaten the ecological environment and general public health. The situation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is of particular concern and is further challenged by a rapidly growing population and urbanization without adequate waste management systems. Current MSW treatment options have been selected based on the judgment and the experience of individuals with authority while underestimating the role of scientifically derived techniques. This study analyzes the most efficient waste treatment options, particularly scenarios with the lowest economic and environmental costs (EcC and EnC, respectively). It uses 12 years (2006-2017) of MSW management data and compares potential waste treatment options for the identified waste streams. A total of 108 different scenarios were designed, and a multi-criteria analysis method was applied to enable the identification of 11 scenarios with acceptable EcCs and EnCs. These formed an initial decision matrix of aggregation dominance that was then categorized into four groups, each represented by the most ideal point. Finally, the dominant scenario that formed the core for all considered options was found. It costs around $274,100 USD while saving about 1585 metric tons (MT) of CO2 emissions daily. This suggests that after all the MSW generated in the city is collected and segregated, organic waste should be composted whilst plastic, paper, glass, and ferrous metal should be recycled. After treatment, other waste will go to some form of landfill. Sustainable management of MSW in this city and others with similar conditions should consider particular local conditions and could use the methods and the findings of this study as a starting point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kazuva
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130024, China.
- Department of Geography, FASS, Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 23409, Tanzania.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130024, China.
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fuel from Waste: A Review on Scientific Solution for Waste Management and Environment Conservation. PROSPECTS OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7518-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|