1
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Zhang Y, Meliefste K, Hu W, Li J, Xu J, Ning B, Yang K, Chen Y, Liu D, Wong J, Rahman M, Rothman N, Huang Y, Cassee F, Vermeulen R, Lan Q, Downward GS. Household air pollution from, and fuel efficiency of, different coal types following local cooking practices in Xuanwei, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117949. [PMID: 34438166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The domestic combustion of smoky (bituminous) coal in the Chinese counties of Xuanwei and Fuyuan, are responsible for some of the highest rates of lung cancer in the world. Cancer rates vary between coal producing regions (deposits) in the area, with coals from Laibin exhibiting particularly high risks and smokeless (anthracite) coal exhibiting lower risks. However, little information is available on the specific burning characteristics of coals from throughout the area. We conducted an extensive controlled burning experiment using coal from multiple deposits in either a traditional firepit or ventilated stove, accompanied by a detailed examination of time-weighted and real-time size-aggregated particle concentrations. Smoky coal caused higher particle concentrations of all sizes than smokeless coal, with variations observed by geological source. Virtually all particle emissions were in the PM2.5 fraction (98% - mass based), and 75% and 46% were in the PM1 and PM0.3 fraction respectively. Real-time concentrations of PM1 and PM0.1 peaked after coal was added and declined afterwards. Ventilation reduced particle concentrations by up to 15-fold and increased the coal burning rate by 1.9-fold. These findings may provide valuable insight for reducing exposure and adverse health effects associated with domestic coal combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jihua Li
- Xuanwei Center of Disease Control, No.6, Longbao Rd, Xuanwei, Qujing, Yunnan, 655400, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hongkong, Hong Kong
| | - Baofu Ning
- Xuanwei Center of Disease Control, No.6, Longbao Rd, Xuanwei, Qujing, Yunnan, 655400, PR China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Jason Wong
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Flemming Cassee
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Duan Y, Li WX, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Deng CJ, Li Q, Chen R, Liu X, Zhang YL. Integrated Analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs Identifies a Potential Driver lncRNA FENDRR in Lung Cancer in Xuanwei, China. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:983-995. [PMID: 32590916 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1779323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was to screen out potential driver long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in lung cancer in Xuanwei (LCXW) differently expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were detected by gene expression microarrays in 23 paired lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent tissues. Combined bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify potential driver lncRNAs and their potential regulatory relationships. Transcriptome and clinical data in TCGA-LUAD were used as comparison and validation dataset. The comparison of LCXW and TCGA-LUAD revealed significant differences in expression of some genes, signaling pathways affected by differentially expressed genes, and the 5-year survival rate of patients. We identified 14 consistently deregulated mRNAs and 5 lncRNAs as candidate genes, which affected multiple cancer-related pathways and influenced patients' overall survival. By combined bioinformatics analysis, we further identified a potential driver lncRNA fetal-lethal non-coding developmental regulatory RNA (FENDRR) and proposed its possible regulation mechanism. The low expression of FENDRR was positively correlated with Krüppel-like factor4 (KLF4), KLF4 down-regulation may loss the activation function of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C) and the inhibition function of CyclinB1 (CCNB1), eventually cause excessive cell cycle activation and lead to lung cancer. This study revealed a potential FENDRR-KLF4-cell cycle regulation axis. These results lay an important foundation for further research on the pathogenesis of LCXW and identification of potential novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kunming Third People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Liang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Institute of Laboratory Diagnosis, Kunming, China.,Innovation Team of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Kunming, China
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3
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Wang D, Li Q, Shen G, Deng J, Zhou W, Hao J, Jiang J. Significant ultrafine particle emissions from residential solid fuel combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136992. [PMID: 32023515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When addressing particulate matter (PM) emissions from residential solid fuel combustion, ultrafine particles are usually merged into PM2.5, while whose mass concentration is applied as the index in evaluating PM pollution as well as assessing PM-induced health risk. This may not effectively represent the risk from ultrafine particles. In this study, we explored ultrafine particle emissions during residential combustion under both laboratory-controlled and real-world rural household conditions. Significant ultrafine particle emissions (i.e. with emission factors between 2 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 particles per kg of fuel) are found for both coal and biomass. High emissions of particle mass concentration often occur at the beginning of the combustion (i.e. the first 30 min after fire start) while high emissions of particle number concentration occur in a later combustion period (60-150 min). Ultrafine particles account for over 90% of the emitted total particle number concentration from 3 nm to 10 μm. These emissions elevate ultrafine particle number concentration by more than a decade in indoor environment under which household residents are directly exposed. In addition, we show that there is notable inconsistency between reducing PM2.5 mass based emissions and reducing ultrafine particle number based emissions among various control strategies that were proposed for reducing pollution from residential combustion. Both "cleaner" fuels and stoves that are designed to reduce PM2.5 emissions are found to be not necessarily effective in reducing ultrafine particle emissions, even increase their emissions in some cases. These findings indicate that the overlook of ultrafine particle emissions from residential solid fuel combustion can lead to potential health risk to household residents, especially to those vulnerable ones (e.g., the elderly and children) who are more sensitive to indoor air pollution. More attentions are needed on ultrafine particle pollution and its potential health risk in comparison to using the PM mass concentration index alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Benka-Coker ML, Peel JL, Volckens J, Good N, Bilsback KR, L'Orange C, Quinn C, Young BN, Rajkumar S, Wilson A, Tryner J, Africano S, Osorto AB, Clark ML. Kitchen concentrations of fine particulate matter and particle number concentration in households using biomass cookstoves in rural Honduras. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113697. [PMID: 31875572 PMCID: PMC7068841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cooking and heating with solid fuels results in high levels of household air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM); however, limited data exist for size fractions smaller than PM2.5 (diameter less than 2.5 μm). We collected 24-h time-resolved measurements of PM2.5 (n = 27) and particle number concentrations (PNC, average diameter 10-700 nm) (n = 44; 24 with paired PM2.5 and PNC) in homes with wood-burning traditional and Justa (i.e., with an engineered combustion chamber and chimney) cookstoves in rural Honduras. The median 24-h PM2.5 concentration (n = 27) was 79 μg/m3 (interquartile range [IQR]: 44-174 μg/m3); traditional (n = 15): 130 μg/m3 (IQR: 48-250 μg/m3); Justa (n = 12): 66 μg/m3 (IQR: 44-97 μg/m3). The median 24-h PNC (n = 44) was 8.5 × 104 particles (pt)/cm3 (IQR: 3.8 × 104-1.8 × 105 pt/cm3); traditional (n = 27): 1.3 × 105 pt/cm3 (IQR: 3.3 × 104-2.0 × 105 pt/cm3); Justa (n = 17): 6.3 × 104 pt/cm3 (IQR: 4.0 × 104-1.2 × 105 pt/cm3). The 24-h average PM2.5 and particle number concentrations were correlated for the full sample of cookstoves (n = 24, Spearman ρ: 0.83); correlations between PM2.5 and PNC were higher in traditional stove kitchens (n = 12, ρ: 0.93) than in Justa stove kitchens (n = 12, ρ: 0.67). The 24-h average concentrations of PM2.5 and PNC were also correlated with the maximum average concentrations during shorter-term averaging windows of one-, five-, 15-, and 60-min, respectively (Spearman ρ: PM2.5 [0.65, 0.85, 0.82, 0.71], PNC [0.74, 0.86, 0.88, 0.86]). Given the moderate correlations observed between 24-h PM2.5 and PNC and between 24-h and the shorter-term averaging windows within size fractions, investigators may need to consider cost-effectiveness and information gained by measuring both size fractions for the study objective. Further evaluations of other stove and fuel combinations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Benka-Coker
- Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Campus Box 432, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Nicholas Good
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kelsey R Bilsback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bonnie N Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica Tryner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sebastian Africano
- Trees, Water & People, 633 Remington Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Anibal B Osorto
- Asociación Hondureña para el Desarrollo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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5
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Lu SS, Grigoryan H, Edmands WM, Hu W, Iavarone AT, Hubbard A, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Lan Q, Rappaport SM. Profiling the Serum Albumin Cys34 Adductome of Solid Fuel Users in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:46-57. [PMID: 27936627 PMCID: PMC5567851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties in China have the highest lung cancer rates in the world due to household air pollution from combustion of smoky coal for cooking and heating. To discover potential biomarkers of indoor combustion products, we profiled adducts at the Cys34 locus of human serum albumin (HSA) in 29 nonsmoking Xuanwei and Fuyuan females who used smoky coal, smokeless coal, or wood and 10 local controls who used electricity or gas fuel. Our untargeted "adductomics" method detected 50 tryptic peptides of HSA, containing Cys34 and prominent post-translational modifications. Putative adducts included Cys34 oxidation products, mixed disulfides, rearrangements, and truncations. The most significant differences in adduct levels across fuel types were observed for S-glutathione (S-GSH) and S-γ-glutamylcysteine (S-γ-GluCys), both of which were present at lower levels in subjects exposed to combustion products than in controls. After adjustment for age and personal measurements of airborne benzo(a)pyrene, the largest reductions in levels of S-GSH and S-γ-GluCys relative to controls were observed for users of smoky coal, compared to users of smokeless coal and wood. These results point to possible depletion of GSH, an essential antioxidant, and its precursor γ-GluCys in nonsmoking females exposed to indoor-combustion products in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin S. Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hasmik Grigoryan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William M.B. Edmands
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anthony T. Iavarone
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author: Prof. S. M. Rappaport, Center for Exposure Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Tel: 510-642-4255. Fax: 510-642-5815.
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6
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Downward GS, Hu W, Rothman N, Reiss B, Wu G, Wei F, Xu J, Seow WJ, Brunekreef B, Chapman RS, Qing L, Vermeulen R. Outdoor, indoor, and personal black carbon exposure from cookstoves burning solid fuels. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:784-95. [PMID: 26452237 PMCID: PMC4826638 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions from solid fuel combustion are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and are important drivers of climate change. We studied BC measurements, approximated by particulate matter (PM2.5 ) absorbance, in rural Yunnan province, China, whose residents use a variety of solid fuels for cooking and heating including bituminous and anthracite coal, and wood. Measurements were taken over two consecutive 24-h periods from 163 households in 30 villages. PM2.5 absorbance (PMabs ) was measured using an EEL 043 Smoke Stain Reflectometer. PMabs measurements were higher in wood burning households (16.3 × 10(-5) /m) than bituminous and anthracite coal households (12 and 5.1 × 10(-5) /m, respectively). Among bituminous coal users, measurements varied by a factor of two depending on the coal source. Portable stoves (which are lit outdoors and brought indoors for use) were associated with reduced PMabs levels, but no other impact of stove design was observed. Outdoor measurements were positively correlated with and approximately half the level of indoor measurements (r = 0.49, P < 0.01). Measurements of BC (as approximated by PMabs ) in this population are modulated by fuel type and source. This provides valuable insight into potential morbidity, mortality, and climate change contributions of domestic usage of solid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - W Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Reiss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
| | - F Wei
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
| | - J Xu
- Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - W J Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R S Chapman
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Qing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Chen A, Gall ET, Chang VWC. Indoor and outdoor particulate matter in primary school classrooms with fan-assisted natural ventilation in Singapore. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17613-17624. [PMID: 27234837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted multiday continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) in classrooms with fan-assisted natural ventilation (NV) at five primary schools in Singapore. We monitored size-resolved number concentration of PM with diameter 0.3-10 μm at all schools and alveolar deposited surface area concentrations of PM with diameter 0.01-1.0 μm (SA0.01-1.0) at two schools. Results show that, during the monitoring period, schools closer to expressways and in the downtown area had 2-3 times higher outdoor PM0.3-1.0 number concentrations than schools located in suburban areas. Average indoor SA0.01-1.0 was 115-118 μm(2) cm(-3) during periods of occupancy and 72-87 μm(2) cm(-3) during unoccupied periods. There were close indoor and outdoor correlations for fine PM during both occupied and unoccupied periods (Pearson's r = 0.84-1.0) while the correlations for coarse PM were weak during the occupied periods (r = 0.13-0.74). Across all the schools, the size-resolved indoor/outdoor PM ratios (I/O ratios) were 0.81 to 1.58 and 0.61 to 0.95 during occupied and unoccupied periods, respectively, and average infiltration factors were 0.64 to 0.94. Average PM net emission rates, calculated during periods of occupancy in the classrooms, were lower than or in the lower range of emission rates reported in the literature. This study also reveals that indoor fine and submicron PM predominantly come from outdoor sources, while indoor sources associated with occupancy may be important for coarse PM even when the classrooms have high air exchange rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailu Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- SinBerBest Program, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), 1 CREATE WAY, University Town, 138602, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Elliott T Gall
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- SinBerBest Program, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), 1 CREATE WAY, University Town, 138602, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Victor W C Chang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- SinBerBest Program, Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS), 1 CREATE WAY, University Town, 138602, Singapore City, Singapore.
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8
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Downward GS, Hu W, Rothman N, Reiss B, Wu G, Wei F, Chapman R, Portengen L, Qing L, Vermeulen R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in household air pollution from solid fuel combustion among the female population of Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14632-41. [PMID: 25393345 PMCID: PMC4270388 DOI: 10.1021/es504102z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from burning "smoky" (bituminous) coal has been implicated as a cause of the high lung cancer incidence in the counties of Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. Little is known about variations in PAH exposure from throughout the region nor how fuel source and stove design affects exposure. Indoor and personal PAH exposure resulting from solid fuel combustion in Xuanwei and Fuyuan was investigated using repeated 24 h particle bound and gas-phase PAH measurements, which were collected from 163 female residents of Xuanwei and Fuyuan. 549 particle bound (283 indoor and 266 personal) and 193 gas phase (all personal) PAH measurements were collected. Mixed effect models indicated that PAH exposure was up to 6 times higher when burning smoky coal than smokeless coal and varied by up to a factor of 3 between different smoky coal geographic sources. PAH measurements from unventilated firepits were up to 5 times that of ventilated stoves. Exposure also varied between different room sizes and season of measurement. These findings indicate that PAH exposure is modulated by a variety of factors, including fuel type, coal source, and stove design. These findings may provide valuable insight into potential causes of lung cancer in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Downward
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31
30 253 2578; e-mail:
| | - Wei Hu
- Division
of Cancer Epidemiology, Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nat Rothman
- Division
of Cancer Epidemiology, Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Boris Reiss
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Guoping Wu
- China National Environmental
Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100062, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- China National Environmental
Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100062, China
| | - Robert
S. Chapman
- College
of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Lutzen Portengen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Lan Qing
- Division
of Cancer Epidemiology, Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
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Downward GS, Hu W, Large D, Veld H, Xu J, Reiss B, Wu G, Wei F, Chapman RS, Rothman N, Qing L, Vermeulen R. Heterogeneity in coal composition and implications for lung cancer risk in Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:94-104. [PMID: 24721117 PMCID: PMC9526437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties in Yunnan Province, China have among the highest lung cancer rates in the country. This has been associated with the domestic combustion of bituminous coal (referred to as "smoky" coal). Additionally, significant geographical variation in cancer rates among smoky coal users has been observed, suggesting heterogeneity in fuel source composition and/or combustion characteristics. Research thus far has indicated that smoky coal emits high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and contains high concentrations of fine grained crystalline quartz, however, much of this research is limited in terms of sample size and geographic scope. In order to more fully characterise geochemical and elemental compositions of smoky and smokeless coal use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, we carried out a large exposure assessment study in households in this region. METHODS Fuel samples representing smoky and "smokeless" (anthracite, the major alternative coal type in the region) coals were collected from 137 homes in Xuanwei and Fuyuan. Rock-Eval, Leco-CS, XRF analysis and electron microscopy were used to establish hydrocarbon content (to represent volatile organic compounds), major and trace element composition and mineral composition respectively. Heterogeneity in coal characteristics between and within coal types was assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS 145 coal samples (116 smoky and 29 smokeless coals) were analysed. Statistically significant differences between smoky and smokeless coals with regard to hydrocarbon content, sulfur, trace elements and mineral composition were observed. Of note, smoky coal contained between 5 and 15 times the amount of volatile organic matter and twice the amount of quartz (including respirable quartz) than smokeless coal. Smoky coal generally had lower levels of trace elements (plus aluminium) than smokeless coal. Significant variation was also observed between smoky coal samples from different geographical areas with regard to hydrocarbon content and elemental composition (including aluminium and silicon). DISCUSSION This paper has identified compositional differences between and within smoky and smokeless coals sourced from Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties. A decreased ratio of aluminium to silicon in smoky coal suggests elevated free silica, a finding consistent with observed higher levels of quartz. Elevated volatile organic matter content in smoky coal (when compared to smokeless coal) is consistent with the geochemical expectations for smoky and smokeless coals. These findings also reflect previous observations of elevated volatile compound emissions (notably PAHs) from smoky coal in the area. The observed heterogeneity in coal composition between and within coal types may provide leads to the observed heterogeneity in cancer risk observed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Large
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Harry Veld
- Deltares, Department of Applied Microbiology and Geochemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Boris Reiss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guoping Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Robert S Chapman
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nat Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lan Qing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chen H, Yang C, Yan B, Sun L, Wu Z, Li X, Zhang M, Li X, Yang L. [Occurrence and survival condition of lung cancer with different histologies among residents in Pudong new area]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:203-8. [PMID: 24667256 PMCID: PMC6019377 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 不同组织学类型肺癌患者发病特点、预后情况不同。本研究旨在分析不同组织学类型肺癌患者发病情况、发病趋势、生存期及其影响因素,为病因学研究和临床防治提供参考依据。 方法 以2002年-2009年上海市浦东新区居民为研究对象,利用年度变化百分比进行肺癌发病趋势分析。通过寿命表法计算生存率,以Log-rank检验生存曲线差异。 结果 该地区同期肺癌男女标化发病率分别为52.28/10万和18.86/10万,明确组织学分型的肺癌患者中位生存期为410.72天。腺癌发病率最高并成上升趋势(P < 0.05)。小细胞癌生存情况最差。原南汇地区男性鳞癌生存情况较好。 结论 不同组织学类型肺癌发病趋势和生存期并不相同,性别、年龄、居住地对不同组织学类型肺癌患者生存期有影响。
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Chen
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Bei Yan
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Lianghong Sun
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Cancer, Injury Prevention and Vital Statistics, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai 200136, China
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