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Tsow R, Pollock C, Mehta S, Turcott A, Kang R, Schmidt J. A Look at Traumatic Brain Injury Community Programs in British Columbia: Barriers and facilitators of implementation. Brain Inj 2024; 38:539-549. [PMID: 38465902 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2327471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1) Characterize the delivery of programs that support acceptance and resiliency for people with brain injury in the healthcare sector; 2) Understand the barriers and facilitators in implementation of programs to support self-acceptance and resiliency for people with brain injury. DESIGN Participatory focus groups were used to explore experiences of conducting brain injury programs and knowledge of the barriers and facilitators to their implementation. Focus group data were analyzed with manifest content analysis to minimally deviate from broad and structural information provided by participants. SETTING Four focus group sessions were conducted online through a video calling platform. PARTICIPANTS 22 individuals from community associations conducting programs for people with brain injury. Participants were recruited from a public brain injury organization database. RESULTS Systemic challenges such as access to and allocation of funding require navigation support. Resource consistency and availability, including stable program leaders and a welcoming atmosphere, are important for program implementation and sustainability. Shared experiences promote connection with the community and personal development. CONCLUSIONS This study informs individual- and community-level approaches to promote meaningful life after brain injury. Findings highlight existing resources and support future programming for people with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tsow
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada a
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Courtney Pollock
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada a
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Swati Mehta
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Turcott
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada a
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruthine Kang
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada a
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Rehabilitation Research Program, Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada a
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bowman LR, Oh A, Renahan K, Ellis S, McDougall C, Archer J, Niles-Campbell N, Xu Y, Curran CJ. Putting Youth in Charge: Exploring a Multi-Year Interagency Community Engagement Experiential Programme for Youth with Disabilities and Their Families. Dev Neurorehabil 2023; 26:450-461. [PMID: 38507303 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2024.2331440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper outlines a qualitative exploration of the experiences of Youth in Charge (YiC), a 3-year pilot programme. YiC was designed to promote early, immersive community participation for students with physical disabilities, and was co-developed/co-hosted by three agencies (hospital, community rehabilitation, school board). To better understand the experiences of the youth, parents, and staff involved in this broad intervention, observation of 10 programme sessions and annual semi-structured interviews with youth (n = 5), parents (n = 4) and staff (n = 6) were undertaken. Qualitative results comprise six themes based in the two major thematic areas of participation-related experiences and programme considerations. Results indicate the need for community-based experiences, measured risk-taking, long-term engagement, parental involvement, and greater interagency collaboration and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Bowman
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Oh
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari Renahan
- York Region District School Board, York Region, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Treatment Network of Simcoe York, York Region, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ellis
- York Region District School Board, York Region, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn McDougall
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Archer
- York Region District School Board, York Region, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Treatment Network of Simcoe York, York Region, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadia Niles-Campbell
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Xu
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C J Curran
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nalder E, King G, Hunt AW, Hartman LR, Szigeti Z, Drake E, Shah R, Shahzad M, Resnick M, Pereira G, Lenton E. Indicators of life success from the perspective of individuals with traumatic brain injury: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:330-343. [PMID: 35037526 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.2025274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to synthesize qualitative literature and identify indicators of life success (positive life outcomes and experiences) that can help in understanding resiliency in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS This scoping review involved searching nine online databases for population (TBI) and context (qualitative literature). Searches retrieved 42 852 articles and, after two-stage screening, 76 articles met the inclusion criteria of reporting indicators of life success from the perspective of individuals with TBI. RESULTS Most studies were conducted in North America, Australia, or Europe. Participants were people living with TBI (mild to severe), of all age ranges. Positive life experiences were organized within four domains: understanding of oneself and one's life, social relationships and interaction, doing (engagement in activities, sense of control and accomplishment), and hope for the future. CONCLUSIONS The positive life experiences reflect both processes and outcomes (indicators of success) and highlight the need for a multidimensional approach when seeking to understand resiliency following TBI. The transactional framework of life experiences can be applied in future TBI resiliency research to understand how individuals negotiate adversity through experiences promoting understanding of oneself and the world, social relationships, engagement in activity and hope. Implications for rehabilitationRehabilitation services should consider how to afford opportunities for engagement in activity, social interaction, meaning making (i.e., coming to new understandings), and hope.With respect to engaging in activity and social relationships, having social interaction, being understood, being active and productive, having autonomy, and having accomplishments, reflect important experiences to enable within rehabilitation services.Rehabilitation professionals should consider how providing opportunities for their clients to have positive life experiences may contribute toward an adaptive and empowered mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nalder
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- March of Dimes Canada, East York, Canada
| | - Gillian King
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute & Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne W Hunt
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura R Hartman
- Bloorview Research Institute & Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zara Szigeti
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Bloorview Research Institute & Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Drake
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Riya Shah
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Shahzad
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Myles Resnick
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giles Pereira
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erica Lenton
- Gerstein Science Information Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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King G, Bowman LR, Curran CJ, Oh A, Thompson L, McDougall C, Menna-Dack D, Howson-Strong L. A case study of a strategic initiative in pediatric rehabilitation transition services: An insiders' perspective on team principles and practices. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:999973. [PMID: 36569639 PMCID: PMC9786113 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.999973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aims The aim was to describe an innovative initiative that took place in a pediatric rehabilitation hospital. The goal of this organization-wide strategic initiative, called the Transition Strategy, was to improve service delivery to children/youth with disabilities and their families at times of life transition. The research question was: What are the key elements that have contributed to the success of the Strategy, from the perspective of team members? The objectives were to describe: (a) the guiding principles underlying team functioning and team practices, (b) key enablers of positive team functioning, (c) the nature of effective team practices, and (d) lessons learned. Methods A holistic descriptive case study was conducted, utilizing historical documents, tracked outcome data, and the experiences and insights of multidisciplinary team members (the authors). Reflecting an insiders' perspective, the impressions of team members were key sources of data. The perspectives of team members were used to generate key teamwork principles, enablers of team functioning, team practices, and key learnings. Findings and Discussion Team members identified four guiding humanistic principles (respect, support, partnership, and open communication). These principles underpinned three novel practices that contributed to team effectiveness in the eyes of team members: supportive relational practices, human-centered co-design, and solution-focused communication. Key enablers were the relational style of leadership, and a team climate of innovation, autonomy, and trust, supported by the organizational vision. This team climate fostered a sense of psychological safety, thereby encouraging both experimentation and learning from failure. Conclusions This article provides information for other healthcare organizations interested in understanding the Strategy's value and its implementation. It provides a practical example of how to adopt a humanistic approach to health care, leading to both innovative service development and thriving among team members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian King
- Bloorview Research Institute and Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Correspondence: Gillian King
| | - Laura R. Bowman
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C. J. Curran
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Oh
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Thompson
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn McDougall
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dolly Menna-Dack
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Howson-Strong
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Perkins A, Gracey F, Kelly G, Jim J. A new model to guide identity-focused multidisciplinary rehabilitation for children and young people following acquired brain injury: I-FoRM. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022; 32:1928-1969. [PMID: 35895321 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A complexity of biological, psychological, environmental and systemic factors influences a child's adaption after acquired brain injury (ABI), all of which transform as the child matures. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams are challenged by balancing family system needs and the child's needs, whilst promoting the child's functional skills in difficult or unappealing tasks. This paper presents the conceptual basis for a model for use in childhood ABI neurorehabilitation to address these challenges. A non-systematic narrative review of literature pertinent to integrated neurorehabilitation of pediatric ABI was conducted. Contemporary models of adult and pediatric psychosocial adaptation involving identity following ABI were reviewed. Key findings were then synthesized with models of pediatric resilience and self-concept development. The resulting model describes a cyclical adaptation process whereby the child learns experientially about their self and their world after ABI. Processes of identity development play a central role - particularly emotive processes of self-evaluation - by influencing the child's motivation for participation, tolerance for challenge, self-regulation and emerging self-awareness. The model directs clinicians to use the psychosocial processes of identity development to enhance the child's willingness and capacity to engage in the daily challenges of rehabilitation. Further systematic development and evaluation of the model is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fergus Gracey
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Cambridge Centre for Paediatric Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jenny Jim
- The Children's Trust, Tadworth, UK.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Glennon C, Watson S, Fisher P, Gracey F. The process of identity change following ABI from the perspectives of adolescents and their mothers: A relational grounded theory approach. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022; 32:1904-1927. [PMID: 35857657 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the process of identity adjustment following adolescent brain injury, within the systemic context of the parent-adolescent dyad. Six young people with an ABI (mean age 16.5 years, range 15-18 years; TBI: n = 3) were individually interviewed, and six respective mothers (mean age 45 years, range 37-50 years). A novel relational qualitative grounded theory approach was used, with analyses of dyads linked in an attempt to capture the shared process of adaptation post-injury for young people and their parents. Shared themes emerged for adolescents and mothers regarding "continuity and change" and "acknowledging or rejecting" experiences of change post injury. Adolescents experienced change as an, at times, distressing sense of being "not normal". While mothers turned towards their child, working hard to try to "fix everything", adolescents sought continuity of identity in the context of peer relationships, withdrawing socially to avoid feeling abnormal, reframing or finding new relationships. Some mothers sought to fill social losses through family or disability-specific activity. This study provides a relational understanding of the process of identity adjustment post adolescent BI. Future research and clinical practice should recognize the significant work of mothers, and significance of social relationships to adolescents' emerging post-injury identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Glennon
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Suzanna Watson
- Cambridge Centre for Paediatric Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (CCPNR), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Fisher
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fergus Gracey
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Cambridge Centre for Paediatric Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (CCPNR), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Diener ML, Kirby AV, Sumsion F, Canary HE, Green MM. Community reintegration needs following paediatric brain injury: perspectives of caregivers and service providers. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:5592-5602. [PMID: 34251954 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1946176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the processes of community reintegration of children and families at least one year following a paediatric brain injury from the perspective of caregivers and outpatient/community service providers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews from outpatient or community service providers (N = 14; occupational, physical, and speech and language therapists, neuropsychologists, school counsellors, recreational providers) and caregivers of six children (N = 8) at least one year after their injury. Interviews were transcribed and thematically coded using deductive (employing Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory) and inductive approaches. RESULTS Themes from both providers and caregivers indicated additional supports needed at all levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (i.e., individual, microsystem, mesosystem/exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem). Participants felt that several characteristics would be needed in an ideal service system following paediatric brain injury including: community solutions ("it takes a village"), long-term approaches to care, and new financial approaches. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that children and families have substantial community reintegration needs following paediatric brain injury. Multi-system interventions are needed to support long-term community reintegration, especially those that increase communication and support transitions. There is also a strong need for alternative funding to support these efforts.Implications for RehabilitationFamilies with a child with a moderate to severe brain injury face challenges with community reintegration a year or more after their child's injury.Effort should be put into helping families navigate the complex medical, insurance, and school systems with a navigator service and step-down care to ensure a continuum of care and to support community reintegration.Special support should be provided during transitions, such as transitions from hospital care to outpatient care, and across school transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Diener
- Department of Family & Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anne V Kirby
- Department of Occupational and Recreational Therapies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Felicia Sumsion
- Department of Family & Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heather E Canary
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael M Green
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Seko Y, Lamptey DL, Nalder E, King G. Assessing resiliency in paediatric rehabilitation: A critical review of assessment tools and applications. Child Care Health Dev 2020; 46:249-267. [PMID: 31944352 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Resiliency has attracted a growing interest in paediatric rehabilitation as a key capacity for disabled children and their families to thrive. This study aimed to identify measures used to assess resiliency of disabled children/youth and their families and critically appraise the current use of resiliency measures to inform future research and practice. METHODS A two-stage search strategy was employed. First, systematic reviews of resiliency measures published since 2000 were searched. Second, full names of measures identified in at least two systematic reviews were searched across four electronic databases. Included studies assessed resiliency among children/youth (0-18 years old) with chronic health conditions and/or disabilities and their families. Identified articles were then analysed to discern the study's definition of resiliency, authors' rationales for measurement selection, and types of perceived adversities facing the study participants. RESULTS From an initial yield of 25 measures identified in five systematic reviews, 11 were analysed in two or more reviews. The second stage yielded 41 empirical studies published between 2012 and 2018, which used 8 of the 11 resiliency measures searched by name. Of 41, 17 studies measured resiliency of disabled children/youth, 23 assessed resiliency within family members, and 1 studied both children/youth and their families. Our critical appraisal identified inconsistencies between the studies' definition of resiliency and chosen measures' operationalization, implicit assumption of disabilities as a developmental risk that automatically results in life adversities, and the tendency among family studies to reduce resiliency down to stress coping skills. Research that encompasses contextual factors and developmental influences is lacking. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for a situated measurement approach that captures multiple interacting factors shaping resiliency over one's life course. Resiliency measures would benefit from a greater focus on a person-environment transaction and an alternative definition of resiliency that accounts for multiple capacities to navigate through disabling environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Seko
- School of Professional Communication, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Emily Nalder
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gillian King
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yun JY, Chung H, Sim JA, Yun YH. Prevalence and associated factors of depression among Korean adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223176. [PMID: 31618232 PMCID: PMC6795486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify factors significantly associated with recent depressive mood with respect to health-related behavioral patterns at the individual level, perceived safety in the school environment, and willingness to share concerns with family and social networks. Self-reported responses to questions regarding recent feelings of depression, health-related behaviors in physical, psychological, and spiritual subdomains, school refusal and perceived safety at school, and perceived social support were obtained from 1,991 in-school adolescents (mean [SD] age = 15.3 [1.7] years; male/female = 936/1055). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify explanatory factors significantly associated with recent depression, defined as feelings of sadness or hopelessness for more than 2 weeks (during the last 12 months) that interfered with everyday functioning. Of the 1,991 students, 271 (13.6%) reported recent depression. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed higher odds of recent depression in adolescents with frequent thoughts of school refusal (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.25 [2.44-4.32]) and those who engaged in regular physical exercise (1.57 [1.19-2.07]), whereas a positive mindset (0.65 [0.49-0.86]), perceived safety at school (0.62 [0.47-0.82]), and perceived social support from one's mother (0.54 [0.40-0.72]) were associated with lower odds of recent depression. Taken together, our findings suggest that parents and teachers should talk regularly with adolescents about recent life (dis)satisfaction and stressors, particularly when they report frequent thoughts of school refusal. Perceived social support would increase perceived safety on school grounds and make it easier for teenagers to share their concerns with parents, thereby reducing the risk for depressive symptoms. School-based programs that promote a positive mindset would be helpful in preparing students for the challenges of adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Halin Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-ah Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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