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Rajkumar RP. Revisiting a hypothesis: the neurovascular unit as a link between major depression and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1455606. [PMID: 39157756 PMCID: PMC11327082 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1455606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Pondicherry, India
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2
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Smith A, MacAulay B, Scheufen J, Hudak A, Abizaid A. Chronic Social Defeat Stress Increases Brain Permeability to Ghrelin in Male Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0093-24.2024. [PMID: 38937108 PMCID: PMC11253241 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0093-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived hormone that increases feeding and is elevated in response to chronic psychosocial stressors. The effects of ghrelin on feeding are mediated by the binding of ghrelin to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), a receptor located in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions important for regulating food intake and metabolic rate. The ability of ghrelin to enter the brain, however, seems to be restricted to circumventricular organs like the median eminence and the brainstem area postrema, whereas ghrelin does not readily enter other GHSR-expressing regions like the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Interestingly, social stressors result in increased blood-brain barrier permeability, and this could therefore facilitate the entry of ghrelin into the brain. To investigate this, we exposed mice to social defeat stress for 21 d and then peripherally injected a Cy5-labelled biologically active ghrelin analog. The results demonstrate that chronically stressed mice exhibit higher Cy5-ghrelin fluorescence in several hypothalamic regions in addition to the ARC, including the hippocampus and midbrain. Furthermore, Cy5-ghrelin injections resulted in increased FOS expression in regions associated with the reward system in chronically stressed mice. Further histologic analyses identified a reduction in the branching of hypothalamic astrocytes in the ARC-median eminence junction, suggesting increased blood-brain barrier permeability. These data support the hypothesis that during metabolically challenging conditions like chronic stress, ghrelin may be more able to cross the blood-brain barrier and diffuse throughout the brain to target GHSR-expressing brain regions away from circumventricular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Brenna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Jessica Scheufen
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Abagael Hudak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
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3
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Varghese SM, Patel S, Nandan A, Jose A, Ghosh S, Sah RK, Menon B, K V A, Chakravarty S. Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5. [PMID: 38730081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and a remarkable decrease in overall well-being. Despite the prevalence of accessible antidepressant therapies, many individuals do not achieve substantial improvement. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneous nature of the disorder could lead the way toward better outcomes. Recent findings have elucidated the substantial impact of compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity on the manifestation of depression. BBB functions as an indispensable defense mechanism, tightly overseeing the transport of molecules from the periphery to preserve the integrity of the brain parenchyma. The dysfunction of the BBB has been implicated in a multitude of neurological disorders, and its disruption and consequent brain alterations could potentially serve as important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of depression. In this review, we extensively examine the pathophysiological relevance of the BBB and delve into the specific modifications of its components that underlie the complexities of depression. A particular focus has been placed on examining the effects of peripheral inflammation on the BBB in depression and elucidating the intricate interactions between the gut, BBB, and brain. Furthermore, this review encompasses significant updates on the assessment of BBB integrity and permeability, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. Finally, we outline the therapeutic relevance and strategies based on BBB in depression, including COVID-19-associated BBB disruption and neuropsychiatric implications. Understanding the comprehensive pathogenic cascade of depression is crucial for shaping the trajectory of future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamili Mariya Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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4
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Martín-Hernández D, Muñoz-López M, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Menchén L, Leza JC. Immune System and Brain/Intestinal Barrier Functions in Psychiatric Diseases: Is Sphingosine-1-Phosphate at the Helm? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12634. [PMID: 37628815 PMCID: PMC10454107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, extensive research has shed light on immune alterations and the significance of dysfunctional biological barriers in psychiatric disorders. The leaky gut phenomenon, intimately linked to the integrity of both brain and intestinal barriers, may play a crucial role in the origin of peripheral and central inflammation in these pathologies. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates both the immune response and the permeability of biological barriers. Notably, S1P-based drugs, such as fingolimod and ozanimod, have received approval for treating multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon, respectively. Although the precise mechanisms of action are still under investigation, the effectiveness of S1P-based drugs in treating these pathologies sparks a debate on extending their use in psychiatry. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the molecular mechanisms through which S1P modulates the immune system and brain/intestinal barrier functions. Furthermore, it will specifically focus on psychiatric diseases, with the primary objective of uncovering the potential of innovative therapies based on S1P signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 72570 Puebla, Mexico;
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBEREHD, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Dion-Albert L, Dudek KA, Russo SJ, Campbell M, Menard C. Neurovascular adaptations modulating cognition, mood, and stress responses. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:276-292. [PMID: 36805768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic center for substance exchange between the blood and the brain, making it an essential gatekeeper for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Recent evidence supports a role for the NVU in modulating brain function and cognition. In addition, alterations in NVU processes are observed in response to stress, although the mechanisms via which they can affect mood and cognitive functions remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent studies of neurovascular regulation of emotional processes and cognitive function, including under stressful conditions. We also highlight relevant RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) databases aiming to profile the NVU along with innovative tools to study and manipulate NVU function that can be exploited in the context of cognition and stress research throughout development, aging, or brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katarzyna A Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Scott J Russo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Center for Affective Neuroscience, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place Gate, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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6
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Belliveau C, Mechawar N, Tanti A. Reply to: "NG2-glia: rising stars in stress-related mental disorders?". Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:521-522. [PMID: 36481933 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Belliveau
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Arnaud Tanti
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
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7
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Beurel E. Blood brain barrier and inflammation in depression. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105926. [PMID: 36375722 PMCID: PMC10035601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a vital structure to protect the brain, tightly filtering the passage of nutrients and molecules from the blood to the brain. This is critical for maintaining the proper functioning of the brain, and any disruption in the BBB has detrimental consequences often leading to diseases. It is not clear whether disruption of the BBB occurs first in depression or is the consequence of the disease, however disruption of the BBB has been observed in depressed patients and evidence points to the role of important culprits in depression, stress and inflammation in disrupting the integrity of the BBB. The mechanisms whereby stress, and inflammation affect the BBB remain to be fully understood. Yet, the role of cytokines in regulating tight junction protein expression seems crucial. Altogether, the findings in depression suggest that acting at the BBB level might provide therapeutic benefit in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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8
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Li ZR, Liu DG, Xie S, Wang YH, Han YS, Li CY, Zou MS, Jiang HX. Sleep deprivation leads to further impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by suppressing melatonin secretion in the pineal gland of chronically unpredictable stress rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175149. [PMID: 35878808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been ample research showing that insomnia is a potential trigger of depression as well as a symptom of depression. These two factors contribute to behavioral problems and are closely related to the plasticity of hippocampal synapses. Although depression and insomnia impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity, the mechanism by which this happens remains a mystery. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of insomnia comorbidity in depression and the regulatory effect of venlafaxine combined with melatonin on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) with sleep deprivation (SD) rats. Thus, rats were subjected to 14 days of chronic mild unpredictable stress, gradually acclimated to sleep deprivation on days 12-14. Followed by 21 consecutive days of sleep deprivation, 18 hours per day, with daily gavage of venlafaxine (13.5 mg/kg) + melatonin (72 mg/kg) on days 15-36. Venlafaxine + melatonin treatment improves depression-like behavior, pentobarbital sodium experimental sleep latency, and sleep duration in CUMS +SD rats. In addition to improving depressive-like behaviors, sleep deprivation also upregulates the expression of caspase-specific cysteine protein 3 (Caspase 3) in the pineal glial cells of chronic mild rats, as well as in hippocampal microglia. Expression of ionic calcium-binding adaptor 1 (iba-1), downregulates the secretion of several synaptic plasticity-related proteins, notably cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the synaptic scaffolding protein Spinophiline (Spinophiline). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the structure of the pineal gland and hippocampus was damaged, and Golgi staining showed that the dendrites and spines in the DG area of the hippocampus were destroyed, vaguely aggregated or even disappeared, and the connection network could not be established. Western blot analysis further revealed a positive correlation between low melatonin levels and reduced Spinophiline protein. Interestingly, venlafaxine + melatonin reversed these events by promoting hippocampal synaptic plasticity by regulating melatonin secretion from the pineal gland. Therefore, it exerted an antidepressant effect in sleep deprivation combined with CUMS model rats. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the pathophysiology of depressive insomnia comorbidity is mediated by impaired pineal melatonin secretion and impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In addition, these responses are associated with melatonin secretion from the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, Nanning, 530022, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - De-Guo Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Sheng Xie
- Prevention of Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, Nanning, 530022, China.
| | - Yu-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Yuan-Shan Han
- Department of Experimental Center for Medical Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Changsha, 410021, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Man-Shu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China
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9
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Dion-Albert L, Bandeira Binder L, Daigle B, Hong-Minh A, Lebel M, Menard C. Sex differences in the blood-brain barrier: Implications for mental health. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100989. [PMID: 35271863 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are increasing at alarming rates in our societies. Growing evidence points toward major sex differences in these conditions, and high rates of treatment resistance support the need to consider novel biological mechanisms outside of neuronal function to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Blood-brain barrier alterations have been reported in MDD, BD and SZ. Here, we provide an overview of sex-specific immune, endocrine, vascular and transcriptional-mediated changes that could affect neurovascular integrity and possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of mental disorders. We also identify pitfalls in current literature and highlight promising vascular biomarkers. Better understanding of how these adaptations can contribute to mental health status is essential not only in the context of MDD, BD and SZ but also cardiovascular diseases and stroke which are associated with higher prevalence of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Luisa Bandeira Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Beatrice Daigle
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Amandine Hong-Minh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place Gate, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Manon Lebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
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10
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Wu S, Yin Y, Du L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2571-2591. [PMID: 34637015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression represents a complex and prevalent psychological disease that is characterized by persistent depressed mood, impaired cognitive function and complicated pathophysiological and neuroendocrine alterations. Despite the multifactorial etiology of depression, one of the most recent factors to be identified as playing a critical role in the development of depression is blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The occurrence of BBB integrity disruption contributes to the disturbance of brain homeostasis and leads to complications of neurological diseases, such as stroke, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders. Recently, BBB associated tight junction disruption has been shown to implicate in the pathophysiology of depression and contribute to increased susceptibility to depression. However, the underlying mechanisms and importance of BBB damage in depression remains largely unknown. This review highlights how BBB disruption regulates the depression process and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in development of depression-induced BBB dysfunction. Moreover, insight on promising therapeutic targets for treatment of depression with associated BBB dysfunctions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuye Yin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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