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Ojha M, Goswami S, Sahu PC, Ojha C. Identifying susceptible groundwater contamination zones in western Odisha of India using hydro-geochemical and geospatial approaches. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 261:104302. [PMID: 38246087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nuapada is one of the most drought-affected and fluoride-contaminated districts in Odisha, India. The presence of various dissolved substances, evapotranspiration, and lowering water table during pre- and post-monsoon (PRM and POM) seasons are responsible for declining groundwater (GW) quality over the Nuapada region. To comprehend the contaminated GW zones over the Nuapada and Komna blocks of the northern Nuapada district during the seasons, integration of hydrogeochemistry and statistical approaches using GW sample data on a geospatial platform have been done. The analysis exhibits that the major source of groundwater contamination is mostly geogenic with little anthropogenic impact. The cumulative impact of fluoride (F-), iron (Fe2+), and nitrate (NO₃-) contents are noticed in great-depth zones of the water table in the north and south parts of Nuapada and Komna blocks, respectively. The dominant hydro facies, such as Na-Cl (41.77%) and Ca-Cl (25.31%) types exist over both blocks during PRM and POM seasons, respectively. Demarcation of contaminant and susceptible zones over the study area using geospatial analysis and groundwater quality indices (GWQI) were done. About 3% of the total area, in the north and middle parts of the Nuapada and Komna blocks, falls under contamination zones and is unfit for drinking purposes, and about 35% of the region is susceptible to future contamination. The outcome of the result analysis will enhance the scope for researchers, policymakers, and water managers to regulate emerging health, agricultural, and industrial issues in the stressed aquifer system in India and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Ojha
- Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Odisha 757003, India.
| | | | | | - Chandrakanta Ojha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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la Cecilia D, Philipp M, Kaegi R, Schirmer M, Moeck C. Microplastics attenuation from surface water to drinking water: Impact of treatment and managed aquifer recharge - and identification uncertainties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168378. [PMID: 37951258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
River water can be used to recharge aquifers exploited for drinking water production. Several recent studies reported microplastics (MPs) in river water, and therefore, the potential contamination of groundwater by MPs is a growing concern among stakeholders and citizens. In this research, we investigate the fate of MPs (> 20 μm) along six different stages of a major Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)-water supply system in Switzerland. About 20 l of water were filtered using steel meshes at each location in triplicates. In the laboratory, MPs deposited on the anodisc filters were identified using Focal Plane Array (FPA) micro-Fourier-Transform-InfraRed (μFTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained hyperspectral data were processed using the imaging software Microplastics Finder for MPs identification and classification. Our results revealed a 20-fold decrease in MPs concentration from the Rhine River bed water (112 ± 27.4 MPs/l) to after the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation (5.5 ± 2.2 MPs/l), a further 3-fold decrease to after the sand-filtration system (1.8 ± 0.9 MPs/l), corresponding to an overall removal efficiency of 98.4 %. The MPs concentrations remained low following MAR (2.7 ± 0.7 MPs/l) through a Quaternary gravel aquifer. Activated carbon filters did not substantially further reduce MPs concentrations. The percentage of fragments (≈95 %) prevailed over fibers (≈5 %) at all locations, with fibers being longer and more abundant in the river water. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the treatment systems to remove MPs larger than 20 μm. Finally, we calculated an uncertainty in MPs concentrations of one order of magnitude depending on the user-defined parameters inside the MPs identification and classification model. The Quality Assurance/Quality Control approach followed during laboratory analysis highlighted an accumulation of surrogate particles at the edges of the disc, which would have an impact for MPs number upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele la Cecilia
- Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Philipp
- Department of Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Department of Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schirmer
- Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Moeck
- Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Labelle L, Baudron P, Barbecot F, Bichai F, Masse-Dufresne J. Identification of riverbank filtration sites at watershed scale: A geochemical and isotopic framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160964. [PMID: 36539081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Identifying groundwater wells performing riverbank filtration (RBF) is crucial to ensure safe drinking water through vulnerability assessment plans adapted to these hybrid water sources. Nonetheless, RBF is often unintentional or insufficiently documented and official inventories are scarce. We developed a user-friendly geochemical and isotopic framework for the in-situ identification of RBF facilities. It includes an interpretation abacus for non-specialists. While most studies using tracers are site-specific and/or based on discrete samples, we propose a novel multi-site characterization where time-series of EC, δ2H and δ18O are directly used as proxies of surface water infiltration at the watershed-scale. The basic statement is that time varying signal of raw water from a groundwater pumping facility reveals a significant induced infiltration of surface water. The framework was applied on nearly 2000 samples from 40 pumping wells and 4 neighboring rivers (<500 m), collected through collaborative sampling on a weekly to monthly basis for 18 months. Despite proximity to surface water, two-third of the complete dataset (19 facilities) were revealed not to benefit from significant contribution of surface water, demonstrating location criteria to be insufficient to identify RBF sites. Permanent RBF was evidenced at 5 facilities, where year-long seasonal variation of tracers in raw groundwater highlighted a continuous high proportion of infiltrated surface water. Unexpectedly, time-series also unveiled a third category: occasional RBF, where induced infiltration occurred only when specific hydrodynamic conditions were met (4 facilities). This study also provided concrete illustrations on how climate change may impact the efficiency of RBF to naturally attenuate microbiological contaminants and how geochemical and isotopic time-series considerably help at anticipating the evolution of contaminant attenuation capacity of RBF sites. Finally, by highlighting the existence of occasional RBF, this study tackles the common oversimplification that groundwater facilities can be binarily and classified either as RBF or groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Labelle
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, C.P. 6079, succ Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Paul Baudron
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, C.P. 6079, succ Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; UMR G-EAU, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 361, rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Florent Barbecot
- Geotop-UQAM, Chair in Urban Hydrogeology, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Françoise Bichai
- Polytechnique Montréal, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, C.P. 6079, succ Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Janie Masse-Dufresne
- Geotop-UQAM, Chair in Urban Hydrogeology, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; École de Technologie Supérieure, Department of Construction Engineering, 1100, rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada.
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Moeck C, Popp AL, Brennwald MS, Kipfer R, Schirmer M. Combined method of 3H/ 3He apparent age and on-site helium analysis to identify groundwater flow processes and transport of perchloroethylene (PCE) in an urban area. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 238:103773. [PMID: 33540239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban groundwater management requires a thorough and robust scientific understanding of flow and transport processes. 3H/3He apparent ages have been shown to efficiently help provide important groundwater-related information. However, this type of analysis is expensive as well as labor- and time-intensive, and hence limits the number of potential sampling locations. To overcome this limitation, we established an inter-relationship between 3H/3He apparent groundwater ages and 4He concentrations analyzed in the field with a newly developed portable gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometer (GE-MIMS) system, and demonstrated that the results of the simpler GE-MIMS system are an accurate and reliable alternative to sophisticated laboratory based analyses. The combined use of 3H/3He lab-based ages and predicted ages from the 3H/3He-4He age relationship opens new opportunities for site characterization, and reveals insights into the conceptual understanding of groundwater systems. For our study site, we combined groundwater ages with hydrochemical data, water isotopes (18O and 2H), and perchloroethylene (PCE) concentrations (1) to identify spatial inter-aquifer mixing between artificially infiltrated groundwater and water originating from regional flow paths and (2) to explain the spatial differences in PCE contamination within the observed groundwater system. Overall, low PCE concentrations and young ages occur when the fraction of artificially infiltrated water is high. The results obtained from the age distribution analysis are strongly supported by the information gained from the isotopic and hydrochemical data. Moreover, for some wells, fault-induced aquifer connectivity is identified as a preferential flow path for the transport of older groundwater, leading to elevated PCE concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moeck
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea L Popp
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias S Brennwald
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Kipfer
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schirmer
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Moeck C, Molson J, Schirmer M. Pathline Density Distributions in a Null-Space Monte Carlo Approach to Assess Groundwater Pathways. GROUND WATER 2020; 58:189-207. [PMID: 31066038 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A null-space Monte-Carlo (NSMC) approach was applied to account for uncertainty in the calibration of the hydraulic conductivity (K) field for a three-dimensional groundwater flow model of a major water supply system in Switzerland. The approach generates different parameter realizations of the K field using the pilot point methodology. Subsequently, particle tracking (PT) was applied to each calibrated model, and the resulting particles are interpreted as the spatial pathline density distribution of multiple sources. The adopted approach offers advantages over classical PT which does not provide a means for treating uncertainty originating from the incomplete description of subsurface heterogeneity. Uncertainty in the K field is shown to strongly influence the spatial pathline distribution. Pathline spreading is particularly evident in locations where the information content of the head observations does not sufficiently constrain the estimated parameters. Despite the predictive uncertainty, the pumped drinking water at the study site is most likely dominated by artificially-infiltrated groundwater originating from the local infiltration canals. The model suggests that within the well field, the central pumping wells could be extracting regional groundwater, although the probability is relatively low. Nevertheless, a rigorous uncertainty assessment is still required since only a few realizations resulted in flow paths that support the field observations. Model results should therefore not be based on only one model realization; rather, an uncertainty analysis should be carried out to provide a sufficiently large suite of equally probable simulations that include all potential sources and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Molson
- Département de géologie et de génie géologique, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
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Potential Benefits of Managed Aquifer Recharge MAR on the Island of Gotland, Sweden. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Island of Gotland (3000 km2), east of mainland Sweden, suffers from insufficient water availability each summer. Thin soils and lack of coherent reservoirs in the sedimentary bedrock lead to limited reservoir capacity. The feasibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is explored by identifying suitable areas and estimating their possible contribution to an increased water availability. MAR is compared to alternative water management measures, e.g., increased groundwater abstraction, in terms of costs and water availability potential. Results from GIS analyses of infiltration areas and groundwater storage, respectively proximity to surface water sources and surface water storage were classified into three categories of MAR suitability. An area of ca 7700 ha (2.5% of Gotland) was found to have good local conditions for MAR and an area of ca 22,700 ha (7.5% of Gotland) was found to have moderate local conditions for MAR. These results reveal the MAR potential on Gotland. The water supply potential of MAR in existing well fields was estimated to be about 35% of the forecasted drinking water supply and 7% of the total water demand gap in year 2045. It is similar in costs and water supply potential to increased surface water extraction.
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Moeck C, Radny D, Popp A, Brennwald M, Stoll S, Auckenthaler A, Berg M, Schirmer M. Characterization of a managed aquifer recharge system using multiple tracers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:701-714. [PMID: 28763667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the residence times of artificially infiltrated water into an aquifer and the resulting flow paths is essential to developing groundwater-management schemes. To obtain this knowledge, a variety of tracers can be used to study residence times and gain information about subsurface processes. Although a variety of tracers exists, their interpretation can differ considerably due to subsurface heterogeneity, underlying assumptions, and sampling and analysis limitations. The current study systematically assesses information gained from seven different tracers during a pumping experiment at a site where drinking water is extracted from an aquifer close to contaminated areas and where groundwater is artificially recharged by infiltrating surface water. We demonstrate that the groundwater residence times estimated using dye and heat tracers are comparable when the thermal retardation for the heat tracer is considered. Furthermore, major ions, acesulfame, and stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) show that mixing of infiltrated water and groundwater coming from the regional flow path occurred and a vertical stratification of the flow system exist. Based on the concentration patterns of dissolved gases (He, Ar, Kr, N2, and O2) and chlorinated solvents (e.g., tetrachloroethene), three temporal phases are observed in the ratio between infiltrated water and regional groundwater during the pumping experiment. Variability in this ratio is significantly related to changes in the pumping and infiltration rates. During constant pumping rates, more infiltrated water was extracted, which led to a higher dilution of the regional groundwater. An infiltration interruption caused however, the ratio to change and more regional groundwater is extracted, which led to an increase in all concentrations. The obtained results are discussed for each tracer considered and its strengths and limitations are illustrated. Overall, it is demonstrated that aquifer heterogeneity and various subsurface processes necessitate application of multiple tracers to quantify uncertainty when identifying flow processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moeck
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Dirk Radny
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Popp
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Brennwald
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Stoll
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Auckenthaler
- Office of Environmental Protection and Energy, Canton Basel-Country, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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